Butter from Different Species: Composition and Quality Parameters of Products Commercialized in the South of Spain.

Butter is an important product for the dairy industry due to its particular sensory attributes and nutritional value, while the variability of the composition of the fatty acids in the milk can alter the nutritional and physical properties of butter and its acceptance by consumers. Butter is highly appreciated for its distinctive flavor and aroma; however, one of its main drawbacks lies in the difficulty in spreading it at low temperatures. Several types of butter that are present in the market were used in this study. We assessed the variability in the composition of the samples regarding their texture, color properties, and volatile organic compound profiles. We analyzed samples commercially produced from sheep's milk (SB), goat's milk (GB), and cow's milk (CB); samples from the latter species with (CSB) and without salt (CB); and the low-fat (CLB) version. All the physicochemical composition parameters were significantly affected by the effect of the type of butter, although only 29 out of the 45 fatty acids examined were identified in the butter samples analyzed. The textural properties of the butters were influenced by both their solid fat content and the fatty acid profile. In addition, the origin of the milk not only affected the texture parameters but also the color of the butters and the compounds associated with traits such as odor and flavor. Through the multivariate data analysis of butter fatty acids and volatile compound percentages, we observed a clear differentiation of the samples based on the species of origin.

Influence of Common Reducing Agents on Technological Parameters of Dry-Fermented Sausages with Low Fat Content.

The production of dry-fermented sausages currently presents several challenges to be addressed: nutrition, health, sensory traits and technology are among the main issues that concern consumers and the meat industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different reducing agents commonly used in the manufacture of dry-fermented sausages (salchichon type) with low fat content on the technological characteristics of the product. Four different reducing agents (ascorbic acid, a starter culture, sodium ascorbate and glucono-delta-lactone) were added to the meat batter to assess their impact on the physico-chemical traits, instrumental color, residual nitrates and nitrites and lipid oxidation of this meat product. High nitrate values were observed during both ripening and storage periods. All batches presented lipid oxidation values below the threshold that indicates meat rancidity. Adjustments of the original lean:fat proportion must be carried out on this low fat content sausage to obtain profitable results. Starter culture and sodium ascorbate have shown the best reducing and antioxidant activities among the additives studied. Once we have the technical design of the product, the next step will be oriented to identify the sensory characteristics in order to find a gap in the market.

Influence of Dietary Algae Meal on Lipid Oxidation and Volatile Profile of Meat from Lambs with Competent Reticular Groove Reflex.

Dietary lipid sources influence intramuscular fatty acid composition, which in turn may affect the volatile profile of meat. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of marine algae supplementation (Aurantiochytrium limacinum) on volatile compounds of cooked lamb meat. Forty-eight lambs with 42 days of age were divided into three groups: lambs fed a conventional diet without algae meal supplementation (NOALG), lambs with competent reticular groove reflex (RGR) fed the same diet supplemented with 2.5% marine algae meal mixed in the concentrate (ALGCON), and lambs with competent RGR, receiving the same diet and fed with 2.5% marine algae meal in a milk replacer to bypass the rumen (ALGMILK). Lipid and protein oxidation in raw meat was assessed and volatile compounds in grilled meat were determined. The highest and lowest lipid oxidations were observed in the ALGMILK and NOALG groups, respectively. Protein oxidation was unaffected. Out of 56 identified compounds, 12 volatiles significantly increased in both algae groups and 6 of them exclusively in the ALGCON treatment. Algae meal supplementation and its form of administration, either protected or not from rumen degradation, are important factors to consider in lipid oxidation and the aromatic profile of lamb meat.

Effects of Algae Meal Supplementation in Feedlot Lambs with Competent Reticular Groove Reflex on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Meat Characteristics.

There is growing interest in increasing omega-3 fatty acid (FA) contents in ruminant meat by means of dietary manipulation, but the effects of such manipulation on productive results and meat quality need to be ascertained. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of supplementing lambs with competent reticular groove reflex (RGR) with marine algae as a source of omega-3 fatty acids on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality characteristics. Forty-eight feedlot lambs were distributed into three equal groups: the control group neither consumed marine algae nor had competent RGR, the second group received daily 2.5% of algae meal mixed in the concentrate, and the last group consumed the same amount of algae meal, but emulsified in a milk replacer and bottle-fed. Lambs in the second and third groups had competent RGR. There were not any negative effects on performance, carcass or meat quality parameters with algae supplementation. However, the results of the oxidative stability parameters were not conclusive. Ageing for 6 days improved meat tenderness and color, and increased lipid oxidation. In conclusion, algae meal inclusion in the diet of fattening lambs with competent RGR has no detrimental effects on animal performance, carcass traits or meat quality characteristics.

