La formación del residente de urología en cirugía laparoscópica. Elaboración de un modelo de realidad virtual / Urology residents training in laparoscopic surgery. Develoment of a virtual reality model

Introducción: El entrenamiento y aprendizaje de los residentes en la cirugía laparoscópica tiene limitaciones legales, económicas y tecnológicas. La simulación es una herramienta imprescindible en la formación de los mismos como complemento a su formación en la cirugía laparoscópica. Dicha formación debe estar estructurada en un ambiente adecuado, con objetivos claros determinados previamente, tutelada por profesionales con experiencia en clínica y docencia en simulación y con modelos realísticos, usando tanto animales como tejidos ex-vivo de los mismos. Es imprescindible incorporar mecanismos de evaluación objetivos en el progreso formativo del residente. Objetivo: Presentamos el modelo de entrenamiento en cirugía laparoscópica para los resientes de urología en el Hospital Universitario Valdecilla, que se realiza en el Hospital Virtual Valdecilla, centro asociado al Center for Medical Simulation de Boston y acreditado por el Colegio Americano de Cirujanos. Material y método: El modelo está diseñado en 3 bloques, básico para R1, intermedio para R2-3 y avanzado para R4-5, con 9 módulos a entrenar. El entrenamiento se realiza en programas de 4 h en 4 tardes, a razón de 3 semanas por año de residencia, lo que conlleva que al final de la misma hayan realizado 240 h de formación laparoscópica en simulación. Para cada módulo utilizamos como medida de progresión formativa del residente evaluaciones objetivas estructuradas. Resultados: Desde 2003 se han formado 9 residentes de urología más los 5 que están actualmente en formación. El modelo se ha ido modificando y adecuando según las necesidades que el feedback con los alumnos nos trasmitía. La adquisición de las habilidades en un modelo de realidad virtual ha permitido la transferencia a la práctica real con seguridad. Conclusiones: El diseño de un programa formativo en cirugía laparoscópica, en bloques estructurados y de progresiva complejidad, permite alcanzar una formación adecuada para transferir las habilidades adquiridas mediante este modelo a un escenario real con seguridad para el paciente

Introduction: The training and learning of residents in laparoscopic surgery has legal, financial and technological limitations. Simulation is an essential tool in the training of residents as a supplement to their training in laparoscopic surgery. The training should be structured in an appropriate environment, with previously established and clear objectives, taught by professionals with clinical and teaching experience in simulation. The training should be conducted with realistic models using animals and ex-vivo tissue from animals. It is essential to incorporate mechanisms to assess the objectives during the residents’ training progress. Objective: We present the training model for laparoscopic surgery for urology residents at the University Hospital Valdecilla. The training is conducted at the Virtual Hospital Valdecilla, which is associated with the Center for Medical Simulation in Boston and is accredited by the American College of Surgeons. Material and method: The model is designed in 3 blocks, basic for R1, intermediate for R2-3 and advanced for R4-5, with 9 training modules. The training is conducted in 4-hour sessions for 4 afternoons, for 3 weeks per year of residence. Residents therefore perform 240 hours of simulated laparoscopic training by the end of the course. For each module, we use structured objective assessments to measure each resident's training progress. Results: Since 2003, 9 urology residents have been trained, in addition to the 5 who are currently in training. The model has undergone changes according to the needs expressed in the student feedback. The acquisition of skills in a virtual reality model has enabled the safe transfer of those skills to actual practice. Conclusions: A laparoscopic surgery training program designed in structured blocks and with progressive complexity provides appropriate training for transferring the skills acquired using this model to an actual scenario while maintaining patient safety

Urology residents training in laparoscopic surgery. Development of a virtual reality model.

INTRODUCTION: The training and learning of residents in laparoscopic surgery has legal, financial and technological limitations. Simulation is an essential tool in the training of residents as a supplement to their training in laparoscopic surgery. The training should be structured in an appropriate environment, with previously established and clear objectives, taught by professionals with clinical and teaching experience in simulation. The training should be conducted with realistic models using animals and ex-vivo tissue from animals. It is essential to incorporate mechanisms to assess the objectives during the residents' training progress. OBJECTIVE: We present the training model for laparoscopic surgery for urology residents at the University Hospital Valdecilla. The training is conducted at the Virtual Hospital Valdecilla, which is associated with the Center for Medical Simulation in Boston and is accredited by the American College of Surgeons. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The model is designed in 3 blocks, basic for R1, intermediate for R2-3 and advanced for R4-5, with 9 training modules. The training is conducted in 4-hour sessions for 4 afternoons, for 3 weeks per year of residence. Residents therefore perform 240 hours of simulated laparoscopic training by the end of the course. For each module, we use structured objective assessments to measure each resident's training progress. RESULTS: Since 2003, 9 urology residents have been trained, in addition to the 5 who are currently in training. The model has undergone changes according to the needs expressed in the student feedback. The acquisition of skills in a virtual reality model has enabled the safe transfer of those skills to actual practice. CONCLUSIONS: A laparoscopic surgery training program designed in structured blocks and with progressive complexity provides appropriate training for transferring the skills acquired using this model to an actual scenario while maintaining patient safety.

