Diagnostic Role of Oral Fluorescein Angiography in Pediatric Ambulatory Clinics.

Oral ingestion of fluorescein can be done in ambulatory pediatric clinics. We show that oral ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography is a non-invasive approach to rapidly diagnose and manage a diverse set of pediatric retinal vascular diseases.

Exploring factors related to clinically advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical profile of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients in a Texas integrated delivery network (IDN) and elucidate the local relationship between patient factors and the risk of advanced fibrosis. METHODS: This observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study utilized existing data from the electronic health record at a large Texas IDN. Data was collected during the study period from 1 January 2019, to 1 March 2023. Patient characteristics, comorbidities, labs, and medication orders were collected from the most recent encounter in which a Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score could be calculated. Chi square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to evaluate differences among the three fibrosis risk categories. Ordinal logistic regression was utilized to assess associations between select variables and a higher risk of advanced fibrosis. RESULTS: A total of 56,253 patients were included in the study. 34,839 (61.9%) were Low-Risk 15,578 (27.7%) were Intermediate-Risk, and 5,836 (10.4%) were High-Risk of advanced fibrosis. Results showed that up to 70.4% of patients within a risk group were obese. Only 49.5% of patients in the High-Risk group had at least one gastroenterologist or hepatologist visit. Males, Medicare patients, former smokers, and those with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease were associated with a higher risk of advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for early screening and proactive management of metabolic risk factors for patients with NAFLD/NASH. The findings indicate a notable prevalence of obesity in the study population, a need for specialist referral for those at High-Risk of advanced fibrosis, and the importance of routine labs to evaluate metabolic factors. Primary care providers may be ideal providers to target these interventions and address this care need.

Implementation of a multidisciplinary process to improve diagnostic stewardship of hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infections.

BACKGROUND: Testing inappropriate stool samples for Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile can lead to the identification of the patient colonized with C difficile and erroneous diagnosis of an active infection. We hypothesized that a multidisciplinary process to improve diagnostic stewardship could reduce our numbers of hospital-onset C difficile infection (HO-CDI). METHODS: We created an algorithm describing appropriate stool specimens for polymerase chain reaction testing. The algorithm was converted into "ticket to test" checklist cards designed to accompany each specimen. Rejection of a specimen could occur via nursing staff or laboratory staff. RESULTS: A baseline period of comparison was established from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2017. Following implementation of all improvement strategies, a retrospective analysis was done, and the total number of HO-CDI cases in a 6-month period dropped from 57 to 32 cases. During the initial 3 months, the percentage of appropriate samples sent to the lab ranged from 41% to 65%. After the interventions were in place, the percentages improved between 71% and 91%. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach led to improved diagnostic stewardship to identify true CDI cases. This, in turn, reduced the number of reported HO-CDIs, and resulted in potentially more than $1,080,000 in patient care savings.

