COVID-19 and its impact on the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito and epidemiological surveillance of arbovirus infections.

In American countries, simultaneously with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, epidemics caused by different arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses) are occurring. In Mexico, several of the strategies to control the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which transmits arboviruses, involve the interaction of health personnel with the community. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing and home confinement measures have been implemented. To obey these measures and avoid the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, the National Center for Preventive Programs and Disease Control (CENAPRECE) has presented the vector control strategy in the scenario of simultaneous dengue and COVID-19 transmission in Mexico. In this work, we mention the routine comprehensive mosquito control measures and describe the adaptations that have been made. Furthermore, we discuss the relevance of medical personnel training and supervision, especially focusing on the similarity of symptoms between both pathologies.

En países americanos, simultáneas a la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) se están dando epidemias ocasionadas por diferentes arbovirus (del dengue, chikunguña y virus del Zika). En México, varias de las estrategias para control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, transmisor de arbovirus, involucran la interacción del personal salubrista y los moradores. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han implementado medidas de distanciamiento social y resguardo domiciliario. Para respetar estas medidas y evitar riesgo de contagio por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), el Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) ha presentado la estrategia de control de vectores en el escenario de transmisión simultánea por dengue y COVID-19 en México. En este trabajo mencionamos las medidas habituales de manejo integral de mosquito y mencionamos las adaptaciones realizadas. De igual forma, discutimos la relevancia de la capacitación y la supervisión al personal médico, esto debido a la similitud entre la sintomatología entre ambas patologías.

COVID-19 y su impacto en el control del mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti y la vigilancia epidemiológica de infecciones por arbovirus / COVID-19 and its impact on the control of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti mosquito and the epidemiological surveillance of arbovirus infections

Resumen En países americanos, simultáneas a la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) se están dando epidemias ocasionadas por diferentes arbovirus (del dengue, chikunguña y virus del Zika). En México, varias de las estrategias para control del mosquito Aedes aegypti, transmisor de arbovirus, involucran la interacción del personal salubrista y los moradores. Debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 se han implementado medidas de distanciamiento social y resguardo domiciliario. Para respetar estas medidas y evitar riesgo de contagio por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), el Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) ha presentado la estrategia de control de vectores en el escenario de transmisión simultánea por dengue y COVID-19 en México. En este trabajo mencionamos las medidas habituales de manejo integral de mosquito y mencionamos las adaptaciones realizadas. De igual forma, discutimos la relevancia de la capacitación y la supervisión al personal médico, esto debido a la similitud entre la sintomatología entre ambas patologías.

Abstract Countries of Latin America are dealing with a simultaneous COVID-19 and vector borne disease (VBDs, Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya) outbreaks. In Mexico, certain activities to control Aedes aegypti mosquito (the main VBDs vector) comprise community participation through the interaction between householders and vector control personnel. Preventive measures against COVID-19 include social distancing and stay-at-home strategy, to obey these policies, and reduce the risk of infection, the National Center for Preventive Programs and Disease Control of Mexico (CENAPRECE) has adapted the vector control approaches in the country. In this paper we mention routine prevention and control activities to control mosquitoes and show the adapted measures. Because, a number of symptoms of the COVID-19 and dengue fever overlap with each other, we also discuss the relevance of accurate disease surveillance and medic’s training and supervision.

Adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas del Estado de Morelos / Adherence to treatment of Chagas disease

Resumen Introducción La enfermedad de Chagas es endémica en el estado de Morelos. El medicamento disponible es el benznidazol, sin embargo generalmente la adherencia al tratamiento no es vigilado por el personal médico para verificar su cumplimiento. Objetivo Evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico y los factores de riesgo asociados con su cumplimiento y el registro de efectos adversos en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas del estado de Morelos. Material y Métodos Estudio de seguimiento en 20 pacientes asintomáticos. La adherencia se evaluó mediante la aplicación del cuestionario estructurado de Morisky-Green, se aplicó un cuestionario para registrar los factores de riesgo relacionados con el apego al tratamiento, se hicieron visitas domiciliarias y se hicieron entrevistas personalizadas a 8 casos para obtener información sobre factores positivos y negativos asociados al tratamiento. Resultados El 65% de los pacientes fueron adherentes al tratamiento y 35% fueron no adherentes debido a conductas de incumplimiento. Siete casos (35%) presentaron algún tipo de reacción adversa al medicamento que no ameritó la suspensión del tratamiento, excepto dos casos que tuvieron reacciones severas. El análisis estadístico de las variables en los casos adherentes y no adherentes no mostró asociación estadística entre la adherencia y las variables de nivel socioeconómico, escolaridad, acceso al servico médico, estado civil, edad y sexo. Conclusiones. La evaluacion de la adherencia en pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de enfermedad de Chagas del estado de Morelos, aportó información para dar seguimiento al cumplimiento del tratamiento y registrar los efectos adversos.