Seminoma en paciente con Síndrome de Kartagener / Testicular seminoma in a patient with Kartagener's syndrome

Objetivo: Presentar la asociación de seminoma en paciente afecto de SK y su relación con la fertilidad. Métodos: Se describe la presencia de un seminoma en paciente afecto de SK, haciendo hincapié en la posible correlación de ambas patologías con la fertilidad, así como se comentan citas bibliográficas de interés. Resultado: Paciente con tumor testicular y SK al que se realizó orquiectomía, resultando ser un seminoma en el estudio anatomopatológico. Se realizaron dos espermiogramas en los que se corroboró la azoospermia, siendo difícil de diferenciar la posible implicación de ambas patologías en relación con la ausencia de espermatozoides en el eyaculado. Conclusiones: Presentamos un caso de seminoma en paciente afecto de SK y azoopermia. Tras la orquiectomía la evolución es favorable, haciéndose breve referencia bibliográfica al SK y sus potenciales implicaciones en la fertilidad. La asociación de este síndrome con tumor testicular es excepcional en la bibliografía consultada (AU)

Objective: To present the association between Seminoma and Kartagener's Syndrome (KS), and its relation with infertility. Methods: We report one case of Seminoma in a patient with Kartagener's Syndrome, focussing on the possible relation between both pathologies and fertility. Bibliographic references are discussed. Results: Orchyectomy was performed on a patient with Kartagener's Syndrome and testicular tumour. The pathology result was Seminoma. Azoospermia was obtained twice in the postoperative espermiogram, not being easy to establish the implication of each pathology (KS or Seminoma) in infertility. Conclusions: A patient with KS and Seminoma plus azoospermia is reported, with a great outcome from the oncological point of view. Bibliographic references are described. The association between KS and Seminoma is exceptional in the literature (AU)

[Mediastinal lymph nodes during the course of a metastatic prostate cancer]. / Adenopatías mediastínicas en la evolución de un cancer de próstata metastásico.

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most frecuent cancers in men. Significant numbers of patients have regional lymph node and bone metastases during the course of the disease. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy and cutaneous metastases are uncommon and signify well-advanced disease. We report the case of a patient with prostate cancer who develops mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pulmonary nodules and cutaneous metastases 8 years after the diagnosis.

Adenopatías mediastínicas en la evolución de un cáncer de próstata metastásico / Mediastinal lymph nodes during the course of a metastatic prostate cancer

El cáncer de próstata es uno de los tumores más frecuentes. Un número importante de pacientes presentarán adenopatías regionales y metástasis óseas en el curso de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, las adenopatías mediastínicas y las metástasis cutáneas son infrecuentes y significan enfermedad avanzada. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de cáncer de próstata que desarrolla adenopatías mediastínicas, nódulos pulmonares y metástasis cutáneas, 8 años después del diagnóstico

Prostate carcinoma is one of the most frecuent cancers in men. Significant numbers of patients have regional lymph node and bone metastases during the course of the disease. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy and cutaneous metastases are uncommon and signify well-advanced disease. We report the case of a patient with prostate cancer who develops mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pulmonary nodules and cutaneous metastases 8 years after the diagnosis

[In vitro three-dimensional reconstruction of human bladder mucosa]. / Reconstrucción tridimensional in vitro de mucosa vesical humana.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to human urothelium, to reconstruct an in vitro three-dimensional human bladder mucosa, suitable for grafting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biopsy specimens of human bladder mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing suprapubic prostatectomy, in vitro cultured and finally, an immunohistochemical study was made. RESULTS: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding. We used a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. An immature epithelium was obtained with a weak immunostaining to cytokeratins. The immunohistochemical study could not demonstrate the development of basement membrane. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues like the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time, which needs the matrix interactions in order to mature.

