Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019 / Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study

Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso -23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad- , siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud. (AU)

Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants’ weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities. (AU)

[Weight status in the 6- to 9-year-old school population in Spain: results of the ALADINO 2019 Study]. / Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: childhood obesity is a public health problem whose prevalence has grown steadily in recent decades. Objective: to describe the weight status of schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years in Spain in 2019, and their associated factors. Methods: ALADINO is a cross-sectional study in schoolchildren aged 6 to 9 years, representative of the Spanish population, and aligned with the Child Obesity Surveillance Initative of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Participants' weight, height, and abdominal circumference were measured, defining weight status according to different standards (WHO, IOTF, and Orbegozo). A questionnaire on lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics was administered to parents. Results: a total of 16,665 schoolchildren from 276 schools were measured. Excess weight was observed in 40.6 %: 23.3 % overweight and 17.3 % obesity, with obesity being more prevalent in boys and overweight in girls, both increasing with age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.6 %. Excess weight decreased by 3.9 percentage points since 2011, mainly due to overweight in boys. Obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren with less healthy eating and physical activity habits, and in families with a lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: the prevalence of excess weight is high, although it has declined since 2011 and remains stable since 2015 among schoolchildren aged 6-9 years in Spain, this reduction being mainly due to a decrease in overweight in children. It is necessary to continue promoting healthy habits from the earliest stages of life, thus reducing health inequalities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública cuya prevalencia no ha dejado de crecer en las últimas décadas. Objetivo: describir la situación ponderal de los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España en 2019, y sus factores asociados. Métodos: ALADINO es un estudio transversal en escolares de 6 a 9 años, representativo de la población española, aplicando la metodología de la Child Obesity Surveillance Initative de la Oficina Regional para Europa de la OMS. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro abdominal de los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según diferentes estándares (OMS, IOTF y Orbegozo). Se pasó a los progenitores un cuestionario sobre estilo de vida y características sociodemográficas. Resultados: se midieron 16.665 escolares de 276 colegios. El 40,6 % presentaban exceso de peso ­23,3 % sobrepeso y 17,3 % obesidad­, siendo la obesidad más prevalente en los niños y el sobrepeso en las niñas, y aumentando ambos con la edad. La prevalencia de la obesidad abdominal era del 22,6 %. El exceso de peso disminuyó 3,9 puntos porcentuales desde 2011, principalmente el sobrepeso de los niños. La obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso fue más prevalente en los escolares con hábitos menos saludables de alimentación y actividad física, y en las familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: la prevalencia del exceso de peso es elevada, aunque ha descendido desde 2011 y permanece estable desde 2015 entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, debiéndose esta reducción fundamentalmente al descenso del sobrepeso en los niños. Es necesario seguir fomentando hábitos saludables desde las etapas más tempranas, reduciendo las desigualdades en salud.

Weight status in the 6 to 9 year-old school population in Spain: Results of the ALADINO 2015 study.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. METHODOLOGY: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of excess weight in 6-9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health.

Situación ponderal de la población escolar de 6 a 9 años en España: resultados del estudio ALADINO 2015 / Weight status in the 6 to 9 year-old school population in Spain: Results of the ALADINO 2015 Study

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en la infancia y en la adolescencia han crecido alarmantemente en las últimas décadas en muchos países de Europa, incluido España. Este estudio presenta las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad en escolares de 6 a 9 años en 2015 y sus características asociadas. Metodología: ALADINO es un estudio transversal de una muestra representativa de escolares de 6 a 9 años en España, alineado con la iniciativa COSI de la OMS. Se talló y pesó a los participantes, definiendo la situación ponderal según los estándares de la OMS, y se pasó un cuestionario a los progenitores sobre el estilo de vida y las características sociodemográficas. Resultados: Se tomaron medidas antropométricas a 10.899 escolares de 168 centros de educación primaria. El 41,3% (IC 95%: 40,0-42,6) presentaba exceso de peso, el 23,2% sobrepeso (IC 95%: 22,1-24,3) y el 18,1% obesidad (IC 95%: 17,2-19,1), siendo la obesidad más prevalente en niños y el sobrepeso en niñas. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal era del 23,2% (IC 95%: 21,8-24,6). La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad aumentaba con la edad. El exceso de peso disminuyó un 3,2% respecto a 2011, principalmente por la disminución del sobrepeso en niños, mientras que la obesidad permaneció estable. El exceso de peso era más prevalente en los escolares de familias con menor nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de exceso de peso entre los escolares de 6 a 9 años en España ha disminuido un 3,2% desde 2011 por la disminución del sobrepeso, mientras que la obesidad permanece estable. Se debe intervenir en el entorno obesogénico, promocionando hábitos alimentarios saludables y la actividad física, incidiendo en las desigualdades en salud. (AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence has grown alarmingly in the last twenty years or so in many countries of Europe, including Spain. This study presents the prevalences of overweight and obesity in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in 2015, and their associated characteristics. Methodology: ALADINO (Its initials in Spanish for Diet, physical activity, child development and obesity) is a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain, in line with the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The height and weight of the participants, defining the weight status according to WHO standards, and a questionnaire was given to the parents on lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Anthropometric measurements were taken on 10,899 schoolchildren for 168 primary education centres. Excess weight was observed in 41.3% (95% CI: 40.0-42.6), overweight in 23.2% (95% CI: 22.1-24.3) and obesity in 18.1% (95% CI: 17.2-19.1), with obesity being more prevalent in boys, overweight in girls. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 23.2% (95% CI: 21.8-24.6). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age. Excess weight decreased by 3.2% compared to 2011, mainly due to the decrease in overweight in boys, while that of obesity remained stable. Excess weight was more prevalent in schoolchildren from families with a lower socioeconomic level. Conclusions: The prevalence of excess weight in 6 to 9 year-old schoolchildren in Spain has decreased by 3.2% since 2011, due to the decrease in overweight, whilst obesity remained stable. Action must be taken in the obesogenic environment, by promoting healthy eating habits and physical activity, bearing in mind the inequalities in health. (AU)

