SEOM-SERAM-SEMNIM guidelines on the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. / Guía SEOM-SERAM-SEMNIM sobre el empleo de las técnicas de imagen funcional y molecular en el cáncer de pulmón no microcítico avanzado.

Imaging in oncology is an essential tool for patient management but its potential is being profoundly underutilized. Each of the techniques used in the diagnostic process also conveys functional information that can be relevant in treatment decision making. New imaging algorithms and techniques enhance our knowledge about the phenotype of the tumor and its potential response to different therapies. Functional imaging can be defined as the one that provides information beyond the purely morphological data, and include all the techniques that make it possible to measure specific physiological functions of the tumor, whereas molecular imaging would include techniques that allow us to measure metabolic changes. Functional and molecular techniques included in this document are based on multi-detector computed tomography (CT), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and hybrid equipments, integrating PET with CT (PET/CT) or MRI (PET-MRI). Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and deadly tumors although survival is increasing thanks to advances in diagnostic methods and new treatments. This increased survival poises challenges in terms of proper follow-up and definitions of response and progression, as exemplified by immune therapy-related pseudoprogression. In this consensus document, the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques will be addressed to exploit their current potential and explore future applications in the diagnosis, evaluation of response and detection of recurrence of advanced NSCLC.

SEOM-SERAM-SEMNIM guidelines on the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Imaging in oncology is an essential tool for patient management but its potential is being profoundly underutilized. Each of the techniques used in the diagnostic process also conveys functional information that can be relevant in treatment decision-making. New imaging algorithms and techniques enhance our knowledge about the phenotype of the tumor and its potential response to different therapies. Functional imaging can be defined as the one that provides information beyond the purely morphological data, and include all the techniques that make it possible to measure specific physiological functions of the tumor, whereas molecular imaging would include techniques that allow us to measure metabolic changes. Functional and molecular techniques included in this document are based on multi-detector computed tomography (CT), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and hybrid equipments, integrating PET with CT (PET/CT) or MRI (PET-MRI). Lung cancer is one of the most frequent and deadly tumors although survival is increasing thanks to advances in diagnostic methods and new treatments. This increased survival poises challenges in terms of proper follow-up and definitions of response and progression, as exemplified by immune therapy-related pseudoprogression. In this consensus document, the use of functional and molecular imaging techniques will be addressed to exploit their current potential and explore future applications in the diagnosis, evaluation of response and detection of recurrence of advanced NSCLC.

[MRI evaluation of a supernumerary kidney fused with a horseshoe kidney]. / Riñón supernumerario fusionado con riñón en herradura. Valoración por RM.

We present the case of a patient in whom a horseshoe kidney was discovered during US examination performed for abdominal pain. MRI confirmed this finding and also revealed a supernumerary kidney. The three kidneys were fused, with the supernumerary kidney forming the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney. Whereas horseshoe kidney is a relatively common renal malformation, a supernumerary kidney is one of the rarest renal malformations. The coexistence of these two malformations and especially the particular disposition of the supernumerary kidney is very rare. Knowledge of this malformation is interesting because it can lead to complications such as lithiasis, hydronephrosis, infections, and neoplasms and because it has important implications for surgical planning.

The value of endorectal MRI in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the value of endorectal MR imaging (EMRI) in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) and compare this test to prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) in the prediction of negative biopsies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 92 patients with elevated PSA (>4 ng/ml) and/or abnormal DRE were studied. All patients underwent an EMRI previous to transrectal ultrasound guided needle sextant biopsies (3 cores in each peripheral zone), and were followed up. We performed a total of 184 biopsies: 92 patients underwent 1 biopsy; out of them, 61 patients underwent 2 biopsies, 27 patients 3 biopsies, 3 patients 4 biopsies and 1 patient 5 biopsies. 67 patients had a final negative biopsy and 25 had a final positive biopsy. Mean PSA was 10.44 ng/ml, and the mean % fPSA/tPSA was 0.20. Uni- and multivariate analysis and ROC curves were used to compare the accuracy of the different tests. The probability of positive biopsy with each technique was also assessed. RESULTS: EMRI had a high negative predictive value (91.07%) and the highest accuracy (77%) of all tests, higher than PSA (62%). Mean PSA was not statistically different in patients with negative biopsies (9.44 ng/ml) and positive biopsies (11.8 ng/ml) (p=0.064). The association of EMRI-DRE-PSA had the highest accuracy (83%) significantly higher than DRE-PSA (70%). The probability of positive biopsy in patients with negative DRE and EMRI, and PSA values between 5 and 15 ng/ml was 5-10% at first and second biopsies, but decreased progressively on subsequent biopsies (<8% at third biopsy, <5% at fourth biopsy and <3% at fifth biopsy). CONCLUSION: In patients with elevated PSA and/or abnormal DRE with two previous negative biopsies, an EMRI is a useful test to rule out PCa, when negative, and avoid subsequent biopsies, as they have a low chance of positive biopsy.