Dynamic Risk Prediction of Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid Among Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) remains the first-line therapy for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC); however, inadequate treatment response (ITR) is common. The UK-PBC Consortium developed the modified UDCA Response Score (m-URS) to predict ITR (using alkaline phosphatase [ALP] > 1.67 times the upper limit of normal [*ULN]) at 12 months post-UDCA initiation). Using data from the US-based Fibrotic Liver Disease Consortium, we assessed the m-URS in our multi-racial cohort. We then used a dynamic modeling approach to improve prediction accuracy. METHODS: Using data collected at the time of UDCA initiation, we assessed the m-URS using the original formula; then, by calibrating coefficients to our data, we also assessed whether it remained accurate when using Paris II criteria for ITR. Next, we developed and validated a dynamic risk prediction model that included post-UDCA initiation laboratory data. RESULTS: Among 1578 patients (13% men; 8% African American, 9% Asian American/American Indian/Pacific Islander; 25% Hispanic), the rate of ITR was 27% using ALP > 1.67*ULN and 45% using Paris II criteria. M-URS accuracy was "very good" (AUROC = 0.87, sensitivity = 0.62, and specificity = 0.82) for ALP > 1.67*ULN and "moderate" (AUROC = 0.74, sensitivity = 0.57, and specificity = 0.70) for Paris II. Our dynamic model significantly improved accuracy for both definitions of ITR (ALP > 1.67*ULN: AUROC = 0.91; Paris II: AUROC = 0.81); specificity approached 100%. Roughly 9% of patients in our cohort were at the highest risk of ITR. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of patients who will not respond to UDCA treatment using a dynamic prediction model based on longitudinal, repeated risk factor measurements may facilitate earlier introduction of adjuvant treatment.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Highly Effective in Real-World Practice: Initial Results From the FMT National Registry.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is used commonly for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), although prospective safety data are limited and real-world FMT practice and outcomes are not well described. The FMT National Registry was designed to assess FMT methods and both safety and effectiveness outcomes from North American FMT providers. METHODS: Patients undergoing FMT in clinical practices across North America were eligible. Participating investigators enter de-identified data into an online platform, including FMT protocol, baseline patient characteristics, CDI cure and recurrence, and short and long-term safety outcomes. RESULTS: Of the first 259 participants enrolled at 20 sites, 222 had completed short-term follow-up at 1 month and 123 had follow-up to 6 months; 171 (66%) were female. All FMTs were done for CDI and 249 (96%) used an unknown donor (eg, stool bank). One-month cure occurred in 200 patients (90%); of these, 197 (98%) received only 1 FMT. Among 112 patients with initial cure who were followed to 6 months, 4 (4%) had CDI recurrence. Severe symptoms reported within 1-month of FMT included diarrhea (n = 5 [2%]) and abdominal pain (n = 4 [2%]); 3 patients (1%) had hospitalizations possibly related to FMT. At 6 months, new diagnoses of irritable bowel syndrome were made in 2 patients (1%) and inflammatory bowel disease in 2 patients (1%). CONCLUSIONS: This prospective real-world study demonstrated high effectiveness of FMT for CDI with a good safety profile. Assessment of new conditions at long-term follow-up is planned as this registry grows and will be important for determining the full safety profile of FMT.

Validity of an Automated Algorithm to Identify Cirrhosis Using Electronic Health Records in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Biopsy remains the gold standard for determining fibrosis stage in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but it is unavailable for most patients. We used data from the 11 US health systems in the FibrOtic Liver Disease Consortium to explore a combination of biochemical markers and electronic health record (EHR)-based diagnosis/procedure codes (DPCs) to identify the presence of cirrhosis in PBC patients. METHODS: Histological fibrosis staging data were obtained from liver biopsies. Variables considered for the model included demographics (age, gender, race, ethnicity), total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis 4 (FIB4) index, AST to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, and >100 DPCs associated with cirrhosis/decompensated cirrhosis, categorized into ten clusters. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO), we derived and validated cutoffs for identifying cirrhosis. RESULTS: Among 4328 PBC patients, 1350 (32%) had biopsy data; 121 (9%) were staged F4 (cirrhosis). DPC clusters (including codes related to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma diagnoses/procedures), Hispanic ethnicity, ALP, AST/ALT ratio, and total bilirubin were retained in the final model (AUROC=0.86 and 0.83 on learning and testing data, respectively); this model with two cutoffs divided patients into three categories (no cirrhosis, indeterminate, and cirrhosis) with specificities of 81.8% (for no cirrhosis) and 80.3% (for cirrhosis). A model excluding DPCs retained ALP, AST/ALT ratio, total bilirubin, Hispanic ethnicity, and gender (AUROC=0.81 and 0.78 on learning and testing data, respectively). CONCLUSION: An algorithm using laboratory results and DPCs can categorize a majority of PBC patients as cirrhotic or noncirrhotic with high accuracy (with a small remaining group of patients' cirrhosis status indeterminate). In the absence of biopsy data, this EHR-based model can be used to identify cirrhosis in cohorts of PBC patients for research and/or clinical follow-up.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment Preferentially Improves Overall Survival Among African Americans With Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: We used data from the Fibrotic Liver Disease Consortium to evaluate the impact of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment across race/ethnicity, gender, and clinical status among patients with primary biliary cholangitis. METHODS: Data were collected from "index date" (baseline) through December 31, 2016. Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting was used to adjust for UDCA treatment selection bias. Cox regression, focusing on UDCA-by-risk factor interactions, was used to assess the association between treatment and mortality and liver transplant/death. RESULTS: Among 4,238 patients with primary biliary cholangitis (13% men; 8% African American, 7% Asian American/American Indian/Pacific Island [ASINPI]; 21% Hispanic), 78% had ever received UDCA. The final multivariable model for mortality retained age, household income, comorbidity score, total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, and interactions of UDCA with race, gender, and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ≥1.1. Among untreated patients, African Americans and ASINPIs had higher mortality than whites (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.67 and aHR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.11-1.76, respectively). Among treated patients, this relationship was reversed (aHR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.86 and aHR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.67-1.16). Patterns were similar for liver transplant/death. UDCA reduced the risk of liver transplant/death in all patient groups and mortality across all groups except white women with aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ≥1.1. As compared to patients with low-normal bilirubin at baseline (≤0.4 mg/dL), those with high-normal (1.0 > 0.7) and mid-normal bilirubin (0.7 > 0.4) had significantly higher liver transplant/death and all-cause mortality. DISCUSSION: African American and ASINPI patients who did not receive UDCA had significantly higher mortality than white patients. Among African Americans, treatment was associated with significantly lower mortality. Regardless of UDCA treatment, higher baseline bilirubin, even within the normal range, was associated with increased mortality and liver transplant/death compared with low-normal levels.

