Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Healthy Young Adults from Mexico City.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. The determinants of this deficiency have not been evaluated in developing countries such as Mexico. Thus, this study aimed to determine vitamin D intake and sun exposure and its relationship with plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D -25(OH)D- in young adults from Mexico City. METHODS: One hundred fifty five urban adult subjects were enrolled during 2017 and 2018. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data, vitamin D intake, and sun exposure habits were collected. Plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D were also determined. RESULTS: The proportion of vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in women than in men (65.7 vs. 43.4%, p = 0.012). The overall median dietary vitamin D intake was 112 IU/d (less than 20% of the recommended daily intake; RDI). 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlated directly with vitamin D intake, sun exposure score, waist-to-hip ratio, and age; an inverse significant association was found with body fat percentage. A multiple regression analysis was performed; simultaneous and significant (p <0.01) effects of sun exposure score, dietary vitamin D, the season of the year (spring-summer vs. fall-winter), and age were observed on 25(OH)D levels. CONCLUSION: High rates of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were observed in young adults from Mexico City. According to the RDI of this vitamin, its consumption, assessed by a 24 h multi-step nutritional questionnaire, was significantly low. A linear multiple regression model identified several predictors of plasma 25(OH)D concentrations. This multiple regression model was statistically validated.

Aflatoxin exposure in adults in southern and eastern Mexico in 2018: A descriptive study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency of detection and levels of aflatoxin B1-lysine adduct (AFB1-lys), an important hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factor, in eastern and southern Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We determined serum AFB1-lys using mass spectrometry in a representative sample of 952 adults (weighted n = 7,493,354) from five states (Campeche, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, Veracruz and Yucatán) in 2018. We calculated overall and subgroup-specific frequency of detection and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and median AFB1-lys levels and quartiles. RESULTS: The overall frequency of detection of AFB1-lys was 91.9% (95%CI 88.6, 94.3). The median AFB1-lys level was 0.172 pg/µL (Q1-Q3, 0.060-0.582). Levels differed geographically (median pg/µL, 0.361 for Veracruz and 0.061 for Yucatan) and were higher among men and older individuals. Levels were almost three times higher in rural relative to urban areas (0.317 vs. 0.123 pg/µL). We observed higher AFB1-lys exposure in lower socioeconomic status (SES) level populations. CONCLUSION: AFB1-lys frequency of detection was very high and exposure levels were highest in Veracruz, men, rural areas, and among persons of lower SES. Understanding modifiable HCC risk factors in populations with unique epidemiological patterns could inform preventative interventions.

Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, ß-cell Function, and Vitamin D Status in Non-obese Mexican Adults.

BACKGROUND: FokI (rs2228570 T>C) and BsmI (rs1544410 A>G) polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been associated to abnormal glucose metabolism and could be inversely associated with ß-cell function (BCF) and vitamin D status. There is a lack of information about this topic in the Mexican population. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the relationship between VDR gene polymorphisms FokI and BsmI with BCF and vitamin D status in a population of non-obese Mexican adults. METHODS: A sample of 192 participants were enrolled during 2016-2018. Blood samples were collected to determine fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and vitamin D. Genomic DNA was isolated from leucocytes and the polymorphic variants of FokI and BsmI were analyzed. The Homeostasis Model Assessment Calculator was used to estimate the BCF (HOMA2-B). RESULTS: FokI polymorphism showed a frequency of 20.1% for homozygous TT carriers and 7.8% for the BsmI GG. The recessive model of FokI (TT genotype) showed a lower mean value of BCF compared to the combination of CC + CT (99.2 vs. 109.6%, p = 0.045). Likewise, significantly lower mean values of HOMA2-B and insulin were observed for BsmI (GG genotype, p = 0.016 and p = 0.039, respectively). After covariates adjustment, only FokI polymorphism remained as an independent predictor of BCF. CONCLUSIONS: the TT and GG variants of the FokI and BsmI polymorphisms are related to a decrease in FCB. In the case of FokI, this decrement was independent of insulin sensitivity, vitamin D levels, percentage of body fat, gender, and age.

