[The distal pancreatic resection with spleen preservation: which collaterals can we rely on?].

The spleen preservation by distal pancreatic resection can be performed either with spleen vessels preservation or with the ligation of the least. The experiment evolved ligation of all gastric arteries but the short gastric arteries in 20 cadaveric organocomplexes, followed by ink perfusion through the left gastric and left gastro-epiploic arteries. The study was amplified with the intraoperative dopplerography of portal arteries of the spleen after crossclamping of the left gastro-epiploic and short gastric arteries. Ten patients after distal pancreatic resection with spleen preservation and splenic vessels ligation had the CT-angiography before and after the surgery. All the conducted studies demonstrated the incapability of short gastric arteries to supply the satisfactory spleen perfusion. The left gastro-epiploic artery proved to be the main source of splenic blood supply after splenic vessels ligation.

[On extended biopsy of the prostatic gland].

The aim of our trial was to investigate correlation between the size of the prostate and probability of cancer detection with transperineal biopsy. Transperineal 12-sample biopsy of the prostate was made in 203 men aged 48-58 years (mean age 68.0 +/- 8.6 years) suspected of having prostatic cancer (PC). Total detection of cancer was 33.5%. PC patients had higher levels of PSA, more frequent alterations at rectal palpation and transrectal ultrasound investigation, while mean size of the prostate was the same in cancer and cancer-free patients. Differences in PC detection rate in patients with different sizes of the prostate were statistically insignificant. Use of sextant biopsy could not detect PC in 15 males (22.1%) cases. Thus, there is no correlation between the size of the prostatic gland and diagnostic value of transperineal biopsy obtaining 12 tissue samples. The above data do not support the necessity of extended biopsy in patients with large prostate.

[Low-molecular DNA in blood plasma and spinal fluid of cancer patients].

Enhanced preoperative levels of low-molecular DNA in blood plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid were established in cancer patients. They rose even higher after surgery due to stress. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

[Local anesthesia with block of the sexual nerve in conduction of transperineal biopsy of the prostate].

We studied 137 males (mean age 68 +/- 8.6 years) with suspected prostatic cancer who had undergone transperineal biopsy of the prostate (12 tissue samples). The biopsy was made under local anesthesia either as paraprostatic block (n=76, group 1) or paraprostatic block in combination with block of the sexual nerve (n=61, group 2). Pain intensity was evaluated with visual analogue scales. Induction of anesthesia was more painful in group 2, three other stages--in group 1. Mean pain at biopsy was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in group 2. Thus, addition of sexual nerve blockade to standard paraprostatic block increases efficacy of anesthesia in conduction of transperitoneal biopsy of the prostate.

[Lesions of retroperitoneal fatty tissue in destructive pancreatitis]. / Porazhenie zabriushinnoi kletchatki pri destruktivnom pankreatite.

Experience of examination and treatment of 102 patients with lesion of retroperitoneal space undergone surgery for pancreonecrosis is analyzed. Based of data of ultrasonic examination, computed tomography, surgery and autopsy laws of morphologic transformation and ways of spread of pathologic process into retroperitoneal space in pancreonecrosis were revealed. Developed scheme is important for substantiation of surgical policy.

[Treatment of pancreonecrosis with lesion of retroperitoneal adipose tissue]. / Lechenie pankreonekroza s porazheniem zabriushinnoi kletchatki.

The results of treatment of 122 patients with pancreonecrosis (PN) with lesion of retroperitoneal fat tissue (RFT) were analyzed. Twenty-four patients underwent emergency and urgent surgery, drainage of RFT through lumbotomy was performed. Nine (37,5%) patients died. Sixty-six patients with aseptic PN were treated conservatively, 7 (10,6%) of them died. Thirty-two patients treated conservatively with infection of RFT underwent surgery with minimally invasive methods - retroperitoneoscopy with sequestrectomy, minilumbotomy, sequestrectomy. 5 (15,6%) patients died. In sterile PN conservative treatment should be carried out. Recent fluid formations in RFT are indications for thin-needle puncture, their drainage is contraindicated. Prognosis of the disease is favorable when 1-3 regions of RFT are affected, more advanced process is prognostically unfavorable. Infected PN should be treated surgically. Ultrasound-assisted drainage of purulent cavities must be performed as the first stage. Flow aspiration drainage may be a final procedure when 1-2 (rarely 3) regions of RFT are affected and large RFT sequesters are absent. Formation of large RFT sequesters requires removing with retroperitoneoscopy or through mini-approach.

[Effect of extreme factors, differing in nature, on distribution of repetitive sequences in extracellular DNA]. / Vliianie razlichaiushchikhsia po svoei prirode ékstremal'nykh faktorov na raspredelenie povtoriaiushchikhsia posledovatel'nostei vo vnekletochnoi DNK.

Extreme exposures induce changes of content and fractional composition of extracellular DNA. The degree of these changes is dependent on the nature of stressor and conditioned by genome destabilization. The character of distribution in the separate fractions instable in genome of repeating sequences determines the function of extracellular DNA as an adaptogenic factor.

Postradiation DNA polymorphism.

The presence of DNA molecules with tumor-specific genetic alterations has been demonstrated in the plasma of cancer patients. Such plasma DNA fragments may be immunogenic and provide immunologic support to the malignant cells. Further, the tumor-specific plasma DNA may participate in the adaptive processes of the tumor cells in the cancer host. The mechanisms of the latter are unclear. However, from the standpoint of the resistance problem, understanding of DNA transformation after exposure of extreme factors is of great interest.

