[The formation of state institutions of health care and development of medical business in Russia in the second half of XVI century].

The article considers historical characteristics of process of origin and formation of the health care system in Russia as process of state organizational activities. The starting point of the mentioned process is determined the period of the second half of XVI century that initiated becoming of institutional foundations of the whole health care system in Russia establishing the priority of state power initiative in becoming and development of the given processes. The significant role of foreign factor in development of medicine business in Russia during the given historical period is emphasized. The role of English medical men in popularization of European practice of medical treatment at the Tsar's court and in becoming of state institutions of health care is specially emphasized. At that, the state character of formation of health care system in Russia is stressed and is considered as national feature related to paternalistic character of the state authority itself. The specific facts of history of becoming of national health care system are considered in the context of universal historical development. On the whole, the period of governing of the Russian Tsars of second half of XVI century - Ivan VI the Terrible, Fedor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, - is considered as unconditionally positive one in the process of becoming of the state medicine in Russia.

[GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SYMPTOM IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2].

The data of the literature and own data on the frequency and mechanisms of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 are discussed. Changes in the gastrointestinal tract with diabetes mellitus type 2 are detected over its entire length and occur more frequently than in the general population. Among the reasons of it the presence of autonomic neuropathy, factor of hyperglycemia, increased anxiety and depression in patients are discussed.

Blood microvesicles during chronic lymphoproliferative diseases.

The levels of CD19 (+) and CD20(+) microvesicles were estimated in the blood of patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma by flow cytometry method. It was found that the number of B cell microvesicles is several times higher in patients than in volunteers. The level of CD20 (+) microvesicles directly correlated with the number of CD20(+) lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphoproliferative diseases. Extramedullary tumors cells can be a source of CD19 (+) microvesicles.

Cholesterol-induced stimulation of postinflammatory liver fibrosis.

We studied the effect of high-cholesterol diet and factors inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase on the development of liver fibrosis in C57Bl/6 mice with CCl4- or zymosan-induced hepatitis. Feeding a high-cholesterol diet led to a sharp increase in collagen content in the liver tissue of animals with CCl4-induced or zymosan-induced hepatitis. Atorvastatin and calcitriol produced less pronounced fibrogenic effects. Mevalonate partially prevented the development of cholesterol-induced fibrogenesis. High-cholesterol diet led to accumulation of oxysterols, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides and increased the expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA in liver tissue. Cholesterol-induced potentiation of the fibrogenic response is probably associated with transforming growth factor-beta1 induction due to accumulation of lipids and oxysterols in the liver.

Functional activity of P-glycoprotein in lymphocytes of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases.

Functional activity of P-glycoprotein in lymphocytes of patients with lymphoproliferative diseases was studied using rhodamine 123. Functional activity of P-glycoprotein in patients receiving a course of chemotherapy was lower than in controls. P-glycoprotein activity was higher in patients receiving more aggressive therapy. Initially activity of P-glycoprotein was higher in patients who did not respond to chemotherapy in comparison with those whose clinical status improved after a course of chemotherapy.

Motor and associative deficits in D2 dopamine receptor knockout mice.

Behavioral abnormalities produced by D2 dopamine receptor gene deletion in mice have been attributed either to resulting Parkinson-like features (i.e. response slowing and response initiation difficulties) or to behavioral deficits contributed by alleles of the originating 129Sv strain. Three strategies were used to address these conflicting hypotheses: (1) we used mice congenic at n10 backcross into the C57BL/6 line to minimize the 129Sv contribution; (2) we compared mice that were wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), or homozygous (-/-) for the D2 gene with the two most relevant inbred lines (129Sv and C57BL/6) and (3) we used both conventional and novel behavioral assessment methods. Behavioral attributes were expressed in terms of locomotor activity, wall rearing, rotarod performance, operant response acquisition, operant response performance, lick dynamics (force, rhythm), grip strength, and tremor in response to harmaline challenge. Results showed that, compared to controls, the -/- mice exhibited longer duration wall rears, retarded operant response acquisition, increased latencies to move from the operandum to the reward well, and exaggerated response to harmaline. Age was investigated as a variable (10-11 weeks versus 41-44 weeks of age) in the locomotor activity and wall rear assessments. A gene dosage effect (deficits in the +/- mice) on these two variables became apparent in the older mice. Taken together, the results showed that mice without the D2 gene exhibited Parkinson-like behavioral features that were not easily attributed to alleles contributed by the 129Sv strain, but were consistent with basal ganglia dysfunction.

Haloperiodol-induced microcatalepsy differs in CD-1, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice.

The degree of arrest of movement (microcatalepsy) induced by haloperidol at doses equipotent for operant rate suppression was measured with computerized instrumentation. The inbred C57BL/6 mouse strain displayed more susceptibility to microcatalepsy than the CD-1 and BALB/c strains. In addition, the C57BL/6 strain exhibited a greater degree of sensitization to repeated dosing than did the other 2 strains. The results were consistent with the C57BL/6 mouse's hypodopaminergic profile reported in the literature but were at odds with results reported for conventional catalepsy testing. The C57BL/6 mouse may serve as a model for genetic vulnerability to extrapyramidal motor side effects and may be useful in quantifying the mild extrapyramidal motor side effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs.

A force-plate actometer for quantitating rodent behaviors: illustrative data on locomotion, rotation, spatial patterning, stereotypies, and tremor.

This report describes a new kind of actometer for recording the behavior of rodents or other small animals. The instrument, a force-plate actometer, uses a stiff, low-mass horizontal plate coupled to four supporting force transducers positioned at the corners of the plate. When an animal moves on the plate, its movements are sensed by the transducers whose signals are processed by computer to yield measurements of a wide range of behaviors or behavioral attributes, such as locomotor activity, rotation around the center, whole-body tremor, and amphetamine-induced stereotypies. Spatial resolution is less than 1 mm, and temporal resolution is 0.02 s. Sample data were presented comparing the locomotor activity of CD-1, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice before and after treatment with D-amphetamine sulfate. Rotational behavior was recorded in an amphetamine-treated rat that had sustained a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal system. In the C57BL/6 mouse, harmaline-induced tremor was quantified. With rats as subjects, the force-plate actometer was used to quantify amphetamine-induced stereotypies, to demonstrate the development of sensitization to amphetamine's effects, and to quantitate the consistent 11-12 Hz rhythmicities that underlie the sterotypies. The performance of the force-plate actometer was compared with that of a variety of instruments reported in the literature on behavioral instrumentation. Finally, potential applications in neuroscience research other than those illustrated in this report were discussed.

Influence of arm positioning on tomographic thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging and the effect of attenuation correction.

Lateral attenuation in single-photon emission tomography (SPET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has been attributed to the left arm if it is held by the patient's side during data acquisition. As a result MPI data are conventionally acquired with the arms held above the head. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of imaging arms down on reconstructed tomographic images depicting regional myocardial thallium-201 distribution and to assess whether attenuation-corrected (AC) myocardial perfusion images acquired arms down could replace uncorrected (NC) images acquired arms up for routine clinical service. Twenty-eight patients referred for routine MPI underwent sequential 180 degrees emission/transmission imaging for attenuation correction using an L-shaped dual-headed gamma camera (GE Optima) fitted with two gadolinium-153 scanning line sources. Delay data were acquired twice: once supine with the arms up and then supine with the arms down. Detector radius of rotation (ROR) for arms up and arms-down studies was recorded. For each data set, count density was measured in 17 segments of a polar plot and segmental uptake expressed relative to study maximum. Oblique images were assessed qualitatively by two observers blinded to study type for tracer distribution and overall quality. Transmission maps were assessed for truncation. Mean detector ROR was 190 mm for arms-up studies and 232 mm for arms-down studies (P<0.05). Population mean segmental relative uptake values for NC arms-up studies were higher than for NC arms-down studies, with the greatest difference seen anterolaterally. Nevertheless, the majority (24/28) of oblique NC arms-up and NC arms-down images appeared similar and only four (14%) NC arms-down studies showed additional areas of reduced count density (one anterior and three lateral). Corresponding AC arms-down studies showed that count density within the anterior defect improved to normal but the lateral reductions persisted, and in two of these three studies the arms-down transmission map was distorted. Population mean segmental relative uptake values for NC arms-down studies were lower than for AC arms-down studies apart from three anterolateral segments where NC arms-down values were higher. Of 28 AC arms-down studies, 11 (39%) were of reduced quality compared with NC arms-up studies because of poorer spatial resolution and because AC enhances liver activity compared with NC. It is concluded that arm positioning influences reconstructed tomographic images depicting regional 201T1 distribution, particularly anterolaterally. There is lateral undercorrection in approximately 10% of AC arms-down studies, possibly because of attenuation map truncation. Image quality is reduced in about one-third of AC armsdown studies compared with NC arms-up studies. These data suggest that this attenuation correction method is not sufficiently robust to allow routine acquisition of MPI data with the arms down.

[An assessment of the efficacy of stress-protector pharmacological preparations and hyperbaric oxygenation in patients in the perioperative period]. / Otsenka éffektivnosti stress-protektornykh farmakologicheskikh preparatov i giperbaricheskoi oksigenatsii u bol'nykh v perioperatsionnom periode.

Modulating effects of some drugs and HBO on adaptation reaction have been studied in 74 surgical patients. Investigation methods included cardiac rhythm record (statistical analysis with histogram plotting--sympathetic activity index), tcpO2, tcpCO2, SaO2, finger pulse amplitude (vasomotor tone evaluation), and evaluation of changes in arterial pressure and heart rate. The treatment included intravenous propranolol (0.92-1.38 micrograms/kg/min) or cordanum (1.85-2.7 micrograms/kg/min) or clonidine (0.018-0.037 microgram/kg/min) or dalargin (0.55-0.83 microgram/kg/min) HBO-100% O2 for 1 h at 1.5 ATA during increase of sympathetic activity. The results indicate that all drugs and HBO modulate the adaptation response of the organism and improve the outcomes of surgery.

The relationship between isometric force requirement and forelimb tremor in the rat.

To explore the effects of isometric force of rodent forelimb contraction on forelimb tremor, rats were trained to press downward on an isometric force transducer to raise a water-filled dipper cup and maintain force to keep the dipper in the raised position while licking. Force requirements were then manipulated parametrically to measure the effects of escalating force output on forelimb tremor and other variables. In the Peak-Force greater than Hold-Force (PF > HF) manipulation, the forces required to raise the dipper were 20, 40, and 60 g (each condition for about 2 weeks), while the force required to maintain the dipper in the raised position remained 6.7 g for all three conditions. In the Peak-Force equal to the Hold-Force (PF = HF) manipulation, rats were required to maintain the "dipper-raising" force throughout the response. The forces required were 20 g, 40 g, and 60 g (each for 2 weeks). For all force requirement manipulations, data were analyzed within and across conditions. As expected, force output increased with increased force requirements. Spectral analysis of force-time records revealed that during all manipulations, high-frequency (>10 Hz) forelimb tremor increased with increased force output, an effect that is consistent with human studies, and that may reflect increases in the number of motor units firing at higher rates. Additionally, with the exception of the 60-g PF = HF condition, there were within-condition decreases in tremor and increases in task engagement, evidence suggesting increased muscle strength as a function of experience (i.e., "physical training"). Taken together, the results suggest that the rodent-based method may provide a valuable, noninvasive functional assay for animal models of disorders that affect skeletal muscle control in humans.

[The effect of adaptation to a course of stress-inducing electrostimulation on the reactivity of an isolated resistive artery]. / Vliianie adaptatsii k kursu stressindutsiruiushchei élektrostimuliatsii na reaktivnost' izolirovannoi rezistivnoi arterii.

Repeated stress adaptation made with a course of electrostimulation was found to result in changes in the responsiveness of the rat isolated tail artery taken from adapted animals. These changes appeared as decreased vasoconstrictive responses to norepinephrine and significantly higher endothelium-dependent vasodilation induced by acetylcholine and the beta-agonist isoproterenol. The regulatory shift occurred towards vasodilation of the resistive artery makes the studies of the impact of stress adaptation on blood pressures in hypertension promising.

[Cardioprotective effects of adaptation to restraint stress and hypoxia]. / Kardioprotektornye éffekty adaptatsii k immobilizatsionnym stressam i gipoksii.

Isolated rat heart experiments have revealed that restraint stress adaptation results in enhanced resistance of the isolated heart to reperfusion. There is also a higher resistance to the autolysis of the organelles isolated from the hearts of stress-adapted animals. This complex of changes is designated as a phenomenon of adaptive stabilization of structures (PhASS). The phenomenon developing in restraint stress adaptation substantially limits arrhythmias, contracture, contraction amplitude depression, and creatine kinase release into the perfusate in thermal damage to the isolated rat heart. Simultaneously, PhASS is accompanied by a multiple increase in five hsp70 isoforms with pI 5.8-6.3 in cytosol and two isoforms with pI about 6.3 in the nucleoplasm. Only two hsp70 isoforms with pI about 5.8 accumulate solely in cytosol during adaptation to intermittent hypoxia. Consistently, the resistance of Ca(2+)-pump and nuclear DNA remains unchanged and the protection against reperfusion and thermal damage are several times less pronounced.

[Adaptive stabilization of myocardium under the influence of electroacupuncture and cardiac protection]. / Vozniknovenie fenomena adaptatsionnoi stabilizatsii struktur miokarda pod vliianiem élektroakupunktury i zashchita serdtsa.

Adaptation of animals to short-term stress is known to result in the development of the adaptive structure stabilization phenomenon. At the level of the heart, the phenomenon appears as increased resistance to elevated catecholamine and calcium levels, reperfusion paradox. This study attempted to reproduce the phenomenon without applying any stress, but using a course of transauricular electric acupuncture. The isolated hearts of rats undergoing a course of the acupuncture were ascertained to show a clear-cut high resistance to the reperfusion paradox. After coronary ligation, the extent of necrosis in the animals having the acupuncture was significantly lower, as in those adapted to stress. The assumption that the phenomenon forming the basis for cardioprotective effects develops with electric acupuncture is discussed in the paper.