Mycosis Fungoides and Its Relationship to Atopy, Serum Total IgE, and Eosinophil Counts.

INTRODUCTION: A recent serologic study and reports of increased serum total IgE (IgE-t) and eosinophil counts have suggested that the prevalence of atopy is more common in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) than previously recognized. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with clinicopathologic features that were diagnostic and/or consistent with MF and/or the presence or absence of an atopic disorder (eg, allergic rhinitis, asthma, eczematous dermatitis), which was determined by patient history, eosinophil counts, and serum IgE-t obtained at evaluation, were selected from a patient registry. The MF population was divided into those with atypical and typical clinical presentations. We performed matching of controls using age, sex, and race from the 2005 to 2006 National Health Education Survey. RESULTS: A history of allergic rhinitis was recorded for 186 of 728 patients (25.5%) with typical MF and 71 of 229 patients (31%) with atypical MF. However, the prevalence of asthma and eczema was low. The IgE-t and eosinophil counts were higher for patients with typical MF than for controls and for patients with atopic diathesis than for patients without atopy. The IgE-t and eosinophil counts were higher for the patients with advanced-stage MF compared with those for the patients with less-advanced disease for both atopic and nonatopic cohorts. In the Cox model with age and clinical stage as covariates, a history of atopy, increased IgE-t, and blood eosinophilia (> 500 cells/mm3) did not correlate with overall survival. CONCLUSION: The findings from the present study did not reveal a significant association of atopy in patients with MF. However, atopy is a factor in the increased IgE-t and eosinophil counts observed in MF. Another factor is related to the disease stage, including possibly the influence of cytokines secreted by T-helper type 2-polarized neoplastic cells.

High-Scatter Lymphocytes in the Blood of Erythrodermic Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Evidence for Large-Cell Transformation?

BACKGROUND: Erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma consists of erythrodermic mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Previous studies have indicated that very large Sézary cells (> 14 µm diameter) or the presence of aneuploid cells in the blood might reflect large-cell transformation, with a corresponding poor prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study assessed data between June 1997 and April 2002 of 32 patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 4 patients with leukemic mycosis fungoides, and 19 patients with nonneoplastic inflammatory conditions who were referred for evaluation of possible cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Data were studied by 2-parameter flow cytometry gated on the lymphocyte population. RESULTS: High-scatter T lymphocytes (HSL) were detected in initial blood samples from 10 of 19 patients with Sézary syndrome, 1 of 13 patients with erythrodermic mycosis fungoides, and no patient with nonneoplastic inflammatory conditions. A significant correlation was found between HSL and very large Sézary cells and histopathologic evidence of large-cell transformation. Moreover, the presence of HSL suggests a poor prognosis even for patients with advanced disease. CONCLUSION: We propose that HSL are often large transformed neoplastic Sézary cells that may be detected in patients with clinically unapparent large-cell transformation.

Evidence linking atopy and staphylococcal superantigens to the pathogenesis of lymphomatoid papulosis, a recurrent CD30+ cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorder.

BACKGROUND: Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30CLPD) are the second most common type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and include lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL). Case reports and small patient series suggest an association of CD30CLPD with atopic disorders. However, the prevalence of atopy in patients with CD30CLPD in retrospective studies depends on patients' recall which is not always reliable. More objective criteria of atopy include evidence of skin reactivity to allergens (positive prick test) and evidence of allergen-specific IgE in serum. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that atopy is prevalent in patients with CD30CLPD using serologic criteria of allergen-specific IgE antibodies to aeroallergens and Staphylococcal aureus enterotoxin superantigens (SSAgs). METHODS: We tested serum samples of CD30CLPD for common IgE-specific airborne allergens with the Phadiatop test, which if positive, is regarded as serologic evidence of atopy in adults. Sera were also tested for IgE antibodies reactive to three Staphylococcal enterotoxins with superantigenic properties (SSAg-IgE). Control sera were obtained from adult subjects evaluated for rhino-sinusitis and a negative Phadiatop test. Patients' history of an atopic disorder was obtained by retrospective chart review. FINDINGS: Nearly 50% of patients with the most common LyP types (A and C) had a positive Phadiatop test for allergic sensitization to common airborne allergens, and total serum IgE (IgE-t) was increased compared to non-atopic controls. At the IgE antibody concentration generally used to define serologic atopy (≥ 0.35 kUA/L), 8/31 (26%) samples of CD30CLPD and 7/28 (25%) samples of LyP were reactive to at least one SSAg-IgE compared to 3/52 (6%) control specimens (P = 0.016 and P = 0.028, respectively). TSST1-IgE was detected in 7 (23%) specimens of CD30CLPD, often together with SEB-IgE; SEA-IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L was not detected. For control specimens, TSST1-IgE exceeded the 0.35 kUA/L threshold in 3 (6%) specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LyP types A and C have serologic evidence of atopy against common airborne antigens and SSAgs when compared to control adult subjects who had rhino-sinusitis and a negative Phadiatop test for aero-IgEs. Serologic evidence of atopy exceeded that determined by LyP patients' personal history. The findings support our hypothesis that an atopic diathesis may contribute to the pathogenesis of the most common types of LyP (A and C).