Reconstrucción tridimensional in vitro de mucosa vesical humana / In vitro three-dimensional reconstruction of human bladder mucosa

Objetivo: Aplicar las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos así como los principios de la ingeniería tisular al epitelio urinario humano, con el fin de reconstruir tridimensionalmente una mucosa vesical humana in vitro, apta para trasplantar. Material y Métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa vesical de pacientes programados para cirugía abierta de próstata, previo consentimiento de los mismos, las cuales fueron cultivadas in vitro, para proceder posteriormente al estudio histomorfológico de los tejidos obtenidos. Resultados: Se obtuvo un tejido tridimensional compuesto por una submucosa bioartificial a base de un gel de fibrina y fibroblastos, sobre la que descansan las células uroepiteliales, pudiendo utilizar una malla de ácido poliglicólico, que facilite la manipulación de la mucosa y el posterior injerto de la misma. El tejido obtenido tenía el aspecto de un epitelio inmaduro con muy escasa reacción a citoqueratinas, sin poderse demostrar inmunohistoquímicamente el desarrollo de una membrana basal. Conclusiones: Las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos son aplicables a otros epitelios, entre ellos el urotelio humano. En un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto se puede obtener un tejido in vitro tridimensional apto para trasplantar, precisando posiblemente de las interacciones con el lecho receptor para poder madurar

Objetive: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to human urothelium, to reconstruct an in vitro three-dimensional human bladder mucosa, suitable for grafting. Material and Methods: Biopsy specimens of human bladder mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing suprapubic prostatectomy, in vitro cultured and finally, an immunohistochemical study was made. Results: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding. We used a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. An immature epithelium was obtained with a weak immunostaining to cytokeratins. The immunohistochemical study could not demonstrate the development of basement membrane. Conclusions: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues like the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time, which needs the matrix interactions in order to mature

Hematuria durante la gestación debida a tumor vesical. Presentación de 2 casos / Hematuria during pregnancy caused by bladder tumour. Report of 2 cases

Los tumores vesicales son raros durante la gestación. Presentamos dos casos, en ambos la sintomatología inicial fue hematuria macroscópica, aunque uno de ellos fue inicialmente confundido como sangrado vaginal. Las pacientes tenían una edad de 41 y 27 años, con una edad gestacional de 26 y 18 semanas respectivamente. Los diagnósticos fueron hechos con cistoscopia y ecografía. Se utilizaron agentes tocolíticos. Se practicó resección transuretral de ambos tumores, empleándose una anestesia raquídea. No hubo efectos adversos sobre la gestación. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue papiloma invertido en el primer caso y neoplasia urotelial papilar de bajo potencial maligno en el segundo. Se revisa la literatura (AU)

Tumours of the urinary bladder are rare in pregnancy. We report two such cases presenting with gross hematuria, but one of them was initially mistaken as vaginal bleeding. Patients age was 41 and 27 years old, at 26 and 18 weeks of gestation respectively. Diagnoses were made with cystoscopy and sonography. Tocolytics agents were employed. Both of the tumours were managed succesfully by transurethral electroresection. Raquianesthesia was employed in both. There were no adverse effects on the pregnacies. Transurethral resection is a safe procedure during pregnancy. The pathology diagnoses were inverted papilloma in the first case and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential in the other one. The literature is reviewed (AU)

[Treatment of Bowen's disease of the penis with imiquimod 5% cream]. / Tratamiento tópico con imiquimod crema al 5% de la enfermedad de Bowen del pene.

We present an alternative treatment of the intraepithelial neoplasms of penis (Bowen's disease), the topical application of imiquimod 5% cream. It was applied 3 times weekly for 5 weeks. Imiquimod is an imidazoquinolone immune response modifier that has been shown to have indirect antiviral and antitumor effects with few adverse effects. Imiquimod 5% cream may represent an alternative treatment option for Bowen's disease.

Tratamiento tópico con Imiquimod crema al 5% de la enfermedad de Bowen del pene / Treatment of Bowen´s disease of the penis with Imiquimod 5% cream

Presentamos una alternativa más de tratamiento para las neoplasias intraepiteliales de pene (enfermedad de Bowen) mediante la aplicación tópica de imiquimod crema al 5% 3 días alternos a la semana durante 5 semanas. El imiquimod es una imidazoquinolona, modificador de la respuesta inmune con efectos antiviral y antitumoral indirectos, que presenta escasos efectos secundarios a nivel local y que puede constituir una opción más en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Bowen del pene (AU)

We present an alternative treatment of the intraepithelial neoplasms of penis (Bowen`s disease), the topical application of imiquimod 5% cream. It was applied 3 times weekly for 5 weeks. Imiquimod is an imidazoquinolone immune response modifier that has been shown to have indirect antiviral and antitumor effects with few adverse effects. Imiquimod 5% cream may represent an alternative treatment option for Bowen`s disease (AU)

[Secondary obstructive uropathy to inverted papilloma of the ureter]. / Uropatia obstructiva secundaria a papiloma invertido de ureter.