Tramadol for osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Tramadol is often prescribed to treat pain and is associated physical disability in osteoarthritis (OA). Due to the pharmacologic mechanism of tramadol, it may lead to fewer associated adverse effects (i.e. gastrointestinal bleeding or renal problems) compared to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This is an update of a Cochrane Review originally published in 2006. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefits and harms of oral tramadol or tramadol combined with acetaminophen or NSAIDs in people with osteoarthritis. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and Embase databases, as well as the US National Institutes of Health and World Health Organization trial registries up to February 2018. We searched the LILACS database up to August 2015. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the effect of tramadol, or tramadol in combination with acetaminophen (paracetamol) or NSAIDs versus placebo or any comparator in people with osteoarthritis. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodologic procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We included 22 RCTs (11 more than the previous review) of which 21 RCTs were included in meta-analyses for 3871 participants randomized to tramadol alone or tramadol in combination with another analgesic and 2625 participants randomized to placebo or active control. Seventeen studies evaluated tramadol alone and five evaluated tramadol plus acetaminophen. Thirteen studies used placebo controls and eleven studies used active controls (two trials had both placebo and active arms). The dose of tramadol ranged from 37.5 mg to 400 mg daily; all doses were pooled. Most trials were multicenter with a mean duration of two months. Participants were predominantly women with hip or knee osteoarthritis, with a mean age of 63 years and moderate to severe pain. There was a high risk of selection bias as only four trials reported both adequate sequence generation and allocation concealment. There was a low risk for performance bias as most studies blinded participants. There was a high risk of attrition bias as 10/22 trials showed incomplete outcome data. Most of the trials were funded by the pharmaceutical industry.Moderate quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias) indicated that tramadol alone and in combination with acetaminophen had no important benefit on pain reduction compared to placebo control (tramadol alone: 4% absolute improvement, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3% to 5%; 8 studies, 3972 participants; tramadol in combination with acetaminophen: 4% absolute improvement, 95% CI 2% to 6%; 2 studies, 614 participants).Fifteen out of 100 people in the tramadol group improved by 20% (which corresponded to a clinically important difference in pain) compared to 10/100 in the placebo group (5% absolute improvement). Twelve out of 100 people improved by 20% in the tramadol in combination with acetaminophen group compared to 7/100 in the placebo group (5% absolute improvement).Moderate quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias) indicated that tramadol alone and in combination with acetaminophen led to no important benefit in physical function compared to placebo (tramadol alone: 4% absolute improvement, 95% CI 2% to 6%; 5 studies, 2550 participants; tramadol in combination with acetaminophen: 4% absolute improvement, 95% CI 2% to 7%; 2 studies, 614 participants).Twenty-one out of 100 people in the tramadol group improved by 20% (which corresponded to a clinically important difference in physical function) compared to 16/100 in the placebo group (5% absolute improvement). Fifteen out of 100 people improved by 20% in the tramadol in combination with acetaminophen group compared to 10/100 in the placebo group (5% absolute improvement).Moderate quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias) indicated that, compared to placebo, there was a greater risk of developing adverse events with tramadol alone (risk ratio (RR) 1.34, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.46; 4 studies, 2039 participants) and tramadol in combination with acetaminophen compared to placebo (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.76; 1 study, 308 participants). This corresponded to a 17% increase (95% CI 12% to 23%) with tramadol alone and 22% increase (95% CI 8% to 41%) with tramadol in combination with acetaminophen.The three most frequent adverse events were nausea, dizziness and tiredness. Moderate quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias) indicated that there was a greater risk of withdrawing from the study because of adverse events with tramadol alone compared to placebo (RR 2.64, 95% CI 2.17 to 3.20; 9 studies, 4533 participants), which corresponded to a 12% increase (95% CI 9% to 16%).Low quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias and inconsistency) indicated that there was a greater risk of withdrawing from the study because of adverse events with tramadol in combination with acetaminophen compared to placebo (RR 2.78, 95% CI 1.50 to 5.16; 2 studies, 614 participants), which corresponded to a 8% absolute improvement (95% CI 2% to 19%).Low quality evidence (downgraded due to risk of bias and imprecision) indicated that there was a greater risk of developing serious adverse events with tramadol alone compared to placebo (110/2459 participants with tramadol compared to 22/1153 participants with placebo; RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.84; 7 studies, 3612 participants), which corresponded to a 1% increase (95% CI 0% to 4%). There were no serious adverse events reported in one small study (15 participants) of tramadol with acetaminophen compared to placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Moderate quality evidence indicates that compared to placebo, tramadol alone or in combination with acetaminophen probably has no important benefit on mean pain or function in people with osteoarthritis, although slightly more people in the tramadol group report an important improvement (defined as 20% or more). Moderate quality evidence shows that adverse events probably cause substantially more participants to stop taking tramadol. The increase in serious adverse events with tramadol is less certain, due to the small number of events.

