Plasma phosphorylated tau181 as a biomarker of mild traumatic brain injury: findings from THINC and NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium prospective cohorts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate phosphorylated tau (p-tau181) protein in plasma in a cohort of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients and a cohort of concussed athletes. Methods: This pilot study comprised two independent cohorts. The first cohort-part of a Traumatic Head Injury Neuroimaging Classification (THINC) study-with a mean age of 46 years was composed of uninjured controls (UIC, n = 30) and mTBI patients (n = 288) recruited from the emergency department with clinical computed tomography (CT) and research magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. The second cohort-with a mean age of 19 years-comprised 133 collegiate athletes with (n = 112) and without (n = 21) concussions. The participants enrolled in the second cohort were a part of a multicenter, prospective, case-control study conducted by the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium at six CARE Advanced Research Core (ARC) sites between 2015 and 2019. Blood was collected within 48 h of injury for both cohorts. Plasma concentration (pg/ml) of p-tau181 was measured using the Single Molecule Array ultrasensitive assay. Results: Concentrations of plasma p-tau181 in both cohorts were significantly elevated compared to controls within 48 h of injury, with the highest concentrations of p-tau181 within 18 h of injury, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.690-0.748, respectively, in distinguishing mTBI patients and concussed athletes from controls. Among the mTBI patients, the levels of plasma p-tau181 were significantly higher in patients with positive neuroimaging (either CT+/MRI+, n = 74 or CT-/MRI+, n = 89) compared to mTBI patients with negative neuroimaging (CT-/MRI-, n = 111) findings and UIC (P-values < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that plasma p-tau181 concentrations likely relate to brain injury, with the highest levels in patients with neuroimaging evidence of injury. Future research is needed to replicate and validate this protein assay's performance as a possible early diagnostic biomarker for mTBI/concussions.

Clinical Theragnostic Signature of Extracellular Vesicles in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of disability and fatality worldwide. Depending on the clinical presentation, it is a type of acquired brain damage that can be mild, moderate, or severe. The degree of patient's discomfort, prognosis, therapeutic approach, survival rates, and recurrence can all be strongly impacted by an accurate diagnosis made early on. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), along with neuroimaging (MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT scan), is a neurological assessment tools used to evaluate and categorize the severity of TBI based on the patient's level of consciousness, eye opening, and motor response. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a growing domain, explaining neurological complications in a more detailed manner. EVs, in general, play a role in cellular communication. Its molecular signature such as DNA, RNA, protein, etc. contributes to the status (health or pathological stage) of the parental cell. Brain-derived EVs support more specific screening (diagnostic and prognostic) in TBI research. Therapeutic impact of EVs are more promising for aiding in TBI healing. It is nontoxic, biocompatible, and capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to transport therapeutic molecules. This review has highlighted the relationships between EVs and TBI theranostics, EVs and TBI-related clinical trials, and related research domain-associated challenges and solutions. This review motivates further exploration of associations between EVs and TBI and develops a better approach to TBI management.

Are EPB41 and alpha-synuclein diagnostic biomarkers of sport-related concussion? Findings from the NCAA and Department of Defense CARE Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Current protein biomarkers are only moderately predictive at identifying individuals with mild traumatic brain injury or concussion. Therefore, more accurate diagnostic markers are needed for sport-related concussion. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, case-control study of athletes who provided blood samples and were diagnosed with a concussion or were a matched non-concussed control within the National Collegiate Athletic Association-Department of Defense Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education Consortium conducted between 2015 and 2019. The blood was collected within 48 h of injury to identify protein abnormalities at the acute and subacute timepoints. Athletes with concussion were divided into 6 h post-injury (0-6 h post-injury) and after 6 h post-injury (7-48 h post-injury) groups. We applied a highly multiplexed proteomic technique that used a DNA aptamers assay to target 1305 proteins in plasma samples from athletes with and without sport-related concussion. RESULTS: A total of 140 athletes with concussion (79.3% males; aged 18.71 ± 1.10 years, mean ± SD) and 21 non-concussed athletes (76.2% males; 19.14 ± 1.10 years) were included in this study. We identified 338 plasma proteins that significantly differed in abundance (319 upregulated and 19 downregulated) in concussed athletes compared to non-concussed athletes. The top 20 most differentially abundant proteins discriminated concussed athletes from non-concussed athletes with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.954 (95% confidence interval: 0.922‒0.986). Specifically, after 6 h of injury, the individual AUC of plasma erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (EPB41) and alpha-synuclein (SNCA) were 0.956 and 0.875, respectively. The combination of EPB41 and SNCA provided the best AUC (1.000), which suggests this combination of candidate plasma biomarkers is the best for diagnosing concussion in athletes after 6 h of injury. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that proteomic profiling may provide novel diagnostic protein markers and that a combination of EPB41 and SNCA is the most predictive biomarker of concussion after 6 h of injury.