We report a new case of inverted papilloma of the ureter, with an uncommon clinic manifestation as a obstructive uropathy. In spite of the bening nature the inverted papilloma of the urinary tract, it can be multifocal and relapsing and it may be associated with low rate urothelial carcinomas. A precise pre-operative diagnosis is necessary for a conservative or endourologic treatment. The followup of these cases with periodic urography and cystoscopy is mandatory.

Uropatia obstructiva secundaria a papiloma invertido de ureter / Secundary obstructive uropathy to inverted papilloma of the ureter

Presentamos un nuevo caso de papiloma invertido de uréter, con una inusual forma de presentación en forma de uropatía obstructiva. A pesar de haberse considerado una patología benigna, el papiloma invertido del tracto urinario puede recidivar o asociarse a carcinoma transicional de bajo grado. Su tratamiento, disponiendo de un diagnóstico preoperatorio fiable, puede ser conservador o endourológico, siendo obligatorio el seguimiento urográfico y cistoscópico de estos pacientes (AU)

We report a new case of inverted papilloma of the ureter, with an uncommon clinic manifestation as a obstructive uropathy. In spite of the bening nature the inverted papilloma of the urinary tract, it can be multifocal and relapsing and it may be associated with low rate urothelial carcinomas. A precise pre-operative diagnosis is necessary for a conservative or endourologic treatment. The followup of these cases with periodic urography and cystoscopy is mandatory (AU)

[Considerations about angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) with regard to a case localized in the penis]. / Consideraciones en torno a la Hiperplasia Angiolinfoide con Eosinofilia (ALHE). A propósito de un caso localizado en el pene.

We report the case of a 27 year old man who presented a nodule in the ventral face of the penis, which increased in volume and turned painful during erection so a vascular lesion was suspected, later confirmed with a Doppler study. A complete excision of the lesion was carried out with local anaesthesia. The pathological specimen was informed as "angiolimphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia" in its intravascular form. This is the third communication of this kind of lesion in the penis but no other adopted the intravascular variant like the present case. We discuss about this exceptional entity and make review of the most relevant literature.

Consideraciones en torno a la Hiperplasia Angiolinfoide con Eosinofilia (ALHE). A propósito de un caso localizado en el pene / Considerations about angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) with regard to a case localized in the penis

Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 27 años de edad que presentaba un nódulo en la cara ventral del pene que aumentaba de tamaño y se volvía doloroso durante la erección por lo que se sospechó que se trataba de una lesión vascular, confirmado posteriormente mediante estudio Doppler. Se realizó la extirpación del nódulo con anestesia local. El informe anatomopatológico fue de “hiperplasia angiolinfoide con eosinofilia” en su variante intravascular. Este caso representa la tercera comunicación de esta lesión en el pene, pero ninguna otra adoptaba la variante intravascular como la aquí presentada. Se discute acerca de esta excepcional entidad y se revisa la literatura

We report the case of a 27 years old man who presented a nodule in the ventral face of the penis, which increased in volume an turned painful during erection so a vascular lesion was suspected, later confirmed with a Doppler study. A complete excision of the lesion was carried out with local anaesthesia. The pathological specimen was informed as “angiolimphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia” in its intravascular form. This is the third communication of this kind of lesion in the penis but no other adopted the intravascular variant like the present case. We discuss about this exceptional entity and make review of the most relevant literature

[Hematuria during pregnancy caused by bladder tumour. Report of 2 cases]. / Hematuria durante la gestación debida a tumor vesical. Presentación de 2 casos.

Tumours of the urinary bladder are rare in pregnancy. We report two such cases presenting with gross hematuria, but one of them was initially mistaken as vaginal bleeding. Patients age was 41 and 27 years old, at 26 and 18 weeks of gestation respectively. Diagnoses were made with cystoscopy and sonography. Tocolytics agents were employed. Both of the tumours were managed succesfully by transurethral electroresection. Raquianesthesia was employed in both. There were no adverse effects on the pregnacies. Transurethral resection is a safe procedure during pregnancy. The pathology diagnoses were inverted papilloma in the first case and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential in the other one. The literature is reviewed.