Bases for standardization and nutritional assessment of salmorejo cordobés: Research about salmorejo in catering establishments of Cordoba / Bases para la estandarización y valoración nutricional del salmorejo cordobés: estudio sobre el salmorejo en los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba

Background: Salmorejo is gaining national reputation and international recognition. However, there are many different forms to prepare it and, therefore, the organoleptic and nutritional properties of the plateful may differ. Material and methods: In order to make standardization of salmorejoand its ways of production, which allow the protection of its identity and, furthermore, its nutritional characterization, around the 83% of catering establishments were surveyed in Cordoba (excluding suburbs and industrial area), to investigate how they produce this dish, as to name, ingredients, preparation, price, etc. They were personally given a survey with 55 questions divided into 6 sections. Results: The result is that only 21% of establishments used the name "salmorejo cordobés", the ingredients used, consistently statistically adjusted to a previous proposal of systematization and nutritional assessment, based on literature data and broadcast in over 50 languages which corresponds to 1.000 g tomato, 200 g telerabread, 100 g of extra virgin olive oil, 5 g Montalbangarlic and 10g of salt. Then, 100g of this product corresponds to 117.4 kcal, 1.8 g protein, 8.1 g fat, 9.9 g carbohydrate, 1.2 g fiber and 380.7 mg of sodium. A minority of the establishments used vinegar like an extra ingredient (18% of surveys) and the majority used little pieces of ham and boiled egg as garnish. While more than 25% add a trickle of oil on the finished product. It is made mainly through glass mixer or food processor, being the majority recipe used form of family origin. Although salmorejowas traditionally considered a food for summer, 78% of establishments have it all year round. 94% of establishments consider it among the ten most ordered dishes, and in 18% it is the most ordered dish of the establishment. There is no relationship between the amount of salmorejo served with the price of the plateful, the latter being in line with other prices of the rest of establishment. Conclusions: With these results and the previous data obtained by bibliographic means, we have conditions necessary to standardize the salmorejo cordobés both for possible shelter of protected designation and to establish its nutritional value, that can be collected in compositional databases and nutrition software, to evaluate surveys or development diets.

RESUMEN: Introducción: el salmorejo cordobés está tomando fama a nivel nacional y reconocimiento internacional. Sin embargo, son muy diversas las formas de elaborarlo y, por tanto, las propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales del plato. Material y métodos: con la intención de realizar una estandarización del salmorejo y forma de elaboración que permita una posterior protección de su identidad, así como su caracterización nutricional, se ha realizado una encuesta sobre el 83% de los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba (excluidos barrios periféricos y zona industrial) para indagar su forma de elaborarlo, en cuanto a denominación, ingredientes, preparación, precio, etc., mediante una encuesta administrada personalmente con 55 preguntas en 6 apartados. Resultado: el resultado ha sido que sólo un 21% de los establecimientos utiliza la denominación "salmorejo cordobés". Los ingredientes usados de forma sistemática se ajustan estadísticamente a una propuesta previa de sistematización y valoración nutricional, basada en datos bibliográficos y difundida en más de 50 idiomas, que corresponde a: 1.000 g de tomate, 200 g de pan de telera, 100 g de aceite de oliva virgen extra, 5 g de ajo de Montalbán y 10 g de sal. Esto corresponde por 100 g de producto a 117,4 kcal, 1,8 g de proteínas, 8,1 g de lípidos, 9,9 g de carbohidratos, 1,2 g de fibra y 380,7 mg de sodio. Como ingredientes extra minoritariamente se usa el vinagre (18% de las encuestas) y como guarnición de forma mayoritaria, taquitos de jamón y huevo duro, en tanto que algo más de un 25% añade un chorro de aceite sobre el producto terminado. Se elabora principalmente mediante vaso batidor o Termomix, siendo la receta usada de forma mayoritaria de origen familiar. Si bien se ha considerado tradicionalmente un plato estival, un 78% de establecimientos lo tienen todo el año. El 94% de los establecimientos lo consideran entre los diez platos más consumidos, y para el 18% es el más consumido del establecimiento. No existe relación entre la cantidad de salmorejo servido con el precio del plato, siendo este último acorde a los demás precios de cada establecimiento. Conclusiones: con estos datos y los previos obtenidos por medios bibliográficos se está en condiciones de estandarizar el salmorejo cordobés, tanto para un posible amparo de denominación protegida como para establecer un valor nutricional que pueda ser recogido en bases de datos composicionales y software nutricional, para la evaluación de encuestas o elaboración de dietas.