Food Restriction Augmented Alpha1-Adrenergic Mediated Contraction in Mesenteric Arteries.

Food restriction (FR) enhances sensitivity to cardiopulmonary reflexes and α1-adrenoreceptors in females in the presence of hypotension. However, the effect of FR on cardiopulmonary and vascular function in males is not well-understood. This study examines the effects of FR on cardiopulmonary, isolated arterial function, and potential underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups and monitored for 5 weeks: (1) control (n = 30), (2) 20% food reduction (FR20, n = 30), and (3) 40% food reduction (FR40, n = 30). Non-invasive blood pressure was measured twice a week. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was measured using isolated/perfused lungs. The isolated vascular reactivity was assessed using double-wire myographs. FR rats exhibited a lower mean arterial pressure and heart rate; however, only the FR40 group exhibited statistically significant differences. We observed that FR enhanced sensitivity (EC50) to vasoconstriction induced by the α1-adrenoreceptor phenylephrine (PhE) but not to serotonin, U46619, or high K+ in the mesenteric arteries. PhE-mediated vasoconstriction in the mesenteric arteries was eliminated in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor (L-NAME). In addition, incubation with NOX2/4 inhibitors (apocynin, GKT137831, and VAS2870) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger inhibitor (Tiron) eliminated the differences in PhE-mediated vasoconstriction, but the cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) in the mesenteric arteries did not. Augmentation of α1-adrenergic-mediated contraction via the inhibition of the eNOS-NO pathway increased the activation of ROS through NOX2/4 in response to FR. Reduced eNOS-NO signaling may be a pathophysiological counterbalance to prevent hypovolemic shock in response to FR.

Extracellular vesicle miRNAs in breast milk of obese mothers.

Background: Breast milk has abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological molecules (cargo), including miRNAs. EVs are not degraded in the gastrointestinal system and circulation; thus, breast milk EVs (bEVs) are expected to interact with other organs in breastfed infants and modify the gene expression of recipient cells using miRNAs. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is a critical factor influencing the composition of breast milk. Thus, in mothers with obesity, miRNAs in bEVs can be altered, which might be associated with adverse health outcomes in infants. In this study, we examined 798 miRNAs to determine which miRNAs are altered in the bEVs of mothers with obesity and their potential impact on breastfed infants. Methods: We recruited healthy nursing mothers who were either of normal weight (BMI < 25) or with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) based on their pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivered a singleton baby in the prior 6 months. EVs were isolated from breast milk with ultracentrifugation. bEV characteristics were examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging of EV markers. A total of 798 miRNAs were screened using a NanoString human miRNA panel to find differentially expressed miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity compared to mothers of normal weight. Results: We included 65 nursing mothers: 47 of normal weight and 18 with obesity based on pre-pregnancy BMI. After bEV isolation, we confirmed the expression of various EV markers. Out of 37 EV markers, CD326 (EpCaM) was the most highly expressed in bEVs. The most abundant miRNAs in bEVs include miR-30b-5p, miR-4454, miR-494-3p, and let-7 miRNAs. Target genes of the top 10 miRNAs were associated with cancer, prolactin pathway, EGFR, ErbB, and FoxO signaling pathway. In bEVs of mothers with obesity, 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05 cut-off), which include miR-575, miR-630, miR-642a-3p, and miR-652-5p. These miRNAs and their target genes were associated with neurological diseases and psychological disorders. Conclusion: In this study, we characterized bEVs and demonstrated altered miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity and identified the pathways of their potential target genes. Our findings will provide insight for future studies investigating the role of bEVs in breastfed infants.

Proteomic Profiling of Plasma Biomarkers Associated With Return to Sport Following Concussion: Findings From the NCAA and Department of Defense CARE Consortium.