Iron deficiency is not the main contributor to anemia in older Mexican adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19 / La deficiencia de hierro no es el principal contribuyente a la anemia en adultos mayores participantes en la Ensanut 2018-19

Abstract Objective: To describe the current status of anemia and iron deficiency (ID), as well as associated sociodemographic characteristics, in older adults (OA). Materials and methods: Serum and capillary blood samples from a sample of OA participants (n=2 902) from the Ensanut 2018-19 were analyzed. ID was defined as s-ferritin<15 μg/L, and anemia was defined according to World Health Organization standards. Logistic regression models were used to associate the characteristics of OA with anemia and ID. Results: Of the OA analyzed, anemia was present in 28.4%, ID in 5% and iron deficiency anemia in 2.07%. Diabetes (OR=2.14), renal insufficiency (OR=10.4), higher age, and urban dwelling (OR=1.35) were conditions associated with higher odds for anemia (p<0.05). Belonging to the 70-79 year age group was the only condition associated with higher odds for ID (OR=1.86, p<0.05). Conclusions: Anemia affects a high proportion of OA, and ID is not the main contributor to anemia. Chronic comorbidities help explain the anemia problem in OA.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la situación actual de deficiencia de hierro (DH), anemia y características asociadas en adultos mayores (AM). Material y métodos: Se analizó información de 2 902 AM de la Ensanut 2018-19. Deficiencia de hierro se definió: s-ferritina<15 μg/L y anemia de acuerdo con el criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística para identificar las características asociadas con la DH y anemia en los AM. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia fue de 28.4%, DH 5% y anemia por DH 2.07%. Diabetes (RM=2.14), insuficiencia renal (RM=10.4), la mayor edad y habitar en localidades urbanas (RM=1.35) se asociaron a mayor momio para anemia (p<0.05). El grupo de edad de 70-79 años fue la única característica asociada a mayor probabilidad de DH (RM=1.86, p<0.05). Conclusiones: La anemia afecta a una proporción de los AM sin tener como principal causa a la DH. Algunas comorbilidades crónicas explican el problema de la anemia en esta población.

Iron deficiency is not the main contributor to anemia in older Mexican adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current status of anemia and iron deficiency (ID), as well as associated sociodemographic characteristics, in older adults (OA). Materials and meth-ods. Serum and capillary blood samples from a sample of OA participants (n=2 902) from the Ensanut 2018-19 were analyzed. ID was defined as s-ferritin<15 µg/L, and anemia was defined according to World Health Organization stan-dards. Logistic regression models were used to associate the characteristics of OA with anemia and ID. RESULTS: Of the OA analyzed, anemia was present in 28.4%, ID in 5% and iron deficiency anemia in 2.07%. Diabetes (OR=2.14), renal insuf-ficiency (OR=10.4), higher age, and urban dwelling (OR=1.35) were conditions associated with higher odds for anemia (p<0.05). Belonging to the 70-79 year age group was the only condition associated with higher odds for ID (OR=1.86, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia affects a high proportion of OA, and ID is not the main contributor to anemia. Chronic comorbidities help explain the anemia problem in OA.

Tendencia en la prevalencia de anemia entre mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016 / Trend in the prevalence of anemia in Mexican women of childbearing age from 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres de 20 a 49 años de edad, según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016), y comparar su tendencia con la registrada en las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud (Ensanut) 2006 y 2012, así como su asociación con la presencia de hierro en la dieta y factores sociodemográficos. Material y métodos: La Ensanut MC 2016 tiene un diseño metodológico comparable con el de las Ensanut 2006 y 2012. Se obtuvo hemoglobina (Hb) capilar y se clasificó anemia con valores de Hb <120g/L. Se excluyó a las embarazadas. Resultados: La prevalencia de anemia resultó mayor en la Ensanut MC 2016 que en la Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001) y difirió por grupos de edad, área (urbano-rural) y región (Norte, Centro, Ciudad de México y Sur). El modelo logístico mostró un incremento de la prevalencia de anemia en 2016. Conclusiones: La reducción de anemia, de 2006 a 2012, fue seguida de un incremento en 2016. Es necesario identificar otros factores de riesgo que estén favoreciendo en el aumento de la prevalencia de anemia y evaluar la ingesta de alimentos ricos en hierro, mediante un cuestionario de recordatorio de 24 horas.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the anemia prevalence among women from 20 to 49 years from 2016-Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut MC 2016) and compare the trends in 2006, 2012 and 2016 surveys, as well as its association with dietary iron and sociodemographic factors. Materials and methods: The methodological design of Ensanut MC is fully comparable with Ensanut 2006 and 2012. Capillary hemoglobin (Hb) was obtained and those values <120 g/L were classified as anemic. Pregnant women were excluded from the analysis. Results: Anemia prevalence is higher in Ensanut MC 2016 when compared with Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001), differences can be found by age-groups, locality (urban-rural) and country region (North, Center, Mexico City and South). Logistic model showed an increase in anemia prevalence in 2016. Conclusions: Anemia decrease from 2006 to 2012 was followed by an increase in 2016. It is necessary to identify potential risk factors that could be promoting anemia prevalence rising as well as estimate the iron-rich foods intake whit 24 hours recall.