Intervención grupal de promoción de hábitos saludables en el ámbito laboral: Programa IPHASAL / Group intervention to promote healthy habits in the workplace: IPHASAL Program

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un grave problema de salud pública. El ámbito laboral es óptimo para intervenir sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo es evaluar una intervención grupal de promoción de hábitos saludables (programa IPHASAL) mediante apoyo entre iguales en el ámbito laboral. Método: En el programa participaron 325 trabajadores de 13 empresas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión, tabaquismo, exceso de peso, inactividad física). Antes y después del programa se midió peso y altura, tensión arterial y se pasó un cuestionario sobre hábitos de salud. El programa consistía en asistir a talleres formativos y sesiones grupales en las que los participantes compartían experiencias, conocimientos y progresos sobre hábitos saludables. El resultado se midió con el Índice Fuster BEWAT (IFB), calculado con la puntuación de 5 variables: tensión arterial, ejercicio, peso, alimentación y tabaco. Resultados: Los participantes sin criterios de exclusión en el proyecto fueron 273. El 79% asistió a 3 o más talleres y el 73,9% acudió a 3 o más sesiones. Todos los parámetros del IFB mejoraron significativamente tras el programa, siendo el mayor incremento en la actividad física y el menor en el tabaquismo. El IFB total aumentó un 17,4% (1,5 puntos), siendo superior el aumento en mujeres (19,6%) que en hombres (14,0%) y en el grupo más joven (21,6%). Conclusiones: La intervención grupal IPHASAL es aplicable al ámbito laboral y contribuye a mejorar el perfil de riesgo cardiovascular, ayudando a los trabajadores a potenciar el cambio hacia estilos de vida saludables. (AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem. The workplace is an optimal setting to intervene on cardiovascular risk factors. The aim is to evaluate a group intervention to promote healthy habits (IPHASAL program) through peer support in the workplace. Method: The program involved 325 workers in 13 companies with cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, overweight, physical inactivity). Before and after the program, weight and height, blood pressure were measured and a questionnaire on health habits was administered. The program consisted of training workshops and group sessions in which participants shared experiences, knowledge and progress on healthy habits. The outcome was measured with the Fuster BEWAT Index (FBI), calculated with the score of 5 variables under study: blood pressure, exercise, weight, diet and smoking. Results: Participants without exclusion criteria in the project were 273. 79% attended 3 or more workshops and 73.9% attended 3 or more sessions. All FBI parameters improved significantly after the program, with the largest increase in physical activity and the smallest increase in smoking. Total FBI increased by 17.4% (1.5 points), with a higher increase in women (19.6%) than in men (14.0%) and in the youngest group (21.6%). Conclusions: The IPHASAL group program is applicable to the workplace and contributes to improving the cardiovascular risk profile, helping workers to promote change towards healthy lifestyles. (AU)

Adequacy of usual macronutrient intake and macronutrient distribution in children and adolescents in Spain: A National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population, ENALIA 2013-2014.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the nutritional profile and assess the National Dietary Survey on the Child and Adolescent Population project in Spain (ENALIA) regarding usual total energy and macronutrient intake. METHODS: A cross-sectional nationally representative sample of 1862 children and adolescents (age 6 months to 17) was surveyed between 2013 and 2014 following European methodology recommendations. Dietary information was collected using two methods, dietary records (for children from age 6 months to 9 years) and 24-h dietary recall (participants age 10 and older). Usual intake was estimated by correcting for within-person intake variance using the Iowa State University (ISU) method. A probability analysis was used to assess compliance with dietary reference intakes in the target population. RESULTS: Protein consumption in the age 1-3 group as a percentage of total energy exceeded the upper limit of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) by 4.7% for boys and 12.1% for girls. 42.9% of girls age 4-8 were under the lower limit of the AMDR for carbohydrates. 43.4% of boys and 46.9% of girls between 4 and 17 exceeded the AMDR in total fat intake, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) accounting for 12.3% of total energy. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that Spanish children and adolescents could improve macronutrient distribution by reducing fat and increasing carbohydrate intake across all age groups, and decreasing protein intake, especially in young children.

