Giant Aneurysm of the Interatrial Septum: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

A 46-year-old woman presented for a routine echocardiogram, which revealed a giant atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) with an atrial septal defect (ASD). We surgically excised the ASA and closed the ASD with a pericardial patch. ASA, although rare, poses embolic risks, thus necessitating closure when associated with shunts. Optimal stroke prevention remains uncertain.

Applicability of the Mexican ovitrap system for Aedes vector surveillance in Colombia.

Ovitraps can detect Aedes vectors at an early stage and can serve as an alarm indicator for outbreak prediction. This study aimed to summarize the available literature about the ovitrap system and to determine its feasibility, required resources and costs when installing and maintaining this vector surveillance system in the municipality of Los Patios, Colombia. A scoping review to assess the role of ovitraps as a tool for Aedes vector surveillance was conducted. The subsequent fieldwork consisted of mapping the municipality, manufacturing, and installing 40 ovitraps in 10 blocks, revising them weekly for 4 weeks by two half-time employed vector control technicians, and carrying out a cost analysis. A total of 38 studies were included in this review showing that ovitraps had a better performance than other entomological surveillance methods and a positive correlation with other entomological and disease variables. From the field results over 4 weeks, a high proportion of positive ovitraps (80%, 90%, 75%, 97.5%) and positive blocks (100%) as well as a good acceptance by house owners (76.9%), were identified. Operational indicators such as average installation time of the ovitraps (10h15 m), weekly reading and reinstallation (on average 7h27 m) and the cost of the intervention (COL$1,142,304.47/US$297) were calculated. Literature shows that ovitraps are sensitive to detect the presence of Aedes mosquitoes, providing data efficiently and timely for outbreak prediction. The field testing showed it is an affordable and feasible method in the context of a Colombian municipality and similar endemic areas.

Gender Differences in Cardiogenic Shock Patients: Clinical Features, Risk Prediction, and Outcomes in a Hub Center.

Introduction: There is scarce knowledge about gender differences in clinical presentation, management, use of risk stratification tools and prognosis in cardiogenic shock (CS) patients. Purpose: The primary endpoint was to investigate the differences in characteristics, management, and in-hospital mortality according to gender in a cohort of CS patients admitted to a tertiary hub center. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the prognostic performance of the Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) classification in predicting in-hospital mortality according to sex. Methods: This is a retrospective single-Center cohort study of CS patients treated by a multidisciplinary shock team between September 2014 and December 2020. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes according to gender were registered. Discrimination of SCAI classification was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Overall, 163 patients were included, 39 of them female (24%). Mean age of the overall cohort was 55 years (44-62), similar between groups. Compared with men, women were less likely to be smokers and the prevalence of COPD and diabetes mellitus was significantly lower in this group (p < 0.05). Postcardiotomy (44 vs. 31%) and fulminant myocarditis (13 vs. 2%) were more frequent etiologies in females than in males (p = 0.01), whereas acute myocardial infarction was less common among females (13 vs. 33%). Regarding management, the use of temporary mechanical circulatory support, mechanical ventilation, or renal replacement therapy was frequent and no different between the groups (88, 87, and 49%, respectively, in females vs. 42, 91, and 41% in males, p > 0.05). In-hospital survival in the overall cohort was 53%, without differences between groups (52% in females vs. 55% in males, p = 0.76). Most of the patients (60.7%) were in SCAIE at presentation without differences between sexes. The SCAI classification showed a moderate ability for predicting in-hospital mortality (overall, AUC: 0.653, 95% CI 0.582-0.725). The AUC was 0.636 for women (95% CI 0.491-0.780) and 0.658 for men (95% CI 0.575-0.740). Conclusions: Only one in four of patients treated at a dedicated CS team were female. This may reflect differences in prevalence of severe heart disease at young (<65) ages, although a patient-selection bias cannot be ruled out. In this very high-risk CS population of multiple etiologies, overall, in-hospital survival was slightly above 50% and showed no differences between sexes. Treatment approaches, procedures, and SCAI risk stratification performance did not show gender disparities among treated patients.

The Covid-19 pandemic in low- and middle-income countries, who carries the burden? Review of mass media and publications from six countries.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, rich countries employed lockdown and physical distancing policies for transmission control. However, the question still remains whether these measures are also suitable in countries with a fragile economy, which rests mainly on the informal sector. The impacts of lockdown measures in disadvantaged population strata in six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were reviewed using i) 93 media reports and ii) 17 published scientific papers. This review showed that those who suffered the most from the lockdown were migrants, workers in the large informal sector, small businesses, slum dwellers, women and elderly, revealing the social, cultural and economic inequalities of societies. Financial and food support for the poor was inadequate and sometimes mismanaged. In the better organized societies, the resilience was stronger (South Korea, Kerala/India) but here also the poor had to suffer the most. It is strongly recommended that outbreak response strategies should particularly focus on the poor and vulnerable population.