[Trend in the prevalence of anemia in Mexican women of childbearing age from 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016]. / Tendencia en la prevalencia de anemia entre mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva 2006-2016. Ensanut MC 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anemia prevalence among women from 20 to 49 years from 2016-Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut MC 2016) and compare the trends in 2006, 2012 and 2016 surveys, as well as its association with dietary iron and sociodemographic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methodological design of Ensanut MC is fully comparable with Ensanut 2006 and 2012. Capillary hemoglobin (Hb) was obtained and those values <120 g/L were classified as anemic. Pregnant women were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Anemia prevalence is higher in Ensanut MC 2016 when compared with Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001), differences can be found by age-groups, locality (urban-rural) and country region (North, Center, Mexico City and South). Logistic model showed an increase in anemia prevalence in 2016. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia decreas from 2006 to 2012 was followed by an increas in 2016. It is necessary to identify potential risk factors that could be promoting anemia prevalence rising as well as estimate the iron-rich foods intake whit 24 hours recall.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres de 20 a 49 años de edad, según la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016), y comparar su tendencia con la registrada en las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud (Ensanut) 2006 y 2012, así como su asociación con la presencia de hierro en la dieta y factores sociodemográficos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La Ensanut MC 2016 tiene un diseño metodológico comparable con el de las Ensanut 2006 y 2012. Se obtuvo hemoglobina (Hb) capilar y se clasificó anemia con valores de Hb <120g/L. Se excluyó a las embarazadas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de anemia resultó mayor en la Ensanut MC 2016 que en la Ensanut 2012 (p<0.001) y difirió por grupos de edad, área (urbano-rural) y región (Norte, Centro, Ciudad de México y Sur). El modelo logístico mostró un incremento de la prevalencia de anemia en 2016. CONCLUSIONES: La reducción de anemia, de 2006 a 2012, fue seguida de un incremento en 2016. Es necesario identificar otros factores de riesgo que estén favoreciendo en el aumento de la prevalencia de anemia y evaluar la ingesta de alimentos ricos en hierro, mediante un cuestionario de recordatorio de 24 horas.

Validation of Masimo Pronto 7 and HemoCue 201 for hemoglobin determination in children from 1 to 5 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy and precision of HemoCue 201 (HemoCue) and Masimo Pronto 7 (Masimo) devices for measuring hemoglobin (Hb) in epidemiological studies, having venous blood samples as a gold standard. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We measured Hb concentrations in a field sample of 148 children from one to five years of age. Masimo and HemoCue were used for capillary blood samples and an automatic analyzer for venous blood samples. Regression models with no intercept were constructed to measure precision and predictability, concordance correlations to measure accuracy and precision, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement as well as hierarchical linear models to estimate variance. RESULTS: Both HemoCue and Masimo underestimated Hb concentrations compared to the gold standard. They respectively yielded the following results: regression coefficients of 0.887 and 0.876 with 98.7% and 98.6% predictability; concordance correlation coefficients of 0.183 (p<0.001) and 0.166 (p<0.001); and Bland-Altman variances of -1.51 and -1.62. With regard to Masimo specifically, the three-level Hierarchical Linear Model showed that 57.9% of total variance stemmed from random errors in repeated measures from the same subject. CONCLUSIONS: HemoCue and Masimo measure lower Hb concentrations than the gold standard. Their accuracy and precision levels are comparable. It is essential to ensure proper use of devices through enhanced training of field workers.

