Acute administration of myeloid differentiation factor 2 inhibitor and N-acetyl cysteine attenuate brain damage in rats with cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are mechanisms which potentially underlie the brain damage that can occur after cardiac ischemic and reperfusion (I/R) injury. 2i-10 is a new anti-inflammatory agent, acting via direct inhibition of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2). However, the effects of 2i-10 and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on pathologic brain in cardiac I/R injury are unknown. We hypothesized that 2i-10 and NAC offer similar neuroprotection levels against dendritic spine reduction through attenuation of brain inflammation, loss of tight junction integrity, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive gliosis, and suppression of AD protein expression in rats with cardiac I/R injury. Male rats were allocated to either sham or acute cardiac I/R group (30 min of cardiac ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion). Rats in cardiac I/R group were given one of following treatments intravenously at the onset of reperfusion: vehicle, 2i-10 (20 or 40 mg/kg), and NAC (75 or 150 mg/kg). The brain was then used to determine biochemical parameters. Cardiac I/R led to cardiac dysfunction with dendritic spine loss, loss of tight junction integrity, brain inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with 2i-10 (both doses) effectively reduced cardiac dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, brain inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, dendritic spine loss, and improved tight junction integrity. Although both doses of NAC effectively reduced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, treatment using a high dose of NAC reduced cardiac dysfunction, brain inflammation, and dendritic spine loss. In conclusion, treatment with 2i-10 and a high dose of NAC at the onset of reperfusion alleviated brain inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, consequently reducing dendritic spine loss in rats with cardiac I/R injury.

Treatment Outcomes of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Posterior Circulation Stroke.

Objective The benefits of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with acute posterior circulation stroke remain unclear. Currently, there is no evidence from randomized control trials to show the safety and effectiveness of MT in patients with posterior circulation stroke. This study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of MT in posterior circulation stroke patients enrolling in our hospital during 2010 to 2020. Materials and Methods Between January 2010 and December 2020, 66 patients with acute posterior circulation stroke underwent MT. Data collected and analyzed included demographics, comorbidity, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), procedure time, site of occlusion, presence of posterior communicating artery (PCoA), endovascular technique, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Good clinical outcome was defined by mRS at 2 or less at 90 days after MT. Statistical Analysis Variables with normal distribution were reported with mean ± standard deviation, meanwhile those with nonnormal distribution were demonstrated with median and range. Fisher's exact test for categorical variables or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables was performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with binary logistic regression method was used analyze the association between the prognosis factor and good outcome. Statistical significance was defined when p -value less than 0.05. Results The mean age of patients was 65.2 years with male predominance. The median NIHSS was 18.5. Successful recanalization (modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b-3) was achieved in 61/66 cases (92.42%) and postprocedure symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 5/66 cases (7.60%). Successful recanalization with good clinical outcome was obtained from 30 of 61 cases (49.18%); it was also associated with distal basilar artery occlusion ( p = 0.035) and PCoA patency presence ( p = 0.024). Our study showed the correlation between good treatment outcomes with initial NIHSS less than 20, intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, pre-MT magnetic resonance imaging Q5 brain, and contact aspiration MT technique. Conclusion MT is beneficial to patients with posterior circulation stroke. A good clinical outcome was significantly associated with distal basilar artery occlusion and PCoA patency presence within a group of successful recanalization.

Infundibular dilatation perforating vessel of anterior communicating artery.

Background: Infundibular dilatation at cerebral arteries is primary located at the posterior communicating artery. This report describes a rare case of infundibular dilatation perforating the branch of an anterior communication artery (AcomA) which mimicked an AcomA aneurysm. Case Description: The 54-year-old female presented with acute headache in the left temporal area with the right hemianesthesia. The magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography of the brain revealed a small outpouching lesion arising from the medial wall of the proximal A2 of the left ACA presenting as a suspected AcomA aneurysm. The cerebral angiogram showed a funnel-shaped dilatation of the anterior communicating artery with a single perforating branch arising from a dome size 1.4 × 1.1 mm, compatible with an infundibular dilatation perforating a branch of the AcomA. Conclusion: The infundibular dilatation perforating vessel of AcomA is a rare condition and can mimic an AcomA aneurysm. Three-dimensional angiography helps to evaluate differentiation of the characteristics enabling accurate diagnosis.

Atypical Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Intraorbital Lymphoma after Tumor Biopsy: An Illustrative Case.

