Insulin regimens and glycemic control in different parts of Europe over 4years after starting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes: Data from the CREDIT non-interventional study.

AIMS: A number of insulin regimens are used in type 2 diabetes. This analysis aims to better understand the evolution of insulin therapy in different regions of Europe. METHODS: Data from people starting any insulin were collected in eastern Europe (EEur: Croatia, Russia, Ukraine), northern Europe (NEur: Finland, Germany, UK) and southern Europe (SEur: France, Italy, Portugal, Spain). Retrospective data on starting insulin and prospective follow-up data were extracted from clinical records. RESULTS: At 4years, 1699 (76.0%) of 2236 eligible people had data. EEur participants were mostly female, younger and had shorter diabetes duration on starting insulin, yet had highest baseline HbA1c and more micro-/macrovascular disease. A majority (60%-64%) in all regions started on basal insulin alone, declining to 30%-38% at 4years, with most switching to basal+mealtime insulin regimen (24%-40%). Higher baseline (28%) and 4-year use (34%) of premix insulin was observed in NEur. Change in HbA1c (SD) ranged from -1.2 (2.1)% (-13 [23]mmol/mol) in NEur to -2.4 (2.0)% (-26 [22]mmol/mol) in EEur. Weight change ranged from +1.9 (8.3) kg in NEur to +3.2 (7.0) kg in SEur. Overall documented hypoglycemia ranged from 0.3 (1.3) to 1.3 (4.4) events/person/6-months (NEur vs. EEur, respectively) and was stable with time. Severe hypoglycemia rates remained low. CONCLUSION: When starting insulin, HbA1c and prevalence of complications were higher in EEur. Regional differences exist in choice of insulin regimens in Europe. However, people starting insulin improved and sustained their glycemic control regardless of regional differences or insulin regimens used.

Four-year evolution of insulin regimens, glycaemic control, hypoglycaemia and body weight after starting insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes across three continents.

AIMS: It is of interest to understand how insulin therapy currently evolves in clinical practice, in the years after starting insulin in people with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to describe this evolution prospectively over 4 years, to assist health care planning. METHODS: People who had started any insulin were identified from 12 countries on three continents. Baseline, then yearly follow-up, data were extracted from clinical records over 4 years. RESULTS: Of the 2999 eligible people, 2272 were followed over 4 years. When starting insulin, mean (SD) duration of diabetes was 10.6 (7.8) years, HbA1c 9.5 (2.0)% (80 [22]mmol/mol) and BMI 29.3 (6.3)kg/m(2). Initial insulin therapy was basal 52%, premix 23%, mealtime+basal 14%, mealtime 8% and other 3%; at 4 years, 30%, 25%, 33%, 2% and 5%, respectively, with 5% not on insulin. Insulin dose was 20.2U/day at the start and 45.8U/day at year 4. There were 1258 people (55%) on their original regimen at 4 years, and this percentage differed according to baseline insulin regimen. HbA1c change was -2.0 (2.2)% (-22 [24]mmol/mol) and was similar by final insulin regimen. Hypoglycaemia prevalence was <20% in years 1-4. Body weight change was mostly in year 1, and was very variable, mean +2.7 (7.5)kg at year 4. CONCLUSION: Different insulin regimens were started in people with differing characteristics, and they evolved differently; insulin dose, hypoglycaemia and body weight change were diverse and largely independent of regimen.

Predictors of HbA1c over 4 years in people with type 2 diabetes starting insulin therapies: The CREDIT study.