The Effects of Dietary Iron and Capsaicin on Hemoglobin, Blood Glucose, Insulin Tolerance, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides, in Healthy and Diabetic Wistar Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the effects of dietary iron, and the compound capsaicin, on hemoglobin as well as metabolic indicators including blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and glucose tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our animal model was the Wistar rat, fed a chow diet, with or without experimentally induced diabetes. Diabetic males were fed control, low, or high-iron diets, the latter, with or without capsaicin. Healthy rats were fed identical diets, but without the capsaicin supplement. We then measured the parameters listed above, using the Student t-test and ANOVA, to compare groups. RESULTS: Healthy rats fed a low-iron diet exhibited significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, compared with rats fed a control diet. Significantly reduced blood lipid was also provoked by low dietary iron in diabetic rats, compared with those fed a control diet. Insulin, and glucose tolerance was only improved in healthy rats fed the low-iron diet. Significant increases in total cholesterol were found in diabetic rats fed a high-iron diet, compared with healthy rats fed the same diet, although no statistical differences were found for triglycerides. Hemoglobin levels, which were not statistically different in diabetic versus healthy rats fed the high-iron diet, fell when capsaicin was added. Capsaicin also provoked a fall in the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetic animals, versus diabetics fed with the high iron diet alone. In conclusion, low levels of dietary iron reduced levels of serum triglycerides, hemoglobin, and cholesterol, and significantly improved insulin, and glucose tolerance in healthy rats. In contrast, a high-iron diet increased cholesterol significantly, with no significant changes to triglyceride concentrations. The addition of capsaicin to the high-iron diet (for diabetic rats) further reduced levels of hemoglobin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. These results suggest that capsaicin, may be suitable for the treatment of elevated hemoglobin, in patients.

[Use of lead-glazed ceramic as a source of exposure in children of marginalized indigenous zones of Oaxaca, Mexico]. / Uso de cerámica vidriada como fuente de exposición a plomo en niños indígenas de zonas marginadas de Oaxaca, México.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether the use of lead-glazed ceramic (LGC) is associated with blood lead levels in indigenous schoolchildren from Oaxaca, México. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated LGC use at home as a primary source of lead exposure in 387 indigenous schoolchildren in Oaxaca in May 2001. RESULTS: We found an adjusted difference of 3.9µg/dl (p<0.01) in blood lead levels (BLL) among children reporting to use (82%) LGC at home vs those who didn't. BL levels greater or equal than 10 and 20 µg/dl were observed in 60 and 27% of children, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lead poisoning from LGC use could remain a concern for public health in Mexico, where there is a need to provide care and further study to verify its effect on BLL.

[Nutritional status of vitamin A in preschoolers with ocular diseases]. / Estado nutricio de vitamina A en preescolares con padecimientos oculares.

The purpose was to evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A in preschool children with ocular diseases attending to the Hospital Civil of Guadalajara. In a cross sectional design 100 preschool children between 24 and 71 mo of age with ocular diseases were included. Vitamin A intake was evaluated by 24 h dietetic recall, plasma Retinol concentration by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); and, conjunctiva impression cytology (CIC) was carried out by a trained pathologist. ANOVA and U Mann Whitney tests, and also Spearman correlations were estimated. There were 44.1% females and 55,9% males. Strabismus was the most common disease (41,9%), conjunctivitis (19,4%), and congenital diseases (17,2%). The mean intake of Vitamin A was 374 microg/d +/- 706 and the serum concentration of retinol was of 30 microg/dL +/- 7,6; CIC was normal in 75,6%. The percentage of vitamin A deficiency was 3,2% according to the serum concentration of Retinol and 3,5% to the CIC criteria. It was not association between the nutritional status of vitamin A and ocular diseases. A positive correlation between vitamin A intake and weight/height index (r = 0,244) was found. In conclusion, most preschool children covered the dietary reference intake recommendation of vitamin A; deficiency of this vitamin was lower and, it was not associated to ocular diseases.

Estado nutricio de vitamina A en preescolares con padecimientos oculares / Nutritional status of vitamin A in preschoolers with ocular diseases