[The study of some mechanisms of injurious effects of low-frequency noises]. / Issledovanie nekotorykh mekhanizmov povrezhdaiushchikh éffektov nizkochastotnykh shumov.

Low-frequency noise has been shown to cause certain functional changes in the organism of laboratory animals that manifest in changes of the state of the regulatory systems and metabolic disturbances at cellular and subcellular levels. The obtained data support the hypothesis of the mechanism of injurious effect of this physical factor including two basically correlated ways, i.e. the central mechanism associated with overexcitation of the hypotalamohypophysis-adrenal system and mediating the homeostatic parameters of the body, and the local one which is determined by a direct effect of low-frequency noise on highly organized structure of membraneous and genetic apparatus of cells.

[A new classification of prophylactic antiradiation agents]. / Novaia klassifikatsiia profilakticheskikh protivoluchevykh sredtsv.

A new classification has been proposed for prophylactic antiradiation drugs, which are divided into three groups: radioprotectors, stimulators of radioresistance and the means of protection from internal irradiation. Depending on organs (systems) for the protection of which they are designed, radioprotectors in their turn are subdivided into myelo-, entero- and cerebroprotectors; stimulators of radioresistance (depending on the optimal regimens of their use to develop a higher resistance of the organism) are subdivided into drugs that are effective in single and repeated (course) use; the means of protection from internal irradiation are subdivided into the drugs that prevent incorporation of radioiodine by the thyroid gland, and into the drugs preventing absorption of radionuclides in the digestive tract. The main features that distinguish radioprotectors from stimulators of radioresistance are presented. The former are characterized by such properties as exhibiting the effect exquisitely when prophylactically administered in doses close to those of maximal tolerance, greatest effect against shortterm (pulse) irradiation, rapid development and short duration of the radioprotective action period, reduction in the effect in repeated use, etc. Stimulators of radioresistance rank below radioprotectors in their effect against short-term irradiation, however, unlike the latter, they exhibit their protective effect against a long-term (low dose rate) exposure as well under the conditions of both prophylactic and therapeutic use; their radioprotective action is more prolonged, they are distinguished for their low toxicity and lower the risk of delayed sequelae of irradiation, etc. Examples of the most typical members of each group of prophylactic antiradiation drugs are cited, data are presented which characterize their radioprotective activity, the role and place in the system of antiradiation protection of troops and population.

[The effect of cystamine on the level of postradiation peroxidation products in the lymph of dogs]. / O vliianii tsistamina na uroven' produktov postradiatsionnoi peroksidatsii v limfe u sobak.

The experiments on irradiated dogs with a drained pectoral lymph duct revealed an early accumulation of radiotoxins (diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde) in the lymph and blood plasmas and; simultaneously, a lowering of water-soluble antioxidants. The prophylactic application of cystamine improved the drain-detoxifying function of the lymphatic system, lowered the level of radiotoxins, and aided in the antioxidant properties of lymph and blood plasmas.

[Effect of cystamine on formation and repair of post-irradiation single-strand DNA breaks]. / Vliianie tsistamina na obrazovanie i vossoedinenie postluchevykh odnonitevykh razryvov v DNK.

Content of breaks in single-strand DNA, activity of superoxide dismutase and concentration of malonic dialdehyde were studied in blood lymphocytes of irradiation-impaired rats after treatment with cystamine. Cystamine decreased the effects of irradiation as showed all the patterns studied. The protective action exhibited by the drug in radiation shielding of DNA involved both direct and indirect effects.

[The pharmacological mechanisms of the radioprotective effect under whole-body conditions and the prospects of the search for radioprotectors]. / Farmakologicheskie mekhanizmy radiozashchitnogo éffekta v usloviiakh tselostnogo organizma i perspektivy izyskaniia radioprotektorov.

On the basis of the current views of the pharmacological agents action and the analysis of the structural and functional mechanisms of the radioprotection realization a unitary hypothesis of the radioprotective effect development has been formulated. Three stages of its development in animals and humans have been distinguished. The proposed hypothesis allows to substantiate a strategy of the search for new antiradiation drugs.

[Extracellular DNA of blood after irradiation]. / Vnekletochnaia DNK krovi posle oblucheniia.

It has been shown that blood extracellular DNA of irradiated rats largely consists of the low-molecular DNA and its oligomers. Molecular masses of oligomers are multiple to molecular mass of monomer fragment with nucleosome size. The low-molecular DNA has linear form. The average content of GC-pairs in low-molecular DNA is higher than in total rat's DNA (48.5% against 41.5%). The low-molecular DNA is a part of complex containing RNA, acidic proteins and lipids. It is assumed that the formation of low-molecular DNA is a result of Ca/Mg-dependent nuclear endonuclease action.

[Structure of low-molecular DNA in the blood plasma of irradiated rats]. / O strukture nizkomolekuliarnoi DNK plazmy krovi obluchënnykh krys.

Low-molecular DNA in blood plasma of rats appeared after gamma-irradiation in a dose 8-100 Gy. This DNA has been cloned and the 26 clones have been sequenced. The search for sequence similarity between the designated sequences and sequences in EMBL allowed the three homology to LINE 3 sequences to be found. The differences in the structure of low-molecular DNAs extracted from rat blood plasma after irradiation of rats in doses 8 and 100 Gy were not found.