Prevalence of atopy and staphylococcal superantigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and total serum IgE in primary cutaneous T- and B-cell lymphoma.

The prevalence of atopy was investigated in 20 patients with Sézary syndrome (SS), 20 patients with plaque phase mycosis fungoides (MF), 9 patients with primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (pcMZL) and 8 patients with primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (pcFCL) with the Phadiatop multi-allergen test. The relationship among serologic atopy, IgE reactivity against Staphyloccocal enterotoxin superantigens, and serum total IgE (IgE-t) levels and their prognostic implications in SS was investigated. Phadiatop test was positive in 45%, 15%, 33% and 0% of samples of SS, MF, pcMZL and pcFCL, respectively. IgE-t levels were also increased in SS, pcMZL and marginally MF. No correlation was found with patients' history of atopic disorders. Staphylococcal superantigen-specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kUa/L, most often against toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, was detected in 40% of Sézary samples followed by MF (20%). In the absence of serologic atopy (negative Phadiatop test), IgE-t levels for patients with SS and MF were not significantly higher than controls whereas the levels for pcMZL remained high. Furthermore, even with a negative Phadiatop test, IgE-t values were higher in sera of patients with SSAg-IgE ≥ 0.35 kUa/L vis-à-vis < 0.35 kUa/L across all diagnostic categories including controls albeit the difference was statistically significant only for SS. The presence of specific IgE antibodies ≥ 0.35 kUa/L, IgE-t > 122 kU/L or eosinophils > 500/µL had no impact on survival of patients with SS. These results indicate that a pathogenic link may exist between an atopic diathesis and development of SS and possibly pcMZL.

A histo-immunopathologic and prognostic study of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Sézary syndrome (SS) and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides (E-MF) represent two expressions of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (E-CTCL). METHODS: Histopathologic features were compared on skin specimens from 41 patients with SS and 70 patients with E-MF. Immunopathologic findings were compared on 42 SS and 79 E-MF specimens. RESULTS: Specimens of SS usually showed band-like dermal infiltrates with intermediate-sized lymphoid cells and few plasma cells; on the other hand E-MF more often had a perivascular infiltrative pattern, predominance of small/mixed lymphoid cells and eosinophils. SS also had lower numbers of CD8+ cells and higher numbers of CD62L+ cells compared to E-MF. For E-MF patients, the presence of large Pautrier collections, infiltrates with intermediate-sized cells, increased number of mitotic figures and ≥50% CD62L+ cells in the dermal infiltrate correlated with a relatively poor disease-specific survival. However, only the presence of mitotic figures retained prognostic significance with clinical stage as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical stage provides the most important prognostic information for patients with E-CTCL. However, mitotic activity for E-MF and CD8+ cells <20% for SS have additional value. We hypothesize that observed differences in plasma cell and eosinophil numbers may reflect the influence of CD62L+ central memory T-cells in the microenvironment.