The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of intake of food and beverages depends on a number of ill-defined behaviour patterns. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of screen time and sleep duration on food consumption frequency, and to describe frequencies and types of food consumption according to BMI category and parents' level of education. METHODS: We studied 6287 and 2806 children drawn from the 2011 and 2013 cross-sectional ALADINO studies respectively. Data were collected on number of hours of sleep, screen time, and weekly frequency of consumption of 17 food groups. Weight status was measured, and information was also collected on parents' educational level. Average food consumption frequencies were calculated by reference to hours of sleep and hours of screen time, and were defined as ≥4 times or <4 times per week (once per week for soft drinks and diet soft drinks). Differences in frequency were evaluated for screen times of more and less than 2 h per day, and for sleep durations longer or shorter than the daily average. We fitted logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association between screen exposure and hours of sleep on the one hand, and food consumption frequency on the other. RESULTS: Consumption of fruit and vegetables was lower among children who had parents with no formal or only primary school education. High levels of screen time were associated with a greater frequency of consumption of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor products and a lower frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables. Sleeping a sufficient number of hours was associated with a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The results for 2011 were concordant with those for 2013. CONCLUSIONS: If efforts to ensure healthier eating habits among children are to be at all successful, they should focus on promoting a sufficient amount of sleep for children, limiting the time they spend watching television and/or playing with computers or video games, and educating parents accordingly.

Trans-fatty acid content of food products in Spain in 2015 / Contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España en 2015

Objective: To ascertain the content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in food products in Spain in 2015 and assess trends in TFA content since 2010. Methods: We analysed the fat content of 277 food products purchased in Spanish supermarkets in 2015 and calculated both the total fat and TFA content and the proportion of TFA to total fats. The results obtained in 2015 were compared to those yielded by a similar study in 2010. Results: In 2015, the majority of food products studied had a TFA content of less than 0.2g/100g product, and a TFA/total fat ratio of less than 2%. No significant increases were found compared to 2010. Food groups with a higher TFA content were dairy products of possible natural origin. Conclusions: TFA content in Spain is low and has significantly fallen since 2010 (AU)

Objetivo: Conocer el contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España en 2015 y evaluar la tendencia desde 2010. Métodos: Se analizó la composición grasa de 277 alimentos adquiridos en supermercados en España en 2015. Se calcularon el contenido en ácidos grasos trans y en grasas totales, y el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans respecto de la grasa total. Se compararon los resultados con los de un estudio similar realizado en 2010. Resultados: En 2015 la mayoría de los alimentos estudiados tenían menos de 0,2g de ácidos grasostrans por 100g de producto, y menos del 2% de ácidos grasos trans respecto a las grasas totales. No se hallaron aumentos significativos desde 2010. Los grupos con contenidos más altos de ácidos grasos trans eran derivados lácteos, con posible origen natural. Conclusiones: El contenido de ácidos grasos trans en España es bajo y se ha reducido significativamente desde 2010 (AU)

Trans-fatty acid content of food products in Spain in 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the content of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in food products in Spain in 2015 and assess trends in TFA content since 2010. METHODS: We analysed the fat content of 277 food products purchased in Spanish supermarkets in 2015 and calculated both the total fat and TFA content and the proportion of TFA to total fats. The results obtained in 2015 were compared to those yielded by a similar study in 2010. RESULTS: In 2015, the majority of food products studied had a TFA content of less than 0.2g/100g product, and a TFA/total fat ratio of less than 2%. No significant increases were found compared to 2010. Food groups with a higher TFA content were dairy products of possible natural origin. CONCLUSIONS: TFA content in Spain is low and has significantly fallen since 2010.

Contenido de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España / Content of trans fatty acids in food products in Spain

Introducción: los ácidos grasos trans están asociados con problemas de salud, como enfermedad coronaria o diabetes. Objetivos: conocer la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España, y el porcentaje que representan con respecto al total de los ácidos grasos. Métodos: se estudió el contenido en ácidos grasos de 443 alimentos adquiridos en España en el año 2010, y clasificados en grupos. Determinación analítica de grasas en los productos mediante cromatografía de gases. Se calcularon estimadores de tendencia central y dispersión de la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en cada grupo (g de ácidos grasos trans/100 g de producto). Se calculó el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a la grasa total en cada grupo. Resultados: los productos se agruparon en 42 grupos. En todos, salvo uno, la mediana de ácidos grasos trans fue inferior a 0,55 g/100 g de producto. El 83 % de los grupos tienen menos del 2 % de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a las grasas totales, y el 71 %, menos del 1 %. Discusión: el contenido de AGT en los alimentos en España es bajo y no representa actualmente un problema de salud pública (AU)