Estudio experimental sobre la viabilidad del injerto libre de epitelio urinario autólogo cultivado in vitro / Experimental study about viability of autologous free graft in vitro cultivated urinary epithelium

OBJETIVO: Con el presente trabajo pretendimos aplicar las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos así como los principios de la ingeniería tisular al epitelio urinario, con el fin de conseguir un tejido autólogo tridimensional apto para trasplantar, y confirmar a su vez la viabilidad del injerto libre del mismo en un modelo experimental. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se procedió a un diseño experimental en el animal de laboratorio donde se aplicaron las técnicas del cultivo celular y de la ingeniería de tejidos. Se obtuvieron muestras de mucosa vesical de conejo, las cuales fueron cultivadas in vitro, implantándose posteriormente el tejido obtenido en cada animal, estableciéndose 3 grupos, con diferentes periodos de seguimiento (7,14 y 30 días), para proceder al estudio histomorfológico de la viabilidad de dichos implantes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un tejido tridimensional compuesto por una submucosa bioartificial a base de un gel de fibrina y fibroblastos, sobre la que descansan las células uroepiteliales, utilizando una malla de ácido poliglicólico, la cual facilitó la manipulación del tejido y el posterior injerto del mismo. Todos los implantes resultaron viables y se pudo comprobar como los injertos con mayor periodo de seguimiento (30 días) se encontraban mejor conformados, con múltiples capas celulares. CONCLUSIONES: Las técnicas de cultivo in vitro de queratinocitos son aplicables a otros epitelios, entre ellos el urinario. En un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto se puede obtener un tejido in vitro tridimensional apto para trasplantar. El estudio histológico puso de manifiesto que el injerto libre de epitelio urinario autólogo cultivado es totalmente viable, apuntando futuras aplicaciones clínicas

OBJETIVE: The purpose of this study is to apply the in vitro keratinocyte culture techniques and the tissue engineering principles to urothelium, to obtain a three-dimensional autologous tissue suitable for grafting. We also showed the viability of free graft cultured urothelium in an experimental model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An animal experimental model was designed to apply the techniques of cellular culture and tissue engineering. Biopsy specimens of bladder mucosa were obtained, in vitro cultured and posteriorly implanted in each animal. We established three groups based on different follow-up periods (7, 14 and 30 days), and made a final histomorphological study to demonstrate the viability of the graft at the end of its respective follow-up period. RESULTS: A three-dimensional in vitro tissue was obtained, composed of a bio-artificial submucosa (fibrin gel and fibroblast) where the uroepithelial cells were seeding; a biodegradable polyglycolic acid mesh was used to facilitate the tissue manipulation and implantation. In the morphological study all the implants appeared viable, but the grafts with longer implantations periods were better conformed, showing a tisular structure with multiple cellular layers. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro keratinocyte culture techniques could be applied to other epithelial tissues as the urothelium. We obtained a three-dimensional in vitro tissue suitable for grafting in a relatively short time. The histological study demonstrated that free autologous urothelial graft is totally viable, opening future clinics applications

Triplicidad ureteral. Una inusual presentación aislada / Ureteral triplication, an unusual isolated presentation

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 26 años que presenta como hallazgo casual una triplicidad ureteral derecha (probablemente tipo I de Campbell), sin ninguna otra alteración asociada. Pese a que la duplicidad ureteral es una alteración urológica frecuente, la existencia de tres uréteres en un mismo lado, ya sea de forma completa o incompleta, representa una verdadera rareza, con menos de cien casos recogidos en la literatura. El presente caso resulta singular no sólo por lo excepcional de esta entidad, sino por no encontrarse asociado a ninguna otra alteración urológica o extraurológica ni presentar manifestación clínica alguna. Se realiza una revisión y actualización de esta entidad

We report the case of a 26 years old female who presented, as a casual finding, a right complete ureteral triplicity ( probably Campbell’s tipe I) with no other associated abnormalities. Despite ureteral duplication is a frequent urological anomaly, the presence of three ureters occurring in the same side, in a complete or incomplete form, is a true rarity, with less than 100 cases publicated up to date. The present case is singular, not only because of its exceptional presentation but also because no other urological or extraurological anomalies were associated and no clinical manifestations were present. The most relevant literature is reviewed

[Current status of tissue engineering in urology. Review of the literature]. / Estado actual de la ingeniería de tejidos en urología. Revisión de la literatura.

In the eighties a new field of the medicine appears wich applies the principles of cellular cultivation to synthetic biodegradable polymers scaffolds with the purpose of creating autologous biological substitutes that could improve, maintain or restore the function of organs or damaged tissues. The Tissue Engineering constitutes a new discipline in full phase of development especially in USA, with multiple potential applications in several medical specialities. Our speciality can't remain indifferent to interest and encouraging future originated by this new science. In this work we have made a wide bibliographical revision in the Medline to know the antecedents, current state and the possible future applications of Tissue Engineering in Urology.