Prognostic Significance of Serum Copper in Patients With Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Serum copper has been reported to be increased in various cancers, including lymphoma. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic importance of serum copper levels in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum copper was measured in 60 men and 38 women with mycosis fungoides (MF) and 14 men and 3 women with erythrodermic CTCL (6 with Sézary syndrome) consecutively evaluated from July 1980 to June 1985. RESULTS: A greater than normal copper level was present in nearly 20% of patients and was associated with an increased risk of disease progression and shortened disease-specific survival for patients with patch or plaque phase MF, but not for those with tumor phase MF or erythrodermic CTCL. In contrast, the serum lactate dehydrogenase level and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were not significantly associated with prognosis in our patient cohort. CONCLUSION: The reason for the association between the high serum copper levels and adverse prognosis is unknown. We hypothesized that interleukin-6 is secreted primarily by non-neoplastic cells at MF skin sites, leading to release of copper by the liver. Local production of interleukin-6 at the lesion sites might conceivably also promote neoplastic cell progression by stimulation of the STAT3 pathway. Further studies on the relationship between activated tumor-associated macrophages, serum copper levels, interleukin-6, or C-reactive protein and prognosis might be informative.

Pityriasis lichenoides: Long-term follow-up study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pityriasis lichenoides is an uncommon papulosquamous disorder of unknown etiology. The objective of this study was to review the clinical features and treatment responses of individuals with pityriasis lichenoides seen at a tertiary referral center. METHODS: Seventy-five patients diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides between 1997 and 2013 were reviewed, and 46 had long-term follow-up via telephone interviews. RESULTS: Fifty (67%) patients were diagnosed with pityriasis lichenoides chronica, 22 (29%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, and 3 (4%) with mixed pityriasis lichenoides chronica and pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta features. Mean ± standard deviation age at onset was 12 ± 13 years (median 8 years). Disease duration was significantly shorter for patients with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (35 ± 35 months) than for those with pityriasis lichenoides chronica (at least 78 ± 48 months). At long-term follow-up, 23 of 28 (82%) patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica and 3 of 16 (19%) with pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta had active disease. None progressed to lymphomatoid papulosis or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Ten of 23 active pityriasis lichenoides chronica cases had residual pigmentary change independent of race and lasted at least 35 ± 20 months. The most effective treatments were phototherapy (47% response rate), heliotherapy (33%), topical corticosteroids (27%), and antibiotics (25%). CONCLUSION: Pityriasis lichenoides is a predominantly pediatric disorder. The time course of pityriasis lichenoides chronica is significantly longer than that of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Pityriasis lichenoides chronica may persist with pigmentary alterations in the absence of other signs of active inflammation. Treatment response is often limited, particularly for patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica.

CD4+CD26- lymphocytes are useful to assess blood involvement and define B ratings in cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

Bernengo et al. reported that >30% CD4+CD26- lymphocytes detect blood involvement in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome. In addition, the ISCL/EORTC suggested that this threshold might serve as a criterion for the B2 blood rating for staging. In this manuscript, we report our experience with measurement of CD4+CD26- and CD4+CD7- cells, Sézary cell counts, and aberrant T cells with diminished expression of CD2, CD3, or CD5 antigens. CD4+CD26- ≥30% occurred in 15 of 373 (4.0%) patients with MF, 33 of 47 (70%) patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma (ECTCL) and 2 of 54 (4%) patients with inflammatory skin diseases. CD4+CD26- measurements provided a more reliable assessment of neoplastic cell numbers in the blood than Sézary cell or CD4+CD7- percentages. CD4+CD26- measurements may be used to define B ratings for staging with B2 defined as CD4+CD26- ≥ 1000/µL, plus clonality or phenotypically abnormal cells.

Genomic landscape of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma of skin-homing T lymphocytes. We performed exome and whole-genome DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing on purified CTCL and matched normal cells. The results implicate mutations in 17 genes in CTCL pathogenesis, including genes involved in T cell activation and apoptosis, NF-κB signaling, chromatin remodeling and DNA damage response. CTCL is distinctive in that somatic copy number variants (SCNVs) comprise 92% of all driver mutations (mean of 11.8 pathogenic SCNVs versus 1.0 somatic single-nucleotide variant per CTCL). These findings have implications for new therapeutics.