Background: trans fatty acids are associated to several health disorders, as ischemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus. Objectives: to assess the content of trans fatty acids in products in Spain, and the percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids. Methods: 443 food products were acquired in Spain, and they were classified into groups. The content in fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography. Estimates of central tendency and variability of the content of trans fatty acids in each food group were computed (in g of trans fatty acids/100 g of product). The percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids was calculated in each group. Results: 443 products were grouped into 42 groups. Median of trans fatty acids was less than 0.55 g / 100 g of product in all groups except one. 83 % of groups had less than 2 % of trans fatty acids, and 71 % of groups had less than 1 %. Discussion: the content of trans fatty acids in Spain is low, and it currently doesn’t play a public health problem (AU)

[CONTENT OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN FOOD PRODUCTS IN SPAIN]. / CONTENIDO DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS TRANS EN LOS ALIMENTOS EN ESPAÑA.

BACKGROUND: trans fatty acids are associated to several health disorders, as ischemic heart disease or diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVES: to assess the content of trans fatty acids in products in Spain, and the percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids. METHODS: 443 food products were acquired in Spain, and they were classified into groups. The content in fatty acids was analyzed using gas chromatography. Estimates of central tendency and variability of the content of trans fatty acids in each food group were computed (in g of trans fatty acids/100 g of product). The percentage of trans fatty acids respecting total fatty acids was calculated in each group. RESULTS: 443 products were grouped into 42 groups. Median of trans fatty acids was less than 0.55 g / 100 g of product in all groups except one. 83 % of groups had less than 2 % of trans fatty acids, and 71 % of groups had less than 1 %. DISCUSSION: the content of trans fatty acids in Spain is low, and it currently doesn't play a public health problem.

Introducción: los ácidos grasos trans están asociados con problemas de salud, como enfermedad coronaria o diabetes. Objetivos: conocer la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en los alimentos en España, y el porcentaje que representan con respecto al total de los ácidos grasos. Métodos: se estudió el contenido en ácidos grasos de 443 alimentos adquiridos en España en el año 2010, y clasificados en grupos. Determinación analítica de grasas en los productos mediante cromatografía de gases. Se calcularon estimadores de tendencia central y dispersión de la cantidad de ácidos grasos trans en cada grupo (g de ácidos grasos trans/100 g de producto). Se calculó el porcentaje de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a la grasa total en cada grupo. Resultados: los productos se agruparon en 42 grupos. En todos, salvo uno, la mediana de ácidos grasos trans fue inferior a 0,55 g/100 g de producto. El 83 % de los grupos tienen menos del 2 % de ácidos grasos trans con respecto a las grasas totales, y el 71 %, menos del 1 %. Discusión: el contenido de AGT en los alimentos en España es bajo y no representa actualmente un problema de salud pública.

Exceso de sal y salud. Consumo y fuentes alimentarias de sal en España / Health and excess of salt. Salt intake and food sources in Spain

Las enfermedades no transmisibles producen una gran mortalidad y morbilidad. La hipertensión arterial es el principal factor de riesgo de carga de enfermedad, por su asociación con los ictus y la enfermedad coronaria. El consumo excesivo de sal está relacionado con el aumento de la tensión arterial. Una reducción en el consumo de sal de la población se traduciría en una disminución de la hipertensión, y de la mortalidad morbilidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovascular. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo máximo diario en adultos de 5 g. En España se estima que el consumo medio diario es de 9,8 g. La mayoría de la sal ingerida se halla en los alimentos procesados. El Plan de reducción de consumo de sal en España fue puesto en marcha por la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN) en 2008, en el seno de la Estrategia NAOS. Sus principales ejes de trabajo son las campañas de información y educación, la reformulación del contenido de los alimentos, y la evaluación. Aunque ya se han obtenido logros en la reducción del contenido de sal en los alimentos es necesario continuar con las actividades de reformulación y concienciación (AU)

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) cause great morbidity and mortality all over the world. High blood pressure is the main risk factor that causes burden of disease, due to its association with stroke and ischemic heart disease. The excessive intake of salt is associated to high blood pressure. A reduction in salt consumption should drive to a reduction in blood pressure, and in cardiovascular diseases mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum intake of salt of 9.8 g per person and day. The majority of consumed salt proceeds from processed food. The Plan of reduction of salt consumption in Spain was launched in 2008 by the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, within NAOS Strategy. Its main work lines are the awareness and education campaigns, the reformulation of content of salt in food products, and evaluation. Although several goals have been already achieved in the reduction of salt in food products, it is necessary to maintain activities of reformulation and education (AU)