Introduction A 63-year-old male presented with visual loss and left eye proptosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left orbital tumor, measuring 1.4 cm × 0.9 cm. The patient underwent left frontotemporal craniotomy to perform a biopsy of the tumor. During the postoperative period, the patient developed the first episode of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Case Summary Computed tomography of the brain showed hypodensity of the bilateral basal ganglia and thalami with associated edematous white matter hypodensity of bilateral temporo-occipital lobes compatible with atypical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The patient received antiepileptic medication and was observed for clinical seizure. One week later, computed tomography of the brain showed the reversible process of PRES. The pathology report revealed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Following pathological diagnosis, the patient received treatment with whole-brain radiotherapy. Conclusion This is the first reported case of atypical PRES associated with orbital lymphoma following craniotomy for the purpose of tumor biopsy. Early detection as well as seizure and blood pressure control, is essential for the proper treatment of PRES.

Comparison of the Surgical Outcomes of Cranioplasty Using Titanium, Customized Polymethylmethacrylate, and Liquid Polymethylmethacrylate in Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand.

ABSTRACT: Cranioplasty is a standard procedure used to restore skull defects after craniectomy. Many different materials are used in cranioplasty. The study aim was to compare the surgical outcomes of cranioplasty using different materials: liquid polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), customized PMMA, and titanium. The authors retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of cranioplasty performed from 2016 to 2021. Data collection included patient characteristics and complications, including postoperative infection, hematoma, implant exposure, and subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection. Eighty-five patients received cranioplasty with different materials: titanium, 14; customized PMMA, 31; and liquid PMMA, 40. There were no significant differences in the basic patient characteristics among the 3 cranioplasty groups except for lower age in the customized PMMA group. There were no significant differences between superficial and deep infections, implant exposure, postoperative hematoma, or seizure. However, subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection was more common in the liquid PMMA group than in the customized PMMA group ( P = 0.02). This study showed that good outcomes were achieved by cranioplasty performed with different materials (titanium, customized PMMA, and liquid PMMA).

Potential roles of vagus nerve stimulation on traumatic brain injury: Evidence from in vivo and clinical studies.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The consequences of TBI can be divided into two stages: 1) the immediate neuronal destruction during the initial trauma, resulting in the primary brain injury and pathophysiologic sequelae, and 2) the secondary brain injury, encompassing mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, cellular excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cortical edema, resulting in increased intracranial pressure (ICP) with exacerbated brain damage. Although the pathophysiology in TBI has been thoroughly investigated, the effectivity of therapeutic approaches for TBI is still lacking. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been used for treating medical refractory epilepsy and chronic drug-resistant depression. Several previous studies also demonstrated that VNS has beneficial effects for TBI in animal models and patients. The neuroprotective effects of VNS on TBI are possibly explained through several mechanisms, including a noradrenergic mechanism, anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of neurotransmitters, and attenuation of blood brain barrier breakdown, and brain edema. The aims of this review are to summarize and discuss the current evidence pertinent to the effect of VNS on both primary and secondary brain injury following TBI from both in vivo and clinical studies.

The Alterations in Mitochondrial Dynamics Following Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.

Cerebral ischemia results in a poor oxygen supply and cerebral infarction. Reperfusion to the ischemic area is the best therapeutic approach. Although reperfusion after ischemia has beneficial effects, it also causes ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Increases in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death in the brain, resulting in brain infarction, have also been observed following cerebral I/R injury. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles, including mitochondrial fusion and fission. Both processes are essential for mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival. Several studies demonstrated that an imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics after cerebral ischemia, with or without reperfusion injury, plays an important role in the regulation of cell survival and infarct area size. Mitochondrial dysmorphology/dysfunction and inflammatory processes also occur after cerebral ischemia. Knowledge surrounding the mechanisms involved in the imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics following cerebral ischemia with or without reperfusion injury would help in the prevention or treatment of the adverse effects of cerebral injury. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and discuss the roles of mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory processes in cerebral ischemia with or without reperfusion injury from in vitro and in vivo studies. Any contradictory findings are incorporated and discussed.

Image report: Extensive disseminated thoracolumbosacral myxopapillary ependymoma.

BACKGROUND: Myxopapillary ependymoma occurs more frequently in adults, but is found in the first two decades of life in around 8-20% of patients. Tumors are usually benign with low likelihood for dissemination. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with progressive kyphosis and bilateral weakness of the lower limbs. MRI shows a thoracolumbosacral intradural tumor with invasion of sacral neural foramina and dissemination to the cervicothoracic region. The patient received T10-L5 laminectomy with subtotal tumor resection. Pathological examination revealed myxopapillary ependymoma. After surgical resection, the patient underwent physical therapy with whole spinal radiotherapy for disease control. CONCLUSION: Spinal myxopapillary ependymomas are usually benign and slow-growing tumors. This case illustrates an extensive and disseminated myxopapillary ependymoma.