Timing and Duration of Sleep in Hospitalized Children: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sleep during hospitalization is important, but data on children's sleep quality during hospitalization are lacking. We sought to document sleep duration and awakenings in hospitalized children and explore associations between sleep and chronic care complexity, home sleep quality, and late-night food consumption. METHODS: Children aged 2 to 17 years admitted to a hospitalist service for at least 24 hours were approached for participation. Children were video recorded from 20:00 to 08:00. Paired investigators reviewed recordings and extracted data. Investigators blinded to sleep data separately extracted clinical and demographic information. Analyses included Spearman correlations and linear and generalized linear regression models with t and Wald χ2 tests. RESULTS: The mean time subjects (n = 57) initiated sleep was 22:35 (range: 20:00-02:47), with a mean sleep duration of 475 minutes (89-719 minutes). Subjects awakened 2.2 times (0-7 times, SD: 1.9) per night, on average, with the average total time awake during those awakenings of 55.7 minutes (2-352 minutes, SD: 75 minutes). In multivariate analysis, children with private insurance had longer sleep duration. Additionally, subjects who ate a snack after 21:00 went to sleep much later (odds ratio: 9.5; confidence interval: 2.6 to 34.9) and had 64 minutes less total sleep time and spent less time in bed than patients who did not eat late (P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized children sleep less than recommended and experience frequent awakenings. Some demographic variables are related to sleep. Many hospitalized children also consume food at night, which is associated with later bedtime and less sleep. Future efforts to improve sleep in hospitalized children are needed.

Orally Bioavailable and Blood-Brain Barrier-Penetrating ATM Inhibitor (AZ32) Radiosensitizes Intracranial Gliomas in Mice.

Inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) during radiotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) may improve tumor control by short-circuiting the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. A major impediment for clinical implementation is that current inhibitors have limited central nervous system (CNS) bioavailability; thus, the goal was to identify ATM inhibitors (ATMi) with improved CNS penetration. Drug screens and refinement of lead compounds identified AZ31 and AZ32. The compounds were then tested in vivo for efficacy and impact on tumor and healthy brain. Both AZ31 and AZ32 blocked the DNA damage response and radiosensitized GBM cells in vitro AZ32, with enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, was highly efficient in vivo as radiosensitizer in syngeneic and human, orthotopic mouse glioma model compared with AZ31. Furthermore, human glioma cell lines expressing mutant p53 or having checkpoint-defective mutations were particularly sensitive to ATMi radiosensitization. The mechanism for this p53 effect involves a propensity to undergo mitotic catastrophe relative to cells with wild-type p53. In vivo, apoptosis was >6-fold higher in tumor relative to healthy brain after exposure to AZ32 and low-dose radiation. AZ32 is the first ATMi with oral bioavailability shown to radiosensitize glioma and improve survival in orthotopic mouse models. These findings support the development of a clinical-grade, BBB-penetrating ATMi for the treatment of GBM. Importantly, because many GBMs have defective p53 signaling, the use of an ATMi concurrent with standard radiotherapy is expected to be cancer-specific, increase the therapeutic ratio, and maintain full therapeutic effect at lower radiation doses. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(8); 1637-47. ©2018 AACR.

Factors Associated With Prevalence and Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in United States Health Systems.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Reported prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) varies widely. Demographic features and treatment patterns are not well characterized in the United States (US). We analyzed data from the Fibrotic Liver Disease (FOLD) Consortium, drawn from 11 geographically diverse health systems, to investigate epidemiologic factors and treatment of PBC in the US. METHODS: We developed a validated electronic health record-based classification model to identify patients with PBC in the FOLD database from 2003 through 2014. We used multivariable modeling to assess the effects of factors associated with PBC prevalence and treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). RESULTS: We identified 4241 PBC cases among over 14.5 million patients in FOLD health systems; median follow-up was 5 years. Accuracy of the classification model was excellent, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of 93%, 94% sensitivity, and 87% specificity. The average patient age at diagnosis was 60 years; 21% were Hispanic, 8% were African American, and 7% were Asian American/American Indian/Pacific Islander. Half of the cohort (49%) had elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, and overall, 70% were treated with UDCA. The estimated 12-year prevalence of PBC was 29.3 per 100,000 persons. Adjusted prevalence values were highest among women (42.8 per 100,000), White patients (29.6 per 100,000), and patients 60-70 years old (44.7 per 100,000). Prevalence was significantly lower among men and African Americans (10.7 and 19.7 per 100,000, respectively) than women and whites; men and African Americans were also less likely to receive UDCA treatment (odds ratios, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of a large cohort of patients with PBC receiving routine clinical care, we observed significant differences in PBC prevalence and treatment by gender, race, and age.

Increasing Prevalence of Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Reduced Mortality With Treatment.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: There are few data from longitudinal studies of trends in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) among patients under routine clinical care in the United States. We collected data from the Fibrotic Liver Disease consortium to investigate changes in the incidence and prevalence of PBC and the effects of patient demographics, clinical features, and treatment on mortality. METHODS: We collected demographic and clinical data for the general patient population as well as PBC patients receiving care from 11 health systems in different regions of the United States (Northeast, Midwest, Northwest, and South) from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2014. Annual percentage changes in PBC prevalence and incidence were estimated using join-point Poisson regression. Differences based on race, age, and gender were calculated with rate ratios. All-cause mortality was estimated using Cox regression with adjustment for patient characteristics and treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Propensity scores were used to adjust for treatment selection bias. Analyses were adjusted by geographic regions. RESULTS: In our racially diverse cohort of 3488 patients with PBC (21% Hispanic, 8% African American, 7% Asian American), 70% had ever received UDCA. From 2006 through 2014, the prevalence of PBC increased from 21.7 to 39.2 per 100,000 persons. Adjusted annual percentage changes in prevalence differed among age groups (≤40 y, 41-50 y, 51-60 y, 61-70 y, and >70 y), ranging from 3.0% to 7.5% (P < .05). Incidence did not change significantly during the study period (4.2 vs 4.3 per 100,000 person-years in 2006 and 2014, respectively; P = .98). Ratios of prevalence for women vs men (3.9:1) and incidence for women vs men (3.2:1) were consistent over the study period. Among African Americans, the prevalence of PBC increased from 16.9 to 30.8 per 100,000 during the study period, and annual incidence ranged from 2.6 to 6.6 per 100,000 person-years. In adjusted analyses, an increased level of alkaline phosphatase at baseline was associated with significantly higher mortality (adjusted hazard ratios [aHR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.48 for patients with levels 1-2 times the upper limit of normal and aHR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.88-2.73 for patients with levels more than 3 times the upper limit of normal). UDCA treatment was associated with significantly reduced mortality (aHR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52-0.64). CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of data from patients receiving routine clinical care in Fibrotic Liver Disease Consortium health systems, we found that the prevalence of PBC increased from 2004 through 2014, despite steady incidence. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as UDCA treatment, affected mortality.