Sodium intake may promote weight gain; results of the FANPE study in a representative sample of the adult Spanish population.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have indicated that diets rich in sodium may predispose to the development of obesity, either directly, or be associated with the consumption of foods that promote weight gain. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to analyze the association between urinary sodium and the presence of excess of weight. Additionally, the study investigated the relationships between salt intake and dietary habits, as a high salt intake may be associated with inadequate eating habits and a high incidence of obesity. METHODS: This study involved 418 adults (196 men and 222 women) aged 18 to 60 years old. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured, and we calculated, BMI and waist/height ratio. Dietary intake was estimated using a "24 h recalls", for two consecutive days, and sodium content was determined from 24 h urine sample. RESULTS: The 34.4% of the population had overweight and 13.6% had obesity. A positive association was seen between BMI and urinary sodium concentration. Urine sodium values were also positively associated with others adiposity indicators such as waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and waist/height ratio were higher in the group of individuals with a urinary sodium excretion ≥154 mmol/l (Percentile 50) (P50). Additionally, individuals placed in this group presented a higher caloric intake and total food intake, in particular, more meat, processed food and snacks. Adjusting by energy intake, a higher sodium intake was a risk factor of being overweight or obese (OR = 1.0041, IC 95% 1.0015-1.0067, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Salt intake was associated with obesity; since people with higher sodium intake consumed more energy and presented worse eating habits. Additionally, sodium intake itself appears to be related to obesity.

Introducción: Estudios recientes, han señalado que las dietas ricas en sodio podrían predisponer a la aparición de obesidad, ya sea de forma directa, o por estar asociadas con el consumo de alimentos que favorecen el aumento de peso. Objetivo: El objeto de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre sodio urinario y presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, en una muestra representativa de adultos españoles, así como conocer si el mayor consumo de sal, se asocia con unos peores hábitos alimentarios y con una mayor ingesta de alimentos, que puedan predisponer a la aparición de la misma. Métodos: Se ha estudiado un grupo de 418 adultos (196 hombres y 222 mujeres) de 18 a 60 años de edad. Se recogieron datos de peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura y se calculó, a partir de ellos, el IMC y el índice cintura/talla. Con el fin de conocer el consumo de alimentos, se aplicó un "Recuerdo de 24 horas" durante dos días consecutivos y se determinó el sodio en orina de 24 horas. Resultados: Un 34,4% de la población presentó sobrepeso y un 13,6% obesidad. Se observó una asociación positiva entre el IMC y la excreción urinaria de sodio. Los valores de sodio en orina también se relacionaron de forma directa con otros parámetros indicadores de adiposidad, como la circunferencia de la cintura o la relación cintura/talla. Tanto el peso, como el IMC, la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación cintura/talla, fueron mayores en el grupo con una excreción urinaria de sodio ≥154 mmol/l (Percentil 50) (P50). Además, las personas con una mayor eliminación urinaria de sodio presentaron una mayor ingesta calórica y un mayor consumo de alimentos totales y, en concreto, de carnes, precocinados y aperitivos. Tras ajustar por la ingesta de energía, la mayor ingesta de sodio resultó ser un factor de riesgo de tener un IMC más alto (OR = 1.0041, IC 95% 1.0015-1.0067, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La ingesta de sal estuvo asociada con la presencia de obesidad, ya que las personas con una mayor ingesta de sodio ingirieron más energía y presentaron peores hábitos alimentarios. Sin embargo, la ingesta de sodio por sí misma, también parece estar relacionada con el padecimiento de obesidad.

Sodium intake may promote weight gain; results of the FANPE study in a representative sample of the adult Spanish population / La ingesta de sodio puede favorecer el incremento de peso; resultados del estudio FANPE realizado en una muestra representativa de adultos españoles

Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that diets rich in sodium may predispose to the development of obesity, either directly, or be associated with the consumption of foods that promote weight gain. Objective: The aims of this study were to analyze the association between urinary sodium and the presence of excess of weight. Additionally, the study investigated the relationships between salt intake and dietary habits, as a high salt intake may be associated with inadequate eating habits and a high incidence of obesity. Methods: This study involved 418 adults (196 men and 222 women) aged 18 to 60 years old. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured, and we calculated, BMI and waist/height ratio. Dietary intake was estimated using a «24 h recalls», for two consecutive days, and sodium content was determined from 24 h urine sample. Results: The 34.4% of the population had overweight and 13.6% had obesity. A positive association was seen between BMI and urinary sodium concentration. Urine sodium values were also positively associated with others adiposity indicators such as waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and waist/height ratio were higher in the group of individuals with a urinary sodium excretion ≥ 154 mmol/l (Percentile 50) (P50). Additionally, individuals placed in this group presented a higher caloric intake and total food intake, in particular, more meat, processed food and snacks. Adjusting by energy intake, a higher sodium intake was a risk factor of being overweight or obese (OR = 1.0041, IC 95% 1.0015-1.0067, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Salt intake was associated with obesity; since people with higher sodium intake consumed more energy and presented worse eating habits. Additionally, sodium intake itself appears to be related to obesity (AU)