Objective: To investigate the plasma proteomic profiling in identifying biomarkers related to return to sport (RTS) following a sport-related concussion (SRC). Methods: This multicenter, prospective, case-control study was part of a larger cohort study conducted by the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium, athletes (n = 140) with blood collected within 48 h of injury and reported day to asymptomatic were included in this study, divided into two groups: (1) recovery <14-days (n = 99) and (2) recovery ≥14-days (n = 41). We applied a highly multiplexed proteomic technique that uses DNA aptamers assay to target 1,305 proteins in plasma samples from concussed athletes with <14-days and ≥14-days. Results: We identified 87 plasma proteins significantly dysregulated (32 upregulated and 55 downregulated) in concussed athletes with recovery ≥14-days relative to recovery <14-days groups. The significantly dysregulated proteins were uploaded to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software for analysis. Pathway analysis showed that significantly dysregulated proteins were associated with STAT3 pathway, regulation of the epithelial mesenchymal transition by growth factors pathway, and acute phase response signaling. Conclusion: Our data showed the feasibility of large-scale plasma proteomic profiling in concussed athletes with a <14-days and ≥ 14-days recovery. These findings provide a possible understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism in neurobiological recovery. Further study is required to determine whether these proteins can aid clinicians in RTS decisions.

Elevated Axonal Protein Markers Following Repetitive Blast Exposure in Military Personnel.

Blast exposures that occur during training are common in military personnel; however, the biomarkers that relate to these subtle injuries is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the acute biomarkers related to blast injury in a cohort of military personnel exposure to blast-related training. Thirty-four military personnel who participated in the training program were included in this study. Blood samples were collected before and after repetitive blast-related training on days 2 (n = 19) and days 7 (n = 15). Serum concentration (pg/mL) of tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau181) were measured using an ultrasensitive immunoassay platform. We observed that serum p-tau181 concentrations were elevated after exposed to repetitive blast on days 2 (z = -2.983, p = 0.003) and days 7 (z = -2.158, p = 0.031). Serum tau (z = -2.272, p = 0.023) and NfL (z = -2.158, p = 0.031) levels were significantly elevated after exposure to repetitive blasts on days 7. Our findings indicate that blast exposure affects serum biomarkers indicating axonal injury.

A Pilot Study of Whole-Blood Transcriptomic Analysis to Identify Genes Associated with Repetitive Low-Level Blast Exposure in Career Breachers.

Repetitive low-level blast exposure is one of the major occupational health concerns among US military service members and law enforcement. This study seeks to identify gene expression using microRNA and RNA sequencing in whole-blood samples from experienced breachers and unexposed controls. We performed experimental RNA sequencing using Illumina's HiSeq 2500 Sequencing System, and microRNA analysis using NanoString Technology nCounter miRNA expression panel in whole-blood total RNA samples from 15 experienced breachers and 14 age-, sex-, and race-matched unexposed controls. We identified 10 significantly dysregulated genes between experienced breachers and unexposed controls, with FDR corrected <0.05: One upregulated gene, LINC00996 (long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 996); and nine downregulated genes, IGLV3-16 (immunoglobulin lambda variable 3-16), CD200 (CD200 molecule), LILRB5 (leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B5), ZNF667-AS1 (ZNF667 antisense RNA 1), LMOD1 (leiomodin 1), CNTNAP2 (contactin-associated protein 2), EVPL (envoplakin), DPF3 (double PHD fingers 3), and IGHV4-34 (immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-34). The dysregulated gene expressions reported here have been associated with chronic inflammation and immune response, suggesting that these pathways may relate to the risk of lasting neurological symptoms following high exposures to blast over a career.

Remote blast-related mild traumatic brain injury is associated with differential expression of exosomal microRNAs identified in neurodegenerative and immunological processes.