Prognostic factors and risk stratification in early mycosis fungoides.

Available demographic, clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical and laboratory findings, including serum cytokine/cytokine receptor levels, obtained at initial evaluation in a cohort of 33 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) at stages I-IIA who had subsequent progression of disease were compared against 70 stage-matched cases of MF without observed progression. Significant factors that correlated with both disease progression and overall survival were: (1) presence of large Pautrier microabscesses (10 or more atypical lymphocytes), (2) presence of atypical lymphocytes with hyperchromatic or vesicular nuclei in the dermal infiltrate, (3) less than 20% CD8 + cells in the dermal infiltrate and (4) above normal (> 122 U/mL) serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level. Combination of these factors was used to construct prognostic groupings which, if validated, might be useful to identify patients with clinically early MF at highest risk for disease progression and poor outcome.

Flow cytometry of lesional skin enhances the evaluation of cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferative lesions can pose diagnostic challenges. This study investigates the utlility of flow cytometry in 42 cases of suspected cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. METHODS: All available cases were reviewed [World Health Organization-European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (WHO-EORTC) classification]. Flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction-immunoglobulin H (PCR-IgH) analysis of blood and/or lesional skin were performed on primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (pcBCL, 17 cases), secondary cutaneous BCL (scBCL, 8 cases) and atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (ALH, 17 cases). RESULTS: Flow cytometry of skin detected a B-cell clone in 3/13 cases of ALH, 8/8 cases of pcBCL and 4/4 cases of scBCL, while PCR detected a clone in 3/14 cases of ALH, 4/15 cases of pcBCL and 6/8 cases of scBCL. Of eight cases of pcBCL analyzed by both methods, all eight were positive by flow while only three were positive by PCR. All cases positive by PCR were also positive by flow. Of five cases with both flow and light chain immunohistochemistry, all five showed light chain restriction by flow, while only two were positive by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: Flow cytometry is more sensitive than PCR in detecting B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (12/12 cases, 100% vs. 10/23 cases, 43%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, flow cytometry complements immunohistochemistry in the detection of light chain restriction.

High soluble CD30, CD25, and IL-6 may identify patients with worse survival in CD30+ cutaneous lymphomas and early mycosis fungoides.

Histopathology alone cannot predict the outcome of patients with CD30+ primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders (CD30CLPD) and early mycosis fungoides (MF). To test the hypothesis that serum cytokines/cytokine receptors provide prognostic information in these disorders, we measured soluble CD30 (sCD30), sCD25, and selected cytokines in cell cultures and sera of 116 patients with CD30CLPD and 96 patients with early MF followed up to 20 years. Significant positive correlation was found between sCD30 levels and sCD25, CD40L, IL-6, and IL-8, suggesting that CD30+ neoplastic cells secrete these cytokines, but not Th2 cytokines. In vitro studies confirmed that sCD30, sCD25, IL-6, and IL-8 are secreted by CD30CLPD-derived cell lines. CD30CLPD patients with above normal sCD30 and sCD25 levels had worse overall and disease-related survivals, but only sCD30 retained significance in Cox models that included advanced age. High sCD30 also identified patients with worse survival in early MF. Increased IL-6 and IL-8 levels correlated with poor disease-related survival in CD30CLPD patients. We conclude that (1) neoplastic cells of some CD30CLPD patients do not resemble Th2 cells, and that (2) high serum sCD30, sCD25, IL-6, and perhaps IL-8 levels may provide prognostic information useful for patient management.

Expression of thymidine phosphorylase in lymph nodes involved with mycosis fungoides and sézary syndrome.