Introducción: Estudios recientes, han señalado que las dietas ricas en sodio podrían predisponer a la aparición de obesidad, ya sea de forma directa, o por estar asociadas con el consumo de alimentos que favorecen el aumento de peso. Objetivo: El objeto de este estudio fue analizar la asociación entre sodio urinario y presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, en una muestra representativa de adultos españoles, así como conocer si el mayor consumo de sal, se asocia con unos peores hábitos alimentarios y con una mayor ingesta de alimentos, que puedan predisponer a la aparición de la misma. Métodos: Se ha estudiado un grupo de 418 adultos (196 hombres y 222 mujeres) de 18 a 60 años de edad. Se recogieron datos de peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura y se calculó, a partir de ellos, el IMC y el índice cintura/talla. Con el fin de conocer el consumo de alimentos, se aplicó un «Recuerdo de 24 horas» durante dos días consecutivos y se determinó el sodio en orina de 24 horas. Resultados: Un 34,4% de la población presentó sobrepeso y un 13,6% obesidad. Se observó una asociación positiva entre el IMC y la excreción urinaria de sodio. Los valores de sodio en orina también se relacionaron de forma directa con otros parámetros indicadores de adiposidad, como la circunferencia de la cintura o la relación cintura/talla. Tanto el peso, como el IMC, la circunferencia de la cintura y la relación cintura/talla, fueron mayores en el grupo con una excreción urinaria de sodio ≥ 154 mmol/l (Percentil 50) (P50). Además, las personas con una mayor eliminación urinaria de sodio presentaron una mayor ingesta calórica y un mayor consumo de alimentos totales y, en concreto, de carnes, precocinados y aperitivos. Tras ajustar por la ingesta de energía, la mayor ingesta de sodio resultó ser un factor de riesgo de tener un IMC más alto (OR = 1.0041, IC 95% 1.0015-1.0067, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: La ingesta de sal estuvo asociada con la presencia de obesidad, ya que las personas con una mayor ingesta de sodio ingirieron más energía y presentaron peores hábitos alimentarios. Sin embargo, la ingesta de sodio por sí misma, también parece estar relacionada con el padecimiento de obesidad (AU)

Sugar-sweetened soft drink frequency and associated factors in Spanish schoolchildren / Frecuencia de consumo de refrescos azucarados y factores asociados en escolares españoles

Introduction: Childhood obesity is increasing alarmingly, and the consumption of sugared soft drinks (SSD) has been reported as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity in some systematic reviews. Nevertheless, the factors associated with the consumption of SSD, including activity patterns and some family factors, have not been investigated in deep in Spanish children. Objective: to analyze SSD consumption habits in Spanish children and their relationship with physical activity habits and family factors. Methods: 7,659 6-9-years-old Spanish children (3,841 boys and 3,818 girls) were selected to participate in ALADINO study. Children’s weight and height were measured, and BMI calculated. Parents answered a questionnaire about the frequency of consumption of some beverages and activity patterns of their child, parent’s weight and height, and other family aspects. Data were analyzed regarding the frequency of consumption of SSD using SPSS (v.19.0). Results: 53.5% of children never consumed SSD (Nondrinkers, ND), 36.8% consumed them 1-3 times/week and 9.6% drunk SSB more than 3 times/week (frequent drinkers, FD). Children’s BMI were similar in all groups. Nevertheless both father’s and mother’s BMI were higher in FD groups vs ND. Comparing with ND group, in FD group there were more children who skipped breakfast, spent >2 h/day watching TV or >1 h/day playing with computer games, and lived in families with a higher percentage of smoker parents, less educated mothers and fathers, and lower income. Conclusion: In this group of Spanish children the frequency of consumption of SSD is not related to their BMI, but is associated with a more sedentary pattern of activity and unhealthy habits in their families. Study founded by AESAN (AU)