Setting priorities for knowledge translation of Cochrane reviews for health equity: Evidence for Equity.

BACKGROUND: A focus on equity in health can be seen in many global development goals and reports, research and international declarations. With the development of a relevant framework and methods, the Campbell and Cochrane Equity Methods Group has encouraged the application of an 'equity lens' to systematic reviews, and many organizations publish reviews intended to address health equity. The purpose of the Evidence for Equity (E4E) project was to conduct a priority-setting exercise and apply an equity lens by developing a knowledge translation product comprising summaries of systematic reviews from the Cochrane Library. E4E translates evidence from systematic reviews into 'friendly front end' summaries for policy makers. METHODS: The following topic areas with high burdens of disease globally, were selected for the pilot: diabetes/obesity, HIV/AIDS, malaria, nutrition, and mental health/depression. For each topic area, a "stakeholder panel" was assembled that included policymakers and researchers. A systematic search of Cochrane reviews was conducted for each area to identify equity-relevant interventions with a meaningful impact. Panel chairs developed a rating sheet which was used by all panels to rank the importance of these interventions by: 1) Ease of Implementation; 2) Health System Requirements; 3)Universality/Generalizability/Share of Burden; and 4) Impact on Inequities/Effect on equity. The ratings of panel members were averaged for each intervention and criterion, and interventions were ordered according to the average overall ratings. RESULTS: Stakeholder panels identified the top 10 interventions from their respective topic areas. The evidence on these interventions is being summarized with an equity focus and the results posted online, at http://methods.cochrane.org/equity/e4e-series . CONCLUSIONS: This method provides an explicit approach to setting priorities by systematic review groups and funders for providing decision makers with evidence for the most important equity-relevant interventions.

Bronchiolitis Care in the Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Viral bronchiolitis is a common cause of hospitalization in young children, but despite a variety of therapeutic options, the mainstay of treatment remains supportive care. OBJECTIVE: To examine the most recent evidence for supportive care measures and pharmacologic options in the treatment of bronchiolitis in the hospital setting. METHOD: MEDLINE search with expert medical librarian for publications on management and therapies for bronchiolitis. RESULTS: Evidence does not support the use of bronchodilators, racemic epinephrine, deep suctioning, systemic corticosteroids, or antibiotics in the absence of a concomitant bacterial infection, as these treatments do not change the course of illness or shorten length of stay (LOS). Nebulized hypertonic saline is not routinely recommended, though it may provide some benefit for patients with anticipated prolonged LOS. Continuous pulse oximetry should not be routinely used in stable patients as it may be associated with longer LOS. Supplemental oxygen should be used to maintain oxyhemoglobin concentrations ≥90%, a level lower than what many clinicians may have used previously. Current evidence suggests high-flow nasal cannula may reduce intubation rate, but its effect on LOS is unclear. Intravenous or nasogastric tube hydration should be used when oral hydration is not sufficient. CONCLUSION: Overall, bronchiolitis remains a self-limited disease whose mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

Chronic and pulse exposure effects of silver nanoparticles on natural lake phytoplankton and zooplankton.