BACKGROUND: Blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subconcussive blast exposure have been associated, pathologically, with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and, clinically, with cognitive and affective symptoms, but the underlying pathomechanisms of these associations are not well understood. We hypothesized that exosomal microRNA (miRNA) expression, and their relation to neurobehavioral outcomes among Veterans with blunt or blast mild TBI (mTBI) may provide insight into possible mechanisms for these associations and therapeutic targets. METHODS: This is a subanalysis of a larger Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Biomarker Discovery Project. Participants (n = 152) were divided into three groups: Controls (n = 35); Blunt mTBI only (n = 54); and Blast/blast+blunt mTBI (n = 63). Postconcussive and post-traumatic stress symptoms were evaluated using the NSI and PCL-5, respectively. Exosomal levels of 798 miRNA expression were measured. RESULTS: In the blast mTBI group, 23 differentially regulated miRNAs were observed compared to the blunt mTBI group and 23 compared to controls. From the pathway analysis, significantly dysregulated miRNAs in the blast exposure group correlated with inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and androgen receptor pathways. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that chronic neurobehavioral symptoms after blast TBI may pathomechanistically relate to dysregulated cellular pathways involved with neurodegeneration, inflammation, and central hormonal regulation.

Circulating immune cell landscape in patients who had mild ischaemic stroke.

INTRODUCTION: Patients who had a mild ischaemic stroke who present with subtle or resolving symptoms sometimes go undiagnosed, are excluded from treatment and in some cases clinically worsen. Circulating immune cells are potential biomarkers that can assist with diagnosis in ischaemic stroke. Understanding the transcriptomic changes of each cell population caused by ischaemic stroke is critical because they work closely in a complicated relationship. In this study, we investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transcriptomics of patients who had a stroke using a single-cell RNA sequencing to understand peripheral immune response after mild stroke based on the gene expression in an unbiased way. METHODS: Transcriptomes of PBMCsfrom 10 patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke within 24 hours after stroke onset were compared with 9 race-matched/age-matched/gender-matched controls. Individual PBMCs were prepared with ddSeqTM (Illumina-BioRad) and sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. RESULTS: Notable population changes were observed in patients who had a stroke, especially in NK cells and CD14+ monocytes. The number of NK cells was increased, which was further confirmed by flow cytometry. Functional analysis implied that the activity of NK cells also is enhanced in patients who had a stroke. CD14+ monocytes were clustered into two groups; dendritic cell-related CD14+ monocytes and NK cell-related CD14+ monocytes. We found CD14+ monocyte subclusters were dramatically reduced in patients who had a stroke. DISCUSSION: This is the first study demonstrating the increased number of NK cells and new monocyte subclusters of mild ischaemic stroke based on the transcriptomic analysis. Our findings provide the dynamics of circulating immune response that could assist diagnosis and potential therapeutic development of mild ischaemic stroke.

Extracellular vesicle-associated cytokines in sport-related concussion.

Growing evidence suggests that sport-related concussion results in a robust inflammatory response that can be measured in serum or plasma and is predictive of symptom recovery. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EV) derived from serum or plasma have emerged as a promising source of biomarkers for neurological disorders like concussion because they may better reflect central immunological activity. However, the association of acute concussion with EV-associated cytokines has not yet been systematically studied in humans. We tested the hypothesis that EV-associated cytokines are elevated acutely and predictive of symptom duration following concussion in a cohort of high-school and collegiate football players. Players were enrolled and provided serum samples at a preseason baseline visit (N = 857). An additional blood draw was obtained in players that subsequently suffered a concussion (N = 23) within 6-hours post-injury and in matched, uninjured players (N = 44). Concentrations of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1ß, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor were measured in EV and EV-depleted serum samples. EV-associated IL-6 was significantly elevated post-injury relative to baseline levels and controls (ps < 0.01). In EV-depleted samples, IL-1RA was significantly elevated post-injury relative to baseline levels and controls (ps < 0.01). Time-to-event analyses showed that post-injury EV-associated IL-6 levels were positively associated with the number of days that injured athletes reported symptoms (p < 0.05). These results highlight the potential of EV-associated cytokines as biomarkers of concussion.

Extracellular Vesicle Levels of Nervous System Injury Biomarkers in Critically Ill Trauma Patients with and without Traumatic Brain Injury.

Moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes injury patterns with heterogeneous pathology producing varying outcomes for recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles containing a myriad of molecules involved in cell signaling. EVs may hold promise as biomarkers in TBI because of their encapsulation, including improved stability/decreased degradation. A subset of subjects with and without TBI from a prospective, observational trial of critically ill trauma patients were analyzed. Total EV levels of glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP) and neuronal/axonal (ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], neurofilament light chain [NfL], and total-tau) proteins were measured using single-molecule array technology. Protein levels were winsorized to address outliers and log transformed for analysis. Patients with multiple injuries (n = 41) and isolated body injury (n = 73) were of similar age and sex. Patients with multiple injuries were, as expected, more severely injured with higher Injury Severity Scores (29 [26-41] vs. 21 [14-26], p < 0.001) and lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (12 [4-13] vs. 13 [13-13], p < 0.001). Total body EVs of GFAP, UCH-L1, and NfL were higher in those with multiple injuries (1768 [932-4780] vs. 239 [63-589], p < 0.001; 75.4 [47.8-158.3] vs. 41.5 [21.5-67.1], p = 0.03; 7.5 [3.3-12.3] vs. 2.9 [2.1-4.8], p < 0.001, respectively). There was a moderate correlation between the Head Abbreviated Injury Score and GFAP (free circulating rho = 0.62, EV rho = 0.64; both p < 0.001). Brain-derived proteins contained in EV holds promise as an informative approach to biomarker measurement after TBI in hospitalized patients. Future evaluation and longitudinal studies are necessary to draw conclusions regarding the clinical utility of these biomarkers.

Sex Differences in Behavioral Symptoms and the Levels of Circulating GFAP, Tau, and NfL in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of Americans each year and has been shown to disproportionately impact those subject to greater disparities in health. Female sex is one factor that has been associated with disparities in health outcomes, including in TBI, but sex differences in biomarker levels and behavioral outcomes after TBI are underexplored. This study included participants with both blunt and blast TBI with majority rating their TBI as mild. Time since injury was 5.4 (2.0, 15.5) years for females and 6.8 (2.4, 11.3) years for males. The aim of this cross sectional study is to investigate the relationship between postconcussive, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, as well as health related quality of life (HRQOL), and the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), total tau (t-tau), neurofilament light chain (NfL), and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). Behavioral outcomes were evaluated with the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), PTSD Checklist- Civilian Version (PCL-C), short form (SF)-36, and plasma levels of total tau, GFAP, NfL, and UCHL-1 measured with the Simoa-HDX. We observed that females had significantly higher levels of GFAP and tau (ps < 0.05), and higher PHQ-9 scores, NSI total scores, NSI- vestibular, NSI-somatosensory, NSI-affective sub-scale scores (ps < 0.05)), than males. In addition, females had lower scores in HRQOL outcomes of role limitations due to emotional problems, vitality, emotional well-being, social functioning, and pain compared to males (ps < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed positive associations between levels of tau and the NSI-total and NSI-cognitive sub-scale scores (ps < 0.05) in females. No significant associations were found for NfL or GFAP with NSI scores. For female participants, negative correlations were observed between tau and NfL concentrations and the SF-36 physical function subscale (ps < 0.05), as well as tau and the social function subscale (p < 0.001), while GFAP levels positively correlated with role limitations due to emotional problems (p = 0.004). No significant associations were observed in males. Our findings suggest that sex differences exist in TBI-related behavioral outcomes, as well as levels of biomarkers associated with brain injury, and that the relationship between biomarker levels and behavioral outcomes is more evident in females than males. Future studies are warranted to corroborate these results, and to determine the implications for prognosis and treatment. The identification of candidate TBI biomarkers may lead to development of individualized treatment guidelines.

Neuronally-derived tau is increased in experienced breachers and is associated with neurobehavioral symptoms.

Military and law enforcement breachers are exposed to many low-level blasts during their training and occupational experiences in which they detonate explosives to force entry into secured structures. There is a concern that exposure to these repetitive blast events in career breachers could result in cumulative neurological effects. This study aimed to determine concentrations of neurofilament light (NF-L), tau, and amyloid-beta 42 (Aß42) in serum and in neuronal-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in an experienced breacher population, and to examine biomarker associations with neurobehavioral symptoms. Thirty-four participants enrolled in the study: 20 experienced breachers and 14 matched military or civilian law enforcement controls. EV tau concentrations were significantly elevated in experienced breachers (0.3301 ± 0.5225) compared to controls (-0.4279 ± 0.7557; F = 10.43, p = 0.003). No statistically significant changes were observed in EV levels of NF-L or Aß42 or in serum levels of NF-L, tau, or Aß42 (p's > 0.05). Elevated EV tau concentrations correlated with increased Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) score in experienced breachers (r = 0.596, p = 0.015) and predicted higher NSI score (F(1,14) = 7.702, p = 0.015, R2 = 0.355). These findings show that neuronal-derived EV concentrations of tau are significantly elevated and associated with neurobehavioral symptoms in this sample of experienced breachers who have a history of many low-level blast exposures.