Introducción: Las cifras de obesidad infantil están aumentando de forma alarmante. Algunas revisiones sistemáticas sugieren que el consumo de bebidas azucaradas es uno de los factores relacionados con el aumento de peso y riesgo de obesidad. Sin embargo, no se han estudiado suficientemente los factores relacionados con este consumo de bebidas azucaradas, como pueden ser los hábitos de actividad física y características del entorno familiar, especialmente en niños españoles. Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia de consumo de refrescos azucarados (RA) en población escolar española y su relación con los hábitos de actividad física y características familiares. Métodos: Se han estudiado 7.659 escolares españoles de 6 a 9 años (3.841 niños y 3.818 niñas) participantes en el estudio ALADINO, a los que se midió el peso y altura y se calculó su IMC. Los padres cumplimentaron un cuestionario con preguntas sobre la frecuencia de consumo de diferentes bebidas, las actividades realizadas habitualmente por su hijo, el peso y altura de los padres y características del entorno familiar. Se analizaron los datos en función de la frecuencia de consumo de refrescos azucarados empleando el programa SPSS (v.19.0). Resultados: El 53,5% de los escolares no consume nunca RA (No consumidores, NC), el 36,8% los consume entre 1 y 3 veces por semana y el 9.6% los toma con más frecuencia (consumo frecuente, CF). El IMC de los escolares fue similar en todos los grupos. Sin embargo, el IMC de los padres y madres de niños del grupo CF fue significativamente mayor que para los del NC. En comparación con el grupo NC, en el grupo CF hay un mayor porcentaje de escolares que se saltan habitualmente el desayuno, ven más de 2 horas al día la TV o juegan más de 1 hora diaria con ordenadores o consolas, viven en familias con menores ingresos y tienen padres con menor nivel educativo o que son fumadores. Conclusión: En este grupo de escolares españoles, la frecuencia de consumo de RA no está relacionada con su IMC, pero si con un estilo de vida más sedentario y un entorno familiar menos saludable (AU)

Determinantes sociales de sobrepeso y obesidad en España 2006 / Social determinants of overweight and obesity in Spain in 2006

Fundamento y objetivo: La obesidad en la población adulta española prácticamente se dobló entre 1987 y 2003. El objetivo de este estudio es actualizar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y reevaluar sus principales determinantes sociales a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2006.Pacientes y método: Estudio transversal basado en la ENS-2006. Muestra de 29.478 adultos que respondieron preguntas sobre peso y talla autodeclarados. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal y la sobrecarga ponderal (clasificación de la OMS) como variable dependiente. Se usaron como variables independientes sociodemográficas: edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel de estudios, clase social (manual, no-manual) e ingresos mensuales. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y diferentes modelos de regresión logística.Resultados: En 2006, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en varones (43,9%) que en mujeres (28,9%), pero para la prevalencia de obesidad (15,0%) no se observaron diferencias por sexos. El análisis de regresión logística multinomial muestra asociación significativa entre obesidad-estar casada(o), con una odds ratio (OR) de 1,69 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 1,51-1,89) y viuda(o), OR de 1,77 (IC 95% 1,45-2,16); sin estudios, OR de 2,77 (IC 95% 2,34-3,28) e ingresos < 600 €, OR de 1,50 (IC 95% 1,18-1,91). Se encontró una interacción estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre sexo y clase social. Las mujeres de clase social manual presentan un 49% más riesgo de tener sobrepeso y un 96% más riesgo de obesidad que las mujeres de clase social no-manual. Mientras, los varones de clase social manual presentan menos riesgo de sobrepeso (18%) y obesidad (12%) frente a los de clase social manual.Conclusiones: El género y la clase social son determinantes sociales relevantes de la obesidad en España. Las actividades preventivas que se desarrollen deben considerar ambas condiciones sociales

Background and objective: Obesity in the Spanish adult population has almost doubled from 1987 to 2003. The aim is to update the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and reassess its main social determinants using the National Health Household Survey (ENS) from 2006. Patients and methods: Cross sectional study based on the ENS-2006. Sample of 29,478 adults who answered questions on self-reported weight and height. We calculated the body mass index (WHO classification) for the dependent variable. Sociodemographic independent variables used were age, sex, marriage status, educational level, social class (manual, non-manual), and monthly income. A descriptive study was conducted as well as different logistic regression models.Results: In 2006, the prevalence of overweight is higher in men (43.9%) than women (28.9%). Sex differences were not observed in the prevalence of obesity (15.0%). The multinomial logistic regression analysis shows significant associations between obesity and marriage status: married OR=1.69 (1.51-1.89), widower OR=1.77 (1.45-2.16); population without education: OR=2.77 (2.34-3.28) and income below 600 €: OR=1.50 (1.18-1.91). There was a statistically significant interaction (p<0.001) between sex and social class. Women from manual social class have 49% more chances to be overweight and 96% greater risk of obesity compared to non-manual social class women. In addition, men of manual social class have less risk of overweight (18%) and obesity (12%) than non-manual social class men. Conclusions: Gender and socioeconomic status are key social determinants for obesity in Spain and, consequently, this needs to be addressed when developing preventive activities