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricio de vitamina A en preescolares con padecimientos oculares que acuden al Hospital Civil de Guadalajara. En estudio transversal analítico se incluyeron por conveniencia 100 sujetos (24-71 meses) con padecimiento ocular. El consumo de vitamina A (VA), energía y macro nutrimentos se estimó con una encuesta dietética de recordatorio de 24 horas (EDR-24h). Mediante cromatografía líquida de alta presión (HPLC) se determinó la concentración sérica de retinol y se realizó una citología de impresión conjuntival (CIC) por un patólogo entrenado en la técnica. Se estimaron los índices talla/edad y peso/talla (Puntaje z) y se utilizaron las pruebas de ANOVA, U de Mann Whitney y de correlación de Spearman. Fueron niñas 44,1 por ciento y varones 55.9 por ciento. Los padecimientos oculares más frecuentes fueron: estrabismo (41,9 por ciento), conjuntivitis (19,4 por ciento) y padecimientos congénitos (17,2 por ciento). Según la EDR-24 h el consumo de vitamina A fue de 374 µg/día ± 706; la concentración de Retinol sérico 30 µg/dL ± 7,6 y CIC fue normal en 75,6 por ciento. Sólo 3.2 por ciento a 3,5 por ciento presentaron deficiencia de VA (concentración de retinol y CIC). No hubo asociación entre padecimientos oculares y deficiencia de VA. Hubo correlación positiva entre consumo de vitamina A e índice peso/talla (r = 0,244). En conclusión, la mayoría de los preescolares cubrió la ingestión recomendada de vitamina A, la deficiencia de esta vitamina fue baja y no se asoció a padecimientos oculares.

SUMMARY The purpose was to evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A in preschool children with ocular diseases attending to the Hospital Civil of Guadalajara. In a cross sectional design 100 preschool children between 24 and 71 mo of age with ocular diseases were included. Vitamin A intake was evaluated by 24 h dietetic recall, plasma Retinol concentration by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); and, conjunctiva impression cytology (CIC) was carried out by a trained pathologist. ANOVA and U Mann Whitney tests, and also Spearman correlations were estimated. There were 44.1 percent females and 55,9 percent males. Strabismus was the most common disease (41,9 percent), conjunctivitis (19,4 percent), and congenital diseases (17,2 percent). The mean intake of Vitamin A was 374 µg/d ± 706 and the serum concentration of retinol was of 30 µg/dL ± 7,6; CIC was normal in 75,6 percent. The percentage of vitamin A deficiency was 3,2 percent according to the serum concentration of Retinol and 3,5 percent to the CIC criteria. It was not association between the nutritional status of vitamin A and ocular diseases. A positive correlation between vitamin A intake and weight/height index (r = 0,244) was found. In conclusion, most preschool children covered the dietary reference intake recommendation of vitamin A; deficiency of this vitamin was lower and, it was not associated to ocular diseases.

Anemia in Mexican women: results of two national probabilistic surveys.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of anemia in Mexican women and analyze its trends with information from the last two national nutrition surveys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prevalence of anemia in women was analyzed. Anemia was adjusted by socioeconomic profile and by potentially explanatory variables. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anemia for pregnant women was 20.2% (95% CI 15.9, 26.2%) and 15.5% for non-pregnant women (95% CI 14.7, 16.4%). The prevalence of anemia in women decreased from 1999 to 2006 in all socioeconomic profiles. Adolescent women living in the northern and in the southern regions had a greater risk of anemia than those in Mexico City (p= 0.05). Significant risk was found among low socioeconomic level (p< 0.06). Greater parity was a significant risk factor (p< 0.05) for being anemic. CONCLUSIONS: Although anemia in reproductive age women in Mexico decreased, it continues to be a public health problem.

Anemia in Mexican women: results of two national probabilistic surveys / Anemia en mujeres mexicanas: resultados de dos encuestas nacionales probabilísticas

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of anemia in Mexican women and analyze its trends with information from the last two national nutrition surveys. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The prevalence of anemia in women was analyzed. Anemia was adjusted by socioeconomic profile and by potentially explanatory variables. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anemia for pregnant women was 20.2 percent (95 percent CI 15.9, 26.2 percent) and 15.5 percent for non-pregnant women (95 percent CI 14.7, 16.4 percent). The prevalence of anemia in women decreased from 1999 to 2006 in all socioeconomic profiles. Adolescent women living in the northern and in the southern regions had a greater risk of anemia than those in Mexico City (p= 0.05). Significant risk was found among low socioeconomic level (p< 0.06). Greater parity was a significant risk factor (p< 0.05) for being anemic. CONCLUSIONS: Although anemia in reproductive age women in Mexico decreased, it continues to be a public health problem.