Abstract Introduction Chagas disease is endemic in the state of Morelos. The available medication is benznidazole, however adherence to treatment is generally not monitored by medical personnel to verify the accomplishment. Objective To evaluate the adherence to therapeutic treatment and the risk factors associated with its compliance and the registry of adverse effects in patients with Chagas disease in the state of Morelos. Material and Methods Follow-up study in 20 chronic asymptomatic patients. Adherence was assessed using the Morisky-Green structured test, a questionnaire was applied to record the risk factors related to adherence to treatment, home visits were made to the cases, and personalized interviews were conducted in 8 cases to obtain information on positive and negative factors associated with treatment. Results Sixty five percent of patients were adherent to treatment and 35% were non-adherent due to non-compliance behaviors. Seven cases (35%) had some type of adverse reaction to the drug that did not warrant treatment discontinuation, except for two cases that had severe reactions. Statistical analysis of the variables in adherent and non-adherent cases showed no statistical association between adherence and variables of socioeconomic level, school level, access to medical service, marital status, age and sex. Conclusions Adherence assessment in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Chagas' disease in the state of Morelos provided information to follow up on treatment compliance and record of adverse effects.

[Targeted treatment of Aedes aegypti at localities with high risk for dengue transmission, Morelos, Mexico]. / Control enfocado de Aedes aegypti en localidades de alto riesgo de transmisión de dengue en Morelos, México.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of Aedes aegyti breeding sites for potential targeted dengue control interventions in Morelos. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted and collection of Ae. aegypti pupae was taken from all water-holding containers in Cuautla, Jojutla and Tlaquiltenango during dry (1,713 households) and rainy (1,677) seasons in 2008. Relative importance of different types of breeding sites was determined by the contribution (%) to total pupae production within each locality. RESULTS: In Cuautla most pupae during the dry season were found in wash basins (48.5%), tanks and buckets/pots (15% each); during the rainy season, diverse small items (21.3%), buckets/pots (19.3%) and plant pots (12.9%) were more productive. In Jojutla and Tlaquiltenango, 97% of all pupae was found in plant pots during the dry season; during the rainy season diverse small items (26.3%), washing/cooking utensils (13.9%), buckets/pots (12.9%) and plant pots (12.7%) were significant. CONCLUSION: Prevention and control of the dengue vector should be based on this kind of evidence to target the most productive breeding-sites.

Control enfocado de Aedes aegypti en localidades de alto riesgo de transmisión de dengue en Morelos, México / Targeted treatment of Aedes aegypti at localities with high risk for dengue transmission, Morelos, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Determinar la importancia relativa de los tipos de criadero de Aedes aegypti para proponer intervenciones de control enfocadas en Morelos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron muestreos transversales con colecta de pupas en Cuautla, Jojutla y Tlaquiltenango en temporada de sequía (1713 casas) y lluvias (1677) del año 2008. La importancia relativa de cada tipo de criadero se determinó por su contribución ( por ciento) a la producción pupal total por localidad. RESULTADOS: En Cuautla, la mayoría de pupas se recolectaron en temporada de sequía de tanques/pilas (48.5 por ciento), tambos y botes/cubetas (15 por ciento c/u); en lluvias, los diversos chicos (21.3 por ciento), botes/cubetas (19.3 por ciento) y macetas/macetones (12.9 por ciento) fueron más productivos. En Jojutla y Tlaquiltenango, 97 por ciento de las pupas se colectaron de macetas/macetones en secas; durante las lluvias la mayoría de pupas se recolectaron de diversos chicos (26.3 por ciento), trastes de cocina/lavado (13.9 por ciento), botes/cubetas (12.9 por ciento) y macetas/macetones (12.7 por ciento), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevención y control del vector del dengue deben basarse en este tipo de evidencias para focalizar las acciones sobre los criaderos más productivos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of Aedes aegyti breeding sites for potential targeted dengue control interventions in Morelos. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional entomological surveys were conducted and collection of Ae. aegypti pupae was taken from all water-holding containers in Cuautla, Jojutla and Tlaquiltenango during dry (1 713 households) and rainy (1 677) seasons in 2008. Relative importance of different types of breeding sites was determined by the contribution ( percent) to total pupae production within each locality. RESULTS: In Cuautla most pupae during the dry season were found in wash basins (48.5 percent), tanks and buckets/pots (15 percent each); during the rainy season, diverse small items (21.3 percent), buckets/pots (19.3 percent) and plant pots (12.9 percent) were more productive. In Jojutla and Tlaquiltenango, 97 percent of all pupae was found in plant pots during the dry season; during the rainy season diverse small items (26.3 percent), washing/cooking utensils (13.9 percent), buckets/pots (12.9 percent) and plant pots (12.7 percent) were significant. CONCLUSION: Prevention and control of the dengue vector should be based on this kind of evidence to target the most productive breeding-sites.

First report of Aedes albopictus and other mosquito species in Morelos, Mexico.

Aedes albopictus, Culex corniger, Cx. restuans, and Toxorhynchites theobaldi are reported for the first time for the Mexican State of Morelos. The updated list of species reported is also presented.