The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products raises concerns regarding the environmental exposure and impact of AgNPs on natural aquatic environments. Here, we investigated the effects of environmentally relevant AgNP concentrations on the natural plankton communities using in situ enclosures. Using twelve lake enclosures, we tested the hypotheses that AgNP concentration, dosing regimen, and capping agent (poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) vs. citrate) exhibit differential effects on plankton communities. Each of the following six treatments was replicated twice: control (no AgNPs added), low, medium, and high chronic PVP treatments (PVP-capped AgNPs added continuously, with target nominal concentrations of 4, 16, and 64 µg/L, respectively), citrate treatment (citrate-capped AgNPs added continuously, target nominal concentrations of 64 µg/L), and pulse treatment (64 µg/L PVP-AgNPs added as a single dose). Although Ag accumulated in the phytoplankton, no statistically significant treatment effect was found on phytoplankton community structure or biomass. In contrast, as AgNP exposure rate increased, zooplankton abundance generally increased while biomass and species richness declined. We also observed a shift in the size structure of zooplankton communities in the chronic AgNP treatments. In the pulse treatments, zooplankton abundance and biomass were reduced suggesting short periods of high AgNP concentrations affect zooplankton communities differently than chronic exposures. We found no evidence that capping agent affected AgNP toxicity on either community. Overall, our study demonstrates variable AgNP toxicity between trophic levels with stronger AgNP effects on zooplankton. Such effects on zooplankton are troubling and indicate that AgNP contamination could affect aquatic food webs.

Laparoscopic versus open pyloromyotomy in infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine whether open or laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is superior for the treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL for articles comparing laparoscopic and open procedures. We conducted meta-analyses when possible and described other results narratively. RESULTS: Our meta-analyses revealed no significant difference in our primary outcome of major complications [risk difference (RD) 0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.03 to 0.08, P = 0.35, I 2 = 55%], or in our secondary outcomes of all perioperative complications (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.04, P = 0.74, I 2 = 0%), operative time [mean difference (MD) 0.68, 95% CI -3.60 to 4.79, P = 0.76, I 2 = 86%], and length of stay (MD -2.60, 95% CI -6.05 to 0.86, P = 0.14, I 2 = 0%). Laparoscopy was associated with a shorter time to full feeds (standardized mean difference -0.25, 95% CI -0.43 to -0.06, P = 0.009, I 2 = 8%) and a slightly higher rate of inadequate pyloromyotomy (RD 0.04, 95% CI 0.00-0.08, P = 0.03, I 2 = 0%). Results from one randomized controlled trial indicate a better cosmetic outcome after laparoscopy compared to open procedure. CONCLUSION: There is no strong evidence to support a recommendation of one procedure over the other; therefore, the choice of laparoscopic or open procedure should be left to the discretion of the surgeon.

Feeding Post-Pyloromyotomy: A Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Postoperative emesis is common after pyloromyotomy. Although postoperative feeding is likely to be an influencing factor, there is no consensus on optimal feeding. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of feeding regimens on clinical outcomes of infants after pyloromyotomy. DATA SOURCES: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and Medline. STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion based on a priori inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted on methodological quality, general study and intervention characteristics, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included. Ad libitum feeding was associated with significantly shorter length of stay (LOS) when compared with structured feeding (mean difference [MD] -4.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], -8.38 to -0.95; P = .01). Although gradual feeding significantly decreased emesis episodes (MD -1.70; 95% CI, -2.17 to -1.23; P < .00001), rapid feeding led to significantly shorter LOS (MD 22.05; 95% CI, 2.18 to 41.93; P = .03). Late feeding resulted in a significant decrease in number of patients with emesis (odds ratio 3.13; 95% CI, 2.26 to 4.35; P < .00001). LIMITATIONS: Exclusion of non-English studies, lack of randomized controlled trials, insufficient number of studies to perform publication bias or subgroup analysis for potential predictors of emesis. CONCLUSIONS: Ad libitum feeding is recommended for patients after pyloromyotomy as it leads to decreased LOS. If physicians still prefer structured feeding, early rapid feeds are recommended as they should lead to a reduced LOS.

Management of a Complex Excoriation Disorder-induced Wound with a Viable Cryopreserved Placental Membrane.

Excoriation disorder (ED), also known as dermatotillomania, is a condition characterized by repeated "skin picking" that leads to the formation of skin lesions. Because of the similarity of its symptoms to obsessive compulsive disorder, ED is classified as a subcategory of obsessive compulsive disorder by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. Although the majority of the self-inflicted wounds are not clinically significant, many wounds lead to social and occupational dysfunction by becoming infected, chronic, and life threatening. This report describes the successful use of a viable intact cryopreserved human amniotic membrane in conjunction with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in treating an ED patient who presented with a large calvarial wound of 3-year duration that had failed previous extensive medical and surgical interventions.