AIMS: To identify factors associated with glucose control, as measured by HbA1c over 4 years, in people with type 2 diabetes starting insulin therapy. METHODS: CREDIT, an observational cohort study, collected data semi-annually over 4 years, on people with type 2 diabetes starting any insulin, in 311 centres in 12 countries; 2803 people had data on HbA1c during follow-up. Multivariable backward regression analysis selected characteristics associated with glycaemic control from a limited number of candidate variables. RESULTS: Before starting insulin therapy, HbA1c was 9.3% (78 mmol/mol) and decreased to 7.6% (60 mmol/mol) after 1 year, and changed little after that. Insulin dose increased from 0.21 U/kg to 0.36 U/kg at 1 year, and then by 0.10 U/kg over the next 3 years. Body weight increased by 2.0 kg in the first year and increased little thereafter. Poorer glycaemic control over the 4 years was mainly determined by the HbA1c before starting therapy, after accounting for the other statistically significant associated variables in multivariable analysis: higher BMI, younger age, longer diabetes duration, more glucose-lowering drugs, using basal insulin alone, higher insulin dose and female sex. At 4 years, a higher current insulin dose was the characteristic most strongly associated with a higher concurrent HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c at the start of insulin therapy was the characteristic most predictive of later HbA1c, after accounting for other variables associated with HbA1c. This may provide some justification for earlier insulin introduction to improve glucose control to target.

Triple combination of insulin glargine, sitagliptin and metformin in type 2 diabetes: the EASIE post-hoc analysis and extension trial.

AIM: We examined the effects of adding glargine to metformin-sitagliptin (MS+G) or sitagliptin to metformin-glargine (MG+S) therapy in type 2 diabetic persons uncontrolled after 24-week MS or MG dual therapy. METHODS: Subjects with A1c≥7% on MS or MG treatment were respectively given glargine (0.2U/kg starting dose) or sitagliptin (100mg daily) for 12weeks. The primary endpoint was number of subjects attaining A1c goal defined as <7%. RESULTS: After receiving 24-week MS or MG dual therapy in the original EASIE Study, 42% (104/248) on MS and 68% (152/224) on MG attained A1c<7% (p<0.0001). The reduction in A1c was negatively associated with baseline fasting blood glucose (FBG) only in the MG group. Reduction in A1c was not related to baseline postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) in either the MG or MS group. Amongst 194 eligible patients, 57.7% (n=111) entered the 12-week extension trial [MS+G:74/131, 57.3%; MG+S:37/63, 58.7%) with 55 (51.9%) subjects attaining goal [MS+G:59.2%; MG+S:37.1%] at week 12. The final insulin dosage was similar in both groups [MS+G: 0.46U/kg; MG+S: 0.45U/kg] with a higher rate of hypoglycemia in the MG+S (6.5 events/patient-year) than the MS+G group (3.2 events/patient-year), although neither group had severe hypoglycemia. CONCLUSION: In metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients, high fasting BG predicted greater A1c reductions with the addition of glargine, but not with sitagliptin. In subjects uncontrolled with 6-month dual therapy of MS or MG, 50% attained A1c<7% with triple therapy of MS+G or MG+S in 12weeks. The increased rate of hypoglycemia with MG+S (but not with MS+G) underlines the need to take measures to avoid the hypoglycemia.

Factors associated with weight gain in people with type 2 diabetes starting on insulin.

OBJECTIVE: Moderate weight gain is usual after starting insulin therapy. The identification and quantification of factors associated with weight gain may help target strategies for avoidance of weight gain. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The noninterventional CREDIT (Cardiovascular Risk Evaluation in people with type 2 Diabetes on Insulin Therapy) study included data from people with type 2 diabetes starting any insulin in 314 centers, in 12 countries. From a number of predefined candidate explanatory variables, analyses identified factors associated with weight gain 1 year after starting insulin treatment, after adjusting for investigational site as a random factor. A multivariable backward regression analysis selected a subset of these factors associated with weight gain. RESULTS: We studied the 2,179 people with data for body weight change at 1 year and for potential predictive factors. The mean weight gain was 1.78 kg, and 24% gained ≥5.0 kg. Baseline factors associated with weight gain were BMI, A1C, insulin regimen, insulin dose, other glucose-lowering therapies, and hypertension; at 1 year, additional factors were A1C, insulin regimen, insulin dose, and use of other glucose-lowering therapies. In multivariable analysis, weight gain at 1 year was associated with a higher A1C at baseline, a higher insulin dose at baseline and at 1 year, and a lower baseline BMI. CONCLUSIONS: By the time insulin was started, a high baseline A1C and insulin dose requirements were independently associated with greater weight gain, as was lower baseline BMI. Insulin regimen per se was not a predictive factor.