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres y analizar su tendencia a través de las dos últimas encuestas nacionales de nutrición. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres. La prevalencia de anemia se ajustó por perfil socioeconómico y por posibles variables que la expliquen. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia global de anemia fue de 20.2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 15.9, 26.2 por ciento) para mujeres embarazadas y de 15.5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 14.7, 16.4 por ciento) para mujeres no embarazadas. La prevalencia de anemia en mujeres disminuyó de 1999 a 2006 en todos los niveles socioeconómicos. Las mujeres adolescentes que viven en las regiones norte y sur tuvieron mayor riesgo de anemia que las que viven en la Ciudad de México (p= 0.05). Se encontró un riesgo significativo asociado con el nivel socioeconómico bajo (p< 0.06). La mayor paridad resultó ser un factor de riesgo significativo (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: Aun cuando la presencia de anemia en mujeres en edad reproductiva en México ha disminuido, continúa siendo un problema de salud pública.

[Health and nutrition status of older adults in Mexico: results of a national probabilistic survey]. / Estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México: resultados de una encuesta probabilística nacional.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health and nutrition status in the elderly population in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information from 5,480 adults (>60 years) obtained by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2006) was analyzed. Frequencies, means, and confidence intervals at 95% were obtained and adjusted for design effect. RESULTS: Forty percent of the adults reported a lack of social security, 2% suffered from malnutrition, women were affected two times more than men by anemia (34.8 vs. 17%), more than 60% of the population were overweight and had obesity, approximately 25% suffered from hypertension according to the survey, and between 15 and 20% were diabetic. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that health and nutrition status among the Mexican elderly population is inadequate. This is a situation that urgently needs to be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of older adults in Mexico.

[Factors associated with nutritional supplement consumption in Mexican women aged 12 to 49 years]. / Factores asociados al uso de suplementos alimenticios en mujeres mexicanas de 12 a 49 años de edad.

The objectives of this analysis are to identify the types of nutritional supplements (NS) commonly used and explore the associations between NS consumption and socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional status, measured as BMI, and anemia in a nationally representative sample Mexican women aged 12 to 49 years (n = 15,936) who participated in the Mexican National Nutrition Survey in 1999. Data on NS consumption and the other characteristics of interest were collected. We calculated the probability (P) of supplement consumption using logistic regression. For the statistical analysis characteristics at the individual and household level were included in the statistical models, and adjusted for the study design. Interaction effects were also explored. Multiple mixed vitamin and mineral supplements were the most commonly consumed (36.7%) followed by vitamins only (34.3%). Married women were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely (P = 0.16; p < 0.001) to consume NS compared to unmarried women, as were those with more access to public and private health care (P = 0.18; p = 0.010), with higher education level (P = 0.20; p = 0.004) and living in the South region (P = 0.20; p = 0.003). Anemia modified the association between supplement consumption and socioeconomic status (SES) (p = 0.016), non anemic women having greater probabilities of NS consumption. These results suggest that NS use among Mexican women is associated with better living conditions. On the other hand, we also found that women living in the South region, the poorest region of the country, had higher probability of NS consumption compared to the North region. This could be related to participation in food assistance programs; however we were unable to explore this potential explanation. This information will be used to further study trends, risks and health benefits in this population of the use of nutritional supplements.

Estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México: resultados de una encuesta probabilística nacional / Health and nutrition status of older adults in Mexico: results of a national probabilistic survey

OBJETIVO: Describir el estado de salud y nutrición de los adultos mayores en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la información de 5 480 adultos >60 años de edad de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT 2006). Se obtuvieron prevalencias, medias e intervalos de confianza al 95 por ciento tras ajustar por el efecto del diseño. RESULTADOS: Hasta 40 por ciento de los adultos mayores carece de seguridad social y 2 por ciento padece desnutrición; la anemia afecta dos veces más a las mujeres que a los hombres (34.8 contra 17 por ciento). Más de 60 por ciento sufre sobrepeso y obesidad; cerca de 25 por ciento corresponde a hipertensos diagnosticados por la encuesta y 15 a 20 por ciento a diabéticos. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que los adultos mayores en México poseen un estado de salud y nutrición inadecuado, lo cual es urgente atender a fin de optimizar su calidad de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health and nutrition status in the elderly population in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information from 5 480 adults (>60 years) obtained by the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2006) was analyzed. Frequencies, means, and confidence intervals at 95 percent were obtained and adjusted for design effect. RESULTS: Forty percent of the adults reported a lack of social security, 2 percent suffered from malnutrition, women were affected two times more than men by anemia (34.8 vs. 17 percent), more than 60 percent of the population were overweight and had obesity, approximately 25 percent suffered from hypertension according to the survey, and between 15 and 20 percent were diabetic. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that health and nutrition status among the Mexican elderly population is inadequate. This is a situation that urgently needs to be addressed in order to improve the quality of life of older adults in Mexico.