Bases para la estandarización y valoración nutricional del salmorejo cordobés: estudio sobre el salmorejo en los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba / Basis for standardization and nutritional assessment of salmorejo cordobés: research about salmorejo in catering establishments of Córdoba (Spain)

Introducción: el salmorejo cordobés está tomando fama a nivel nacional y reconocimiento internacional. Sin embargo, son muy diversas las formas de elaborarlo y, por tanto, las propiedades organolépticas y nutricionales del plato. Material y métodos: con la intención de realizar una estandarización del salmorejo y forma de elaboración que permita una posterior protección de su identidad, así como su caracterización nutricional, se ha realizado una encuesta sobre el 83% de los establecimientos de restauración de Córdoba (excluidos barrios periféricos y zona industrial) para indagar su forma de elaborarlo, en cuanto a denominación, ingredientes, preparación, precio, etc., mediante una encuesta administrada personalmente con 55 preguntas en 6 apartados. Resultado: el resultado ha sido que sólo un 21% de los establecimientos utiliza la denominación «salmorejo cordobés». Los ingredientes usados de forma sistemática se ajustan estadísticamente a una propuesta previa de sistematización y valoración nutricional, basada en datos bibliográficos y difundida en más de 50 idiomas, que corresponde a: 1.000 g de tomate, 200 g de pan de telera, 100 g de aceite de oliva virgen extra, 5 g de ajo de Montalbán y 10 g de sal. Esto corresponde por 100 g de producto a 117,4 kcal, 1,8 g de proteínas, 8,1 g de lípidos, 9,9 g de carbohidratos, 1,2 g de fibra y 380,7 mg de sodio. Como ingredientes extra minoritariamente se usa el vinagre (18% de las encuestas) y como guarnición de forma mayoritaria, taquitos de jamón y huevo duro, en tanto que algo más de un 25% añade un chorro de aceite sobre el producto terminado. Se elabora principalmente mediante vaso batidor o Termomix, siendo la receta usada de forma mayoritaria de origen familiar. Si bien se ha considerado tradicionalmente un plato estival, un 78% de establecimientos lo tienen todo el año. El 94% de los establecimientos lo consideran entre los diez platos más consumidos, y para el 18% es el más consumido del establecimiento. No existe relación entre la cantidad de salmorejo servido con el precio del plato, siendo este último acorde a los demás precios de cada establecimiento. Conclusiones: con estos datos y los previos obtenidos por medios bibliográficos se está en condiciones de estandarizar el salmorejo cordobés, tanto para un posible amparo de denominación protegida como para establecer un valor nutricional que pueda ser recogido en bases de datos composicionales y software nutricional, para la evaluación de encuestas o elaboración de dietas (AU)

Background: Salmorejo is gaining national reputation and international recognition. However, there are many different forms to prepare it and, therefore, the organoleptic and nutritional properties of the plateful may differ. Material and methods: In order to make standardization of salmorejo and its ways of production, which allow the protection of its identity and, furthermore, its nutritional characterization, around the 83% of catering establishments were surveyed in Cordoba (excluding suburbs and industrial area), to investigate how they produce this dish, as to name, ingredients, preparation, price, etc. They were personally given a survey with 55 questions divided into 6 sections. Results: The result is that only 21% of establishments used the name «salmorejo cordobés», the ingredients used, consistently statistically adjusted to a previous proposal of systematization and nutritional assessment, based on literature data and broadcast in over 50 languages which corresponds to 1.000 g tomato, 200 g telera bread, 100 g of extra virgin olive oil, 5 g Montalban garlic and 10g of salt. Then, 100g of this product corresponds to 117.4 kcal, 1.8 g protein, 8.1 g fat, 9.9 g carbohydrate, 1.2 g fiber and 380.7 mg of sodium. A minority of the establishments used vinegar like an extra ingredient (18% of surveys) and the majority used little pieces of ham and boiled egg as garnish. While more than 25% add a trickle of oil on the finished product. It is made mainly through glass mixer or food processor, being the majority recipe used form of family origin. Although salmorejo was traditionally considered a food for summer, 78% of establishments have it all year round. 94% of establishments consider it among the ten most ordered dishes, and in 18% it is the most ordered dish of the establishment. There is no relationship between the amount of salmorejo served with the price of the plateful, the latter being in line with other prices of the rest of establishment. Conclusions: With these results and the previous data obtained by bibliographic means, we have conditions necessary to standardize the salmorejo cordobés both for possible shelter of protected designation and to establish its nutritional value, that can be collected in compositional databases and nutrition software, to evaluate surveys or development diets (AU)