[Social determinants of overweight and obesity in Spain in 2006]. / Determinantes sociales de sobrepeso y obesidad en España 2006.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obesity in the Spanish adult population has almost doubled from 1987 to 2003. The aim is to update the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and reassess its main social determinants using the National Health Household Survey (ENS) from 2006. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross sectional study based on the ENS-2006. Sample of 29,478 adults who answered questions on self-reported weight and height. We calculated the body mass index (WHO classification) for the dependent variable. Sociodemographic independent variables used were age, sex, marriage status, educational level, social class (manual, non-manual), and monthly income. A descriptive study was conducted as well as different logistic regression models. RESULTS: In 2006, the prevalence of overweight is higher in men (43.9%) than women (28.9%). Sex differences were not observed in the prevalence of obesity (15.0%). The multinomial logistic regression analysis shows significant associations between obesity and marriage status: married OR=1.69 (1.51-1.89), widower OR=1.77 (1.45-2.16); population without education: OR=2.77 (2.34-3.28) and income below 600 €: OR=1.50 (1.18-1.91). There was a statistically significant interaction (p<0.001) between sex and social class. Women from manual social class have 49% more chances to be overweight and 96% greater risk of obesity compared to non-manual social class women. In addition, men of manual social class have less risk of overweight (18%) and obesity (12%) than non-manual social class men. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and socioeconomic status are key social determinants for obesity in Spain and, consequently, this needs to be addressed when developing preventive activities.

La estrategia para la nutrición, actividad física y prevención de la obesidad (estrategia NAOS) / The spanish strategy for nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of obesity (NAOS Strategy)

La obesidad, cuya prevalencia permanece en aumento, sehalla relacionada con las principales enfermedades crónicasque afectan a la salud de la población. Por ello, la AsambleaMundial de la Salud aprobó, en 2004, la Estrategia Mundialsobre Régimen Alimentario, Actividad Física y Salud, con elobjetivo de reducir los factores de riesgo de enfermedades notransmisibles relacionados con las dietas poco saludables y lainactividad física. En esta línea, en 2005, el Ministerio deSanidad y Consumo puso en marcha la Estrategia NAOS comouna plataforma donde incluir e impulsar todas aquellas iniciativasque contribuyan a lograr el necesario cambio social en lapromoción de una alimentación saludable y la prevención delsedentarismo a partir de unos retos específicos en diversosámbitos de actuación. La Estrategia NAOS trasciende de lasáreas sanitaria y educativa y aglutina actuaciones en todos lossectores de la sociedad que juegan un papel en la prevenciónde la obesidad. Campañas de información, acuerdos con institucionespúblicas y privadas, convenios de colaboraciónvoluntaria, programas educativos, apoyo a iniciativas de promociónde la salud, son algunas de las actividades que se llevana cabo en el seno de la Estrategia NAOS. El desarrollo delas mismas y la incorporación de otras nuevas, junto con lalabor de evaluación y seguimiento de todas ellas será lo quepermita mantener un alto grado de efectividad en la prevenciónde la obesidad(AU)

Obesity, the prevalence of which is still on the rise, isrelated to the main chronic diseases affecting the health of thepopulation. Therefore, in 2004, the World Health Assemblyapproved the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity andHealth with the aim of reducing the risk factors of nontransmittablediseases related to unhealthy diets and physicalinactivity. Along this same line, the Spanish Ministry of Healthand Consumer Affairs began implementing the NAOS Strategyin 2005 as a platform from which to include and promote allthose initiatives contributing to achieving the necessary socialchange in the promotion of healthy eating and the preventionof a sedentary lifestyle by meeting certain specific challengeswithin different scopes of action. The NAOS Strategy extendsfar beyond the healthcare and educational areas, by combiningactions in all those sectors of society playing a role inpreventing obesity. Informative campaigns, agreements withpublic and private institutions, voluntary working agreements,educational programs and supporting health promotioninitiatives are some of the activities being carried out as part ofthe NAOS Strategy. Carrying out these activities andincorporating yet others, in conjunction with the work ofevaluating and monitoring all of these activities, will be whatis going to make it possible to maintain a high degree ofeffectiveness in preventing obesity(AU)

[The Spanish strategy for nutrition, physical activity and the prevention of obesity (NAOS Strategy)]. / La estrategla para la nutrición, actividad física y prevención de la obesidad (Estrategia NAOS).

Obesity, the prevalence of which is still on the rise, is related to the main chronic diseases affecting the health of the population. Therefore, in 2004, the World Health Assembly approved the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health with the aim of reducing the risk factors of nontransmittable diseases related to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Along this same line, the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs began implementing the NAOS Strategy in 2005 as a platform from which to include and promote all those initiatives contributing to achieving the necessary social change in the promotion of healthy eating and the prevention of a sedentary lifestyle by meeting certain specific challenges within different scopes of action. The NAOS Strategy extends far beyond the healthcare and educational areas, by combining actions in all those sectors of society playing a role in preventing obesity. Informative campaigns, agreements with public and private institutions, voluntary working agreements, educational programs and supporting health promotion initiatives are some of the activities being carried out as part of the NAOS Strategy. Carrying out these activities and incorporating yet others, in conjunction with the work of evaluating and monitoring all of these activities, will be what is going to make it possible to maintain a high degree of effectiveness in preventing obesity.