Factores asociados al uso de suplementos alimenticios en mujeres mexicanas de 12 a 49 años de edad

Los objetivos de este análisis son: caracterizar los suplementos alimenticios (SA) de mayor consumo, así como explorar la asociación del consumo SA con características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, y anemia, en una muestra representativa de mujeres, entre 12 a 49 años de edad (n=15,936), incluidas en la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición, de 1999, en México. Se usó un modelo de regresión logística múltiple para calcular probabilidades (P) de consumo de SA, según características a nivel individual y del hogar, incluyendo términos de interacción ajustando por diseño de la Encuesta. Los SA más consumidos fueron el grupo de vitaminas con minerales (36.7%) y el de vitaminas (34.3%). La mayor probabilidad estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05) de consumo de SA se encontró con estar casada (P=0.16; p<0.001), ser derechohabiente de servicios de salud (P=0.18; p=0.010), tener un nivel de educación superior (P=0.20; p=0.004) y vivir en la región sur del país (P=0.20; p=0.003). La anemia modificó la relación entre consumo de SA y nivel socioeconómico (p=0.016). Estos resultados sugieren que el consumo de SA está relacionado con mejores condiciones de vida en mujeres mexicanas. Por otro lado, en la región sur hubo más probabilidad de uso de SA comparada con región Norte, lo cual podría estar relacionado con recibir suplementos por medio de programas de ayuda alimentaria. En el presente análisis no pudimos explorar esta posibilidad. Esta información podría servir de base para evaluar tendencias, así como riesgos y beneficios en la salud en esta población del uso de suplementos alimenticios.

Factors associated with nutritional supplement consumption in Mexican women aged 12 to 49 years. The objectives of this analysis are to identify the types of nutritional supplements (NS) commonly used and explore the associations between NS consumption and socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional status, measured as BMI, and anemia in a nationally representative sample Mexican women aged 12 to 49 years (n=15,936) who participated in the Mexican National Nutrition Survey in 1999. Data on NS consumption and the other characteristics of interest were collected. We calculated the probability (P) of supplement consumption using logistic regression. For the statistical analysis characteristics at the individual and household level were included in the statistical models, and adjusted for the study design. Interaction effects were also explored. Multiple mixed vitamin and mineral supplements were the most commonly consumed (36.7%) followed by vitamins only (34.3%). Married women were significantly (p<0.05) more likely (P=0.16; p <0.001) to consume NS compared to unmarried women, as were those with more access to public and private health care (P=0.18; p=0.010), with higher education level (P=0.20; p=0.004) and living in the South region (P=0.20; p=0.003). Anemia modified the association between supplement consumption and socioeconomic status (SES) (p=0.016), non anemic women having greater probabilities of NS consumption. These results suggest that NS use among Mexican women is associated with better living conditions. On the other hand, we also found that women living in the South region, the poorest region of the country, had higher probability of NS consumption compared to the North region. This could be related to participation in food assistance programs; however we were unable to explore this potential explanation. This information will be used to further study trends, risks and health benefits in this population of the use of nutritional supplements.

Depuración plasmática de etanol y su excreción en la leche de mujeres rurales que consumen pulque / Ethanol plasma clearance and its milk excretion in rural lactating women who drink pulque

En San Mateo Capulhuac, estado de México es frecuente el consumo del aguamiel y su producto fermentado, el pulque, por las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes debido a que le atribuyen cualidades galactotróficas. En este estudio se midió el etanol ingerido con el pulque por 11 madres lactantes y su concentración en el plasma y en la leche. La máxima concentración de etanol en el plasma y la leche se alcanzó a los 60 minutos independientemente del volumen de pulque ingerido. Ambas concentraciones fueron similares. La depuración del etanol en la leche fue más lenta en los casos con concentración de etanol más elevados. En el grupo de menor consumo de pulque la concentración máxima de etanol en la leche fue de 8.4 ñ 3.0 mg/dL; el 57 por ciento desapareció a los 120 min. En el grupo de mayor consumo de pulque la concentración máxima de etanol en la leche fue de 26.2 ñ 7.0 mg/dL; a los 120 min solamente se había eliminado el 11 por ciento de esa concentración. El pulque proporcionó a las madres lactantes una ingesta adicional de 350 kcal/día, comparadas con las madres que no lo consumen, lo cual representa una suplementación energética