Thymidine phosphorylase may be overexpressed in both neoplastic cells and tumor stromal cells in a variety of malignancies. Our study explores thymidine phosphorylase expression in lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) or Sézary syndrome (SS). In MF/SS, the LNs may have a pathologic diagnosis of either dermatopathic lymphadenopathy (LN-DL) or involvement by MF/SS (LN-MF). We performed immunohistochemical staining on MF/SS lymph nodes using antibodies to thymidine phosphorylase, CD68, CD21, CD3, and CD4. In both LN-DL and benign nodes, thymidine phosphorylase staining was noted only in macrophages, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. In LN-MF, thymidine phosphorylase expression was also noted in subsets of intermediate to large neoplastic T cells. Concurrent CD68, CD21, CD3, and CD4 staining supported the above observations. Similar results were noted in the skin and in LN-MF with large cell transformation. Other T-cell lymphomas were also examined (total 7 cases); only enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (1 case) showed TP positivity in neoplastic T lymphocytes. We demonstrated that thymidine phosphorylase staining is present in neoplastic T cells in mycosis fungoides. The exact mechanism needs further investigation.

Lymphomatoid papulosis followed by pityriasis lichenoides: a common pathogenesis?

Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) are uncommon idiopathic eruptions with overlapping clinical and histological features. Although current opinion indicates that PL and LyP are distinct and separate entities, molecular genetic evidence of T-cell clonality in both conditions suggests that an etiopathogenic relationship may exist. We report a patient who was diagnosed with LyP type B in 1985 followed by PL after 11 years. We hypothesize that LyP followed by PL in the same patient reflects differences in the host immune response to a common antigenic stimulus.

Simplified flow cytometric assessment in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.

By using flow cytometry with markers for CD3, CD4, CD26, and CD7, we examined the blood samples of 109 patients for abnormal T cells: 69 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sézary syndrome (SS), 31 hospitalized control subjects, and 9 patients with inflammatory skin disease. T cells were identified as quantitatively abnormal (>15% CD26- or CD7- T cells) or phenotypically abnormal (CD26- or CD7- T cells with bright or dim CD3 or CD4 or bright CD7). Patients were followed for a median of 82 months, and abnormal T cells were correlated with diagnosis, clinical outcome, and other laboratory parameters. Abnormal T-cell populations were identified in 46% of patients with MF/SS (32/69) and correlated with disease extent. Quantitative abnormalities were more frequent than phenotypic abnormalities, and CD4+/CD26- T cells were more frequent than CD4+/CD7- T cells. CD26- T cells correlated better with disease extent than did CD7 -. Increasing numbers of abnormal T cells were associated with worsening disease. Flow cytometry provides valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic efficacy in MF/SS.

Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis vs. cutaneous plasmacytic castleman disease: review and speculations about pathogenesis.

Cutaneous and systemic plasmacytosis (C/SP), human herpes virus-8 (HHV8), negative multicentric plasmacytic Castleman disease (MPCD), and idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy are polyclonal plasma cell proliferations of unknown etiology that predominantly affect Asian individuals. Herein, we present our experience with a Vietnamese man with typical C/SP limited to the skin but, after 10 years, may have developed perirenal involvement, and with a white man with human immunodeficiency virus and HHV8 negative MPCD with involvement of skin, lymph nodes, and kidneys at presentation, and who later succumbed to gastric carcinoma. Based on a review of the literature, we suggest that C/SP, cutaneous MPCD, and idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy with skin involvement are part of a continuum rather than distinct entities and, as such, may be regarded as variants of HHV8-negative MPCD. Although the majority of patients with C/SP run a chronic benign course, special attention should be given to monitoring for pulmonary and renal involvement. We hypothesize that long-lived plasma cells originate and survive in the environment of the skin akin to other stromal "survival" niches due to the local production of interleukin 6 and that such patients might respond to agents that interfere with interleukin-6 activity.

Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome (SS), the major forms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, have unique characteristics that distinguish them from other types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Clinical trials in MF/SS have suffered from a lack of standardization in evaluation, staging, assessment, end points, and response criteria. Recently defined criteria for the diagnosis of early MF, guidelines for initial evaluation, and revised staging and classification criteria for MF and SS now offer the potential for uniform staging of patients enrolled in clinical trials for MF/SS. This article presents consensus recommendations for the general conduct of clinical trials of patients with MF/SS as well as methods for standardized assessment of potential disease manifestations in skin, lymph nodes, blood, and visceral organs, and definition of end points and response criteria. These guidelines should facilitate collaboration among investigators and collation of data from sponsor-generated or investigator-initiated clinical trials involving patients with MF or SS.