Extracellular Vesicle Proteins and MicroRNAs Are Linked to Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Service Members and Veterans With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common in military populations, and frequently associated with a history of combat-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In this study, we examined relationships between severity of PTSD symptoms and levels of extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins and miRNAs measured in the peripheral blood in a cohort of military service members and Veterans (SMs/Vs) with chronic mTBI(s). Participants (n = 144) were divided into groups according to mTBI history and severity of PTSD symptoms on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). We analyzed EV levels of 798 miRNAs (miRNAs) as well as EV and plasma levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL), Tau, Amyloid beta (Aß) 42, Aß40, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We observed that EV levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) were elevated in participants with more severe PTSD symptoms (PCL-5 ≥ 38) and positive mTBI history, when compared to TBI negative controls (p = 0.024) and mTBI participants with less severe PTSD symptoms (p = 0.006). Levels of EV NfL, plasma NfL, and hsa-miR-139-5p were linked to PCL-5 scores in regression models. Our results suggest that levels of NfL, a marker of axonal damage, are associated with PTSD symptom severity in participants with remote mTBI. Specific miRNAs previously linked to neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes, and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways, among others, were also associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms. Our findings provide insights into possible signaling pathways linked to the development of persistent PTSD symptoms after TBI and biological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to PTSD.

Identification of DNA Methylation Changes That Predict Onset of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Following Physical Trauma.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly experienced after exposure to highly stressful events, including physical trauma, yet, biological predictors remain elusive. Methylation of DNA may provide key insights, as it likely is reflective of factors that may increase the risk in trauma patients, as DNA methylation is altered by previous stressors. Here, we compared DNA methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing in patients with a physical trauma that required more than a 24-h hospitalization (n = 33). We then compared DNA methylation in patients who developed and compared the following groups (1) PTSD and MDD; n = 12), (2) MDD (patients with MDD only; n = 12), and (3) control (patients who did not have PTSD or MDD; n = 9), determined by the PTSD Checklist (PCL-5) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) at 6-months follow-up. We identified 17 genes with hypermethylated cytosine sites and 2 genes with hypomethylated sites in comparison between PTSD and control group. In comparison between MDD and control group, we identified 12 genes with hypermethylated cytosine sites and 6 genes with hypomethylated sites. Demethylation of these genes altered the CREB signaling pathway in neurons and may represent a promising therapeutic development target for PTSD and MDD. Our findings suggest that epigenetic changes in these gene regions potentially relate to the onset and symptomology of PTSD and MDD and could be used as potential biomarkers in predicting the onset of PTSD or MDD following traumatic events.

Downregulation of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase and Protein Kinase G With Upregulated ROCK2 in the Pulmonary Artery Leads to Thromboxane A2 Sensitization in Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats.

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) promotes various physiological responses including pulmonary artery (PA) contraction, and pathophysiological implications have been suggested in cardiovascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension. Here, we investigated the role of TXA2 receptor (TP)-mediated signaling in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The sensitivity of PA to the contractile agonist could be set by relaxing signals such as the nitric oxide (NO), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) pathways. Changes in the TP agonist (U46619)-induced PA contraction and its modulation by NO/cGMP signaling were analyzed in a monocrotaline-induced PAH rat model (PAH-MCT). In the myograph study, PA from PAH-MCT showed higher responsiveness to U46619, that is decreased EC50. Immunoblot analysis revealed a lower expression of eNOS, sGC, and PKG, while there was a higher expression of RhoA-dependent kinase 2 (ROCK2) in the PA from PAH-MCT than in the control. In PAH-MCT, the higher sensitivity to U46619 was reversed by 8-Br-cGMP, a membrane-permeable cGMP analog, but not by the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP 30 µM). In contrast, in the control PA, inhibition of sGC by its inhibitor (1H- [1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), 10 µM) lowered the threshold of U46619-induced contraction. In the presence of ODQ, SNP treatment had no effect whereas the addition of 8-Br-cGMP lowered the sensitivity to U46619. The inhibition of ROCK by Y-27632 attenuated the sensitivity to U46619 in both control and PAH-MCT. The study suggests that the attenuation of NO/cGMP signaling and the upregulation of ROCK2 increase the sensitivity to TXA2 in the PAH animal, which might have pathophysiological implications in patients with PAH.

Exosomal microRNA Differential Expression in Plasma of Young Adults with Chronic Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Healthy Control.

Chronic mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has long-term consequences, such as neurological disability, but its pathophysiological mechanism is unknown. Exosomal microRNAs (exomiRNAs) may be important mediators of molecular and cellular changes involved in persistent symptoms after mTBI. We profiled exosomal microRNAs (exomiRNAs) in plasma from young adults with or without a chronic mTBI to decipher the underlying mechanisms of its long-lasting symptoms after mTBI. We identified 25 significantly dysregulated exomiRNAs in the chronic mTBI group (n = 29, with 4.48 mean years since the last injury) compared to controls (n = 11). These miRNAs are associated with pathways of neurological disease, organismal injury and abnormalities, and psychological disease. Dysregulation of these plasma exomiRNAs in chronic mTBI may indicate that neuronal inflammation can last long after the injury and result in enduring and persistent post-injury symptoms. These findings are useful for diagnosing and treating chronic mTBIs.

Breast and cervical cancer screening for risk assessment in Cambodian women.

The estimated mortality rates for breast and cervical cancer in Cambodia are high, perhaps because the Cambodian population lacks information about their detection and prevention. This cross-sectional study assessed the distribution of cervical cancers among and the behavioural and clinical characteristics of Cambodian women. It comprised 1039 Cambodian women who were interviewed between August 2013 and January 2016; the interviews were conducted in person using structured questionnaires. Among the participants, 801 (77.2%) and 709 (68.3%) had heard of cervical cancer and cervical cancer detection tests, respectively. However, 830 (80.2%) had never undergone a Pap smear, and 633 (60.9%) had never heard of breast self-examination. Despite the high mortality rates for breast and cervical cancer in Cambodia, only a small percentage of the participants had risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption) for female cancers. A nationwide survey of the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to female cancers is recommended.Impact StatementWhat is already known on this subject? The estimated incidence and mortality rates of breast and cervical cancers in Cambodia are high. How much Cambodian women know about these cancers and whether they are receptive to cancer screening are questions requiring further study.What do the results of this study add? To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the female cancer-related behavioural and clinical characteristics of Cambodian women. We show that rural Cambodian women are mostly unaware of breast and cervical cancer screening and that only a small percentage had risk factors for these cancers, despite the high incidence of these cancers in Cambodia.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our findings potentially aid the design of programmes that increase awareness of breast and cervical cancers in Cambodia. Such programmes would be expected to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of these cancers in this country. Nationwide screening programmes for female cancers should be implemented in Cambodia.

Decreased inward rectifier and voltage-gated K+ currents of the right septal coronary artery smooth muscle cells in pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats.

In vascular smooth muscle, K+ channels, such as voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv), inward-rectifier K+ channels (Kir), and big-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa), establish a hyperpolarized membrane potential and counterbalance the depolarizing vasoactive stimuli. Additionally, Kir mediates endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization and the active hyperemia response in various vessels, including the coronary artery. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induces right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), thereby elevating the risk of ischemia and right heart failure. Here, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we compared Kv and Kir current densities (IKv and IKir) in the left (LCSMCs), right (RCSMCs), and septal branches of coronary smooth muscle cells (SCSMCs) from control and monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats exhibiting RVH. In control rats, (1) IKv was larger in RCSMCs than that in SCSMCs and LCSMCs, (2) IKv inactivation occurred at more negative voltages in SCSMCs than those in RCSMCs and LCSMCs, (3) IKir was smaller in SCSMCs than that in RCSMCs and LCSMCs, and (4) IBKCa did not differ between branches. Moreover, in PAH rats, IKir and IKv decreased in SCSMCs, but not in RCSMCs or LCSMCs, and IBKCa did not change in any of the branches. These results demonstrated that SCSMC-specific decreases in IKv and IKir occur in an MCT-induced PAH model, thereby offering insights into the potential pathophysiological implications of coronary blood flow regulation in right heart disease. Furthermore, the relatively smaller IKir in SCSMCs suggested a less effective vasodilatory response in the septal region to the moderate increase in extracellular K+ concentration under increased activity of the myocardium.