Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation on the cognitive function of individuals with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the cognitive function of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: This systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression included randomized clinical trials published until 05/2022. We included studies conducted with individuals with AD of both sexes, aged between 55 and 85 years, treated with tDCS, TMS, or both. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies were included in the systematic review and sixteen in the meta-analysis. Meta-regression suggested a significant influence of anodic tDCS with current intensity of 1.5 mA on cognitive function. Significant results were found with treatment frequencies of three and five days a week for two weeks. Subgroup analysis found that anodic tDCS influences cognitive function, regardless of AD stage. Similar was observed for TMS using a frequency of 20 Hz and current intensity of 90% of the resting motor threshold. DISCUSSION: Anodal tDCS and 20 Hz TMS have demonstrated the ability to improve cognitive function in AD by modulating neural activity. These therapies are safe and well-tolerated, offering promise as adjuncts to available pharmacological treatments. Studies with greater methodological rigor and parameter standardization are warranted. Comprehensive investigations involving neuroimaging techniques may provide a better understanding of the interaction between induced electrical fields and the complex neural networks affected in AD, paving the way for more personalized and effective neurostimulation approaches.

Effects of a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation protocol on functional capacity, dyspnea, fatigue, and body composition in individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Reduced functional capacity, dyspnea, fatigue, and changes in body composition are common in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS), and cardiopulmonary rehabilitation may improve these parameters. Thus, the present study verified the effects of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (respiratory, aerobic, and resistance muscle training) on submaximal exercise tolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, and body composition. METHODS: This controlled and randomized clinical trial applied a six-week outpatient intervention protocol in individuals over 18 years old (n = 33) with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. These individuals were allocated to cardiopulmonary rehabilitation (n = 17) or control groups (i.e., educational lectures; n = 16). The cardiopulmonary rehabilitation group performed respiratory, aerobic, and resistance muscle training. Submaximal exercise tolerance, dyspnea, fatigue, and body composition were assessed before and after the protocol. RESULTS: After 6 weeks, the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation group increased the tolerance to submaximal exercise, with a difference of 100.46 m (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.40-193 m) in the distance walked on the six-minute walk test, reduced dyspnea (-1.45, 95% CI: -1.98--0.92) in the modified Medical Research Council, and increased 0.63 kg (95% CI: 0.09-1.18 kg) of muscle mass in the upper limbs compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The six-week cardiopulmonary rehabilitation protocol improved functional capacity, reduced dyspnea, and increased muscle mass in the upper limbs in individuals with PCS. Thus, these results supported the protocol use in this population and encourage further studies to assess its effectiveness in a large sample.

Efficacy of a rehabilitation protocol on pulmonary and respiratory muscle function and ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm and quadriceps femoris in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome: a series of cases.

This study assessed the efficacy of a pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) on pulmonary and respiratory muscle function and thickness of quadriceps femoris and diaphragm of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. This series of cases followed nine patients who performed PR twice a week for six weeks. Patients received the following PR program: lung expansion therapy; respiratory muscle training; upper limb strength exercises; aerobic exercises on a treadmill. After the program, we observed increased peak expiratory flow (26.03%), forced vital capacity (FVC) (7.14%), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) (9.55%), and ratio between FEV1/FVC (6.19%). All parameters of respiratory muscle strength and endurance were improved. Diaphragmatic thickening fraction and thickness of quadriceps femoris also improved, whereas echo intensity of quadriceps reduced. Thus, RP protocol improved pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength and endurance, and thickness of diaphragm and quadriceps femoris, and reduced echo intensity of quadriceps in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome.