Photonic crystal resonators for inverse-designed multi-dimensional optical interconnects.

We experimentally demonstrate a 400 Gbit/s optical communication link utilizing wavelength-division multiplexing and mode-division multiplexing for a total of 40 channels. This link utilizes a novel, to the best of our knowledge, 400 GHz frequency comb source based on a chip-scale photonic crystal resonator. Silicon-on-insulator photonic inverse-designed 4 × 4 mode-division multiplexer structures enable a fourfold increase in data capacity. We show less than -10 dBm of optical receiver power for error-free data transmission in 34 out of a total of 40 channels using a PRBS31 pattern.

Observation of Mollow Triplets with Tunable Interactions in Double Lambda Systems of Individual Hole Spins.

Although individual spins in quantum dots have been studied extensively as qubits, their investigation under strong resonant driving in the scope of accessing Mollow physics is still an open question. Here, we have grown high quality positively charged quantum dots embedded in a planar microcavity that enable enhanced light-matter interactions. Under a strong magnetic field in the Voigt configuration, individual positively charged quantum dots provide a double lambda level structure. Using a combination of above-band and resonant excitation, we observe the formation of Mollow triplets on all optical transitions. We find that when the strong resonant drive power is used to tune the Mollow-triplet lines through each other, we observe anticrossings. We also demonstrate that the interaction that gives rise to the anticrossings can be controlled in strength by tuning the polarization of the resonant laser drive. Quantum-optical modeling of our system fully captures the experimentally observed spectra and provides insight on the complicated level structure that results from the strong driving of the double lambda system.

On-Chip Generation, Routing, and Detection of Resonance Fluorescence.

Quantum optical circuits can be used to generate, manipulate, and exploit nonclassical states of light to push semiconductor based photonic information technologies to the quantum limit. Here, we report the on-chip generation of quantum light from individual, resonantly excited self-assembled InGaAs quantum dots, efficient routing over length scales ≥1 mm via GaAs ridge waveguides, and in situ detection using evanescently coupled integrated NbN superconducting single photon detectors fabricated on the same chip. By temporally filtering the time-resolved luminescence signal stemming from single quantum dots we use the quantum optical circuit to perform time-resolved excitation spectroscopy on single dots and demonstrate resonance fluorescence with a line-width of 10 ± 1 µeV; key elements needed for the use of single photons in prototypical quantum photonic circuits.

Bone marrow involvement and the prognosis of low grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

AIM: To analyze the bone marrow (BM) infiltration in low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (LGNHL) and assess its association with the histopathology type, clinical behavior, and disease prognosis. METHOD: BM smears obtained by needle biopsy and stained by standard methods were analyzed in 60 patients with LGNHL using the Working Formulation. RESULTS: BM infiltration was observed in 57% of the lymphocytic lymphomas (A), in 48% of lymphoplasmocytic/ plasmocytoid lymphomas (AI), and in 31% of follicular lymphomas (follicular small cleaved cell and follicular mixed B and C). The difference was not significant. The 5-year survival rates for patients with and without bone marrow infiltration were 53% and 56% respectively, and 10-year survival rates were 31% and 45% (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The presence of bone marrow infiltration at diagnosis did not significantly affect the prognosis of LGNHL.

Prognostic relevance of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas cell cycle data.

Determination of proliferative activity of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), aimed at improving the prediction of their clinical behavior, has gained considerable attention in the recent years. Flow cytometry has allowed rapid measurement of the cellular DNA content in terms of ploidy and proliferative activity. Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on paraffin embedded biopsy specimens taken from 125 patients with NHL. In 90 of them, proliferative index (PI) could be accurately measured and correlated with histology grade of the Working Formulation (WF). Intermediate and high grade NHL (54 patients) were analyzed together as HG-NHL. With the discrimination point for PI of 10%, the survival of high and low proliferative lymphomas was compared in the whole NHL group and within the WF prognostic groups. The median PI was 5% in LG (low grade) NHL and 10% in HG (high grade) NHL group. Acturial survival in NHL with high proliferative activity (39 patients) was 31% at 5 years and 15% at 10 years, and in NHL with low proliferative activity (51 patients) 53% and 18%, respectively (p = 0.002). In HG-NHL, survival at 5 years for low proliferative cases was 55% and for high proliferative cases 28% (p = 0.065), whereas in the LG-NHL group it was 54% and 28%, respectively (p = 0.059). The survival at 10 years was nearly equal in all groups. Proliferative index was associated with the overall survival of NHL in the whole group, as well as within the LG and HG prognostic categories. PI could differentiate more and less aggressive NHLs both within LG-NHL and HG-NHL. A tendency of survival curves toward continuous relapse was observed in low proliferative NHL and a tendency toward "plateau" in high proliferative NHL, irrespective of the histology grade.

Prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

Eighty-seven patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) were followed for a period of 1-20 years, median 91 months. Transformation to multiple myeloma occurred in 14 patients of whom seven died as a consequence of the disease. There were 13 unrelated deaths. The actuarial probability of survival was 80% at 10 years and 44% at 15 years and the probabilities of malignant conversion for the same periods were 17% and 30% respectively. The most significant factor influencing the probability of malignant conversion was the increase of monoclonal protein above the level of 30 g/l during the observation period (P<0.001), followed by an increase of M-protein to more than 50% above the baseline level (P=0.02) and a decreased level of uninvolved immunoglobulins (P=0.054).

Prognostic parameters in low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

In a group of 73 patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (LG NHL) a multivariate analysis of the following variables was performed: pathological types following the International Working Formulation, clinical stage, B-symptoms, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin level, white blood cell and lymphocyte count, serum gamma globulin level, serum total lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level, mitotic and complete remission. The patients with lymphocytic lymphoma manifested the best survival in this group. Low-proliferative lymphomas showed better survival than high-proliferative lymphomas at 3 and 10 years. B-symptoms, serum total LDH level and complete remission were significant independent prognostic factors.

Significance of aneuploidy in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

The incidence of aneuploidy was determined by flow cytometric analysis in paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 125 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). There were 48 low-grade (LG) and 77 high-grade (HG) tumors. Aneuploidy was found in 34 (27%) NHL, 15 (31%) LG, and 19 (25%) HG tumors. The analysis of patient survival showed a significantly better survival of patients with LG than HG NHL, but the presence of aneuploidy did not influence the survival on the level of all patients, patients with LG or patients with HG NHL. In patients with LG NHL a tendency of diploid vs. aneuploid patients to survive longer was observed, but only at P = 0.056 significance level.

Prognostic value of cytophotometric analysis of DNA in lymph node aspirates from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

To classify cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in terms of expected clinical behaviour and survival, kinetic parameters measured by cytophotometry were assessed in 62 patients between 1978 and 1987. The influence of the number of cells with increased DNA content (more than 2N) on survival was evaluated. Analyses were carried out on the small samples obtained by needle aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes before treatment, using microdensitometry and Feulgen staining. Patients whose lymphomas contained less than 6% of cells with increased DNA content had a mean survival of 81.3 months and those whose lymphomas contained 6% or more of such cells had a mean survival of 18.5 months. A significant difference in survival using the same criteria was also noticed for patients with both low grade lymphomas and those with intermediate and high grade lymphomas. It is concluded that cytophotometric analysis of lymph node aspirates is of prognostic value in the initial assessment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.