Initial outcomes of a multidisciplinary network for the care of patients with cardiogenic shock.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Mortality remains high in cardiogenic shock (CS), especially in refractory CS involving the use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of a care program for patients in CS after the creation of a multidisciplinary team in our center and a regional network of hospitals in our area. METHODS: Observational and retrospective study of patients attended in this program from September 2014 to January 2019. We included patients in refractory CS who required MCS and those who, because of their age and absence of comorbidities, were candidates for advanced therapies. The primary endpoint was survival to discharge. RESULTS: A total of 130 patients were included (69 local and 61 transferred patients). The mean age was 52±15 years (72% men). The most frequent causes of CS were acute decompensated heart failure (29%), acute myocardial infarction (26%), and postcardiotomy CS (25%). MCS was used in 105 patients (81%), mostly extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (58%). Survival to discharge was 57% (74 of 130 patients). The most frequent destinations were myocardial recovery and heart transplant. Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were SAPS II score, lactate level, acute myocardial infarction etiology, and vasoactive-inotropic score. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of multidisciplinary teams for patients with mainly refractory CS and a regional network is feasible and allows survival to discharge in more than a half of attended patients with CS.

Baclofeno intratecal para el tratamiento de la espasticidad: revisión de los casos presentes tratados en nuestro servicio / Intrathecal baclofen as a treatment for spasticity: Review of the cases treated in our hospital

Introducción: La espasticidad representa un problema médico cuya incidencia está aumentando debido a enfermedades como parálisis cerebral, ictus, esclerosis múltiple, traumatismos o encefalopatías, afectando tanto a adultos como a niños. Los tratamientos incluyen rehabilitación, farmacoterapia y cirugía, entre las cuales destacamos las bombas de baclofeno intratecal. Material y métodos: Seleccionamos a los pacientes portadores de bomba de baclofeno intratecal implantada en el Hospital Clínico de Santiago de Compostela entre 2005-2018 y analizamos retrospectivamente los resultados mediante escalas de valoración de espasticidad, como la de Ashworth, así como las complicaciones observadas. Resultados: Se implantaron bombas de baclofeno a 17 pacientes, obteniendo una mejoría de 2 puntos en la escala de Ashworth en el 88,2% y de 1 punto en la escala de Penn en el 94%. Se observaron complicaciones en 3 pacientes. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con baclofeno intratecal es una técnica sencilla con resultados muy positivos para mejorar la calidad de vida de pacientes con espasticidad

Introduction: Spasticity represents a medical problem whose incidence is increasing during the last years due to pathologies such as cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, trauma or encephalopathy, affecting both adults and children. The treatments include rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy and surgery, among which we highlight intrathecal baclofen infusion devices. Material and methods: Intrathecal baclofen devices implanted patients in Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela from 2005 to 2018 were selected for retrospective analysis using assessment of spasticity scales, such as Ashworth scale. Complications are described. Results: Surgery was performed in 17 patients for baclofen pump implant, achieving an improvement of 2 points on the Ashworth Scale in 88,2% of the patients and of 1 point on the Penn Scale in 94%. Complications were seen in 3 patients. Conclusions: Intrathecal baclofen is a simple technique with good results for improving the quality of life of patients with spasticity

Intrathecal baclofen as a treatment for spasticity: Review of the cases treated in our hospital. / Baclofeno intratecal para el tratamiento de la espasticidad: revisión de los casos presentes tratados en nuestro servicio.

INTRODUCTION: Spasticity represents a medical problem whose incidence is increasing during the last years due to pathologies such as cerebral palsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, trauma or encephalopathy, affecting both adults and children. The treatments include rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy and surgery, among which we highlight intrathecal baclofen infusion devices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intrathecal baclofen devices implanted patients in Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela from 2005 to 2018 were selected for retrospective analysis using assessment of spasticity scales, such as Ashworth scale. Complications are described. RESULTS: Surgery was performed in 17 patients for baclofen pump implant, achieving an improvement of 2 points on the Ashworth Scale in 88,2% of the patients and of 1 point on the Penn Scale in 94%. Complications were seen in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecal baclofen is a simple technique with good results for improving the quality of life of patients with spasticity.

Post-traumatic ventricular septal defect: a rare indication for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplant.

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare complication of blunt chest trauma. This report presents the case of a 44-year-old man who developed a VSD as a result of high-energy closed chest trauma. We describe the initial surgical and medical management of the cardiac rupture. After failed repair surgery, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used as a bridge to heart transplantation. We discuss the successful use of ECMO to improve the prognosis results in this rare and complex entity.

Intravascular imaging in Kounis syndrome: role of IVUS and OCT in achieving an etiopathogenic diagnosis.

We report a case of a 60-year-old male patient presenting with anaphylactic response to anchovies associated with an acute coronary syndrome. His history was remarkable for coronary artery disease treated with a drug eluting stent to the right coronary artery six years before and stent fracture documented by coronary angiography four years prior to the event. Coronary angiography on admission revealed a very late stent thrombosis (VLST) in the right coronary artery. Intracoronary imaging techniques (IVUS and OCT) were used and were key to discard main causes of VLST. We described the characteristics of intracoronary images, along with the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. The findings described in this case could explain a new physiopathological mechanism of stent thrombosis occurring in stent fractures.