A novel hybrid stent technique to treat canine pulmonic stenosis.

Balloon valvuloplasty is routinely performed in dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis using a transvenous approach. We report a novel transventricular approach to stent the right ventricular outflow tract. An 18-month old Havanese with frequent syncope was referred with a diagnosis of severe valvular pulmonic stenosis. Transvenous approaches were unsuccessful; therefore, two Palmaz XL 29 mm by 12 mm transhepatic biliary stents were deployed across the valve using a direct right ventricular approach. The echocardiographically derived systolic pressure gradient decreased from 133 mmHg to 39 mmHg with resolution of clinical signs. The patient continues to do well after 3 years with occasional syncope when extremely excited despite pressure gradient increases to 130 mmHg at 12 months and 174 mmHg at 22 months.

Respiratory complications of the rheumatological diseases in childhood.

Pleuropulmonary manifestations of rheumatological diseases are rare in children but pose a significant risk to overall morbidity and mortality. We have reviewed the literature to provide an overview of the respiratory complications of the commonest rheumatological diseases to occur in children (juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, juvenile dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, granulomatosis with polyangitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Pulmonary function testing in these patients can be used to refine the differential diagnosis and establish disease severity, but also has a role in ongoing monitoring for respiratory complications. Early detection of pulmonary involvement allows for prompt and targeted therapies to achieve the best outcome for the child. This is best achieved with joint specialist paediatric rheumatology and respiratory reviews in a multidisciplinary setting.

An automated quasi-continuous capillary refill timing device.

Capillary refill time (CRT) is a simple means of cardiovascular assessment which is widely used in clinical care. Currently, CRT is measured through manual assessment of the time taken for skin tone to return to normal colour following blanching of the skin surface. There is evidence to suggest that manually assessed CRT is subject to bias from ambient light conditions, a lack of standardisation of both blanching time and manually applied pressure, subjectiveness of return to normal colour, and variability in the manual assessment of time. We present a novel automated system for CRT measurement, incorporating three components: a non-invasive adhesive sensor incorporating a pneumatic actuator, a diffuse multi-wavelength reflectance measurement device, and a temperature sensor; a battery operated datalogger unit containing a self contained pneumatic supply; and PC based data analysis software for the extraction of refill time, patient skin surface temperature, and sensor signal quality. Through standardisation of the test, it is hoped that some of the shortcomings of manual CRT can be overcome. In addition, an automated system will facilitate easier integration of CRT into electronic record keeping and clinical monitoring or scoring systems, as well as reducing demands on clinicians. Summary analysis of volunteer (n = 30) automated CRT datasets are presented, from 15 healthy adults and 15 healthy children (aged from 5 to 15 years), as their arms were cooled from ambient temperature to 5°C. A more detailed analysis of two typical datasets is also presented, demonstrating that the response of automated CRT to cooling matches that of previously published studies.

Effect of Vishamashana on health: A survey study.

INTRODUCTION: Ayurveda has a novel concept of Vishamashana. Vishamashana means taking food irregularly or without following a particular time. AIMS: In the present era, due to the competitiveness in each and every field of life, today's individual does not get sufficient time for taking food and to maintain its quantity and quality. Vishamashana became a very common habit and trend in the modern developed era. As per the Ayurvedic Siddhanta, Vishamashana aggravates all the three Doshas and it is also said to be an important cause of vitiating the Agni. Hence, present survay was conducted to assess the effect of Vishamashana on health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: survey study has been done on 100 persons having habit of Vishamashana. Persons were divided into two groups: Group A for volunteers and Group B for patients. A special proforma was prepared for the assessment of health status based on Swastha Lakshanas of Charaka Samhita and Kashyapa Samhita. RESULTS: In the survey study, majority of patients of Group B were found to have Avara health status and Group A had Madhyama health Status.

An overview of respiratory problems in children with Down's syndrome.

Respiratory disease is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children with Down's syndrome (DS). Causes range from those problems common to many children with DS, such as a narrow airway or impaired immunity, to rare structural lesions, such as tracheal bronchus. Additionally, other organ systems or extrinsic factors may play a role. A thorough understanding of the range of potential problems will aid in the evaluation and management of children with DS and respiratory symptoms.

A comparison of results using nasoalveolar moulding in cleft infants treated within 1 month of life versus those treated after this period: development of a new protocol.

UNLABELLED: The objectives of this study were to: evaluate the effects of nasoalveolar moulding (NAM) in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate infants presenting for treatment at different ages; propose a new NAM protocol in these patients; improve the predictability of NAM. Study groups comprised: group I (n=15) treated with NAM within 1 month of age; group II (n=15) treated with NAM between 1 and 5 months of age. CONTROL: group III (n=15) comprised of non-cleft 18-month old children. A standard protocol was followed. Patients were evaluated before initiation of NAM, before cheiloplasty and at 18 months. 7 linear anthropometric measurements were compared using dento-facial models. Statistical analysis before and after NAM revealed that group I patients demonstrated 81%, 198%, 69% and 145% improvement in intersegment distance, nasal height, nasal dome height and columella height respectively; whilst group II patients demonstrated 51%, 33%, 21% and 38% improvement for the same. At 18 months, group I patients closely resembled group III patients. This study concluded that the effects of NAM were most significant in group I. Group II patients also benefited from NAM, although to a lesser extent. This study validates the use of NAM in infants presenting late for treatment.

Is there a causal relationship between the hypoxia-ischaemia associated with cardiorespiratory arrest and subdural haematomas? An observational study.

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of subdural haematomas (SDHs) occurring in infants presenting following atraumatic cardiorespiratory collapse. This study was a review of retrospective case notes, brain imaging and post-mortem examinations carried out in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and emergency department (ED) in a tertiary paediatric centre in the UK. The study included infants and children less than 4 years old dying in the ED or admitted to the PICU after atraumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. We identified macroscopic SDHs on brain imaging or post-mortem examination. Of those children who experienced a cardiorespiratory arrest from a non-traumatic cause and met inclusion criteria, 33 presented and died in the ED and 17 were admitted to the PICU. These children had a post-mortem examination, brain imaging or both. None of these infants had a significant SDH. One child had a small clot adherent to the dura found on post-mortem and two had microscopic intradural haemorrhage, but it is unclear in each case whether this was artefact, as each had otherwise normal brains. Subdural haematoma arising in infants or young children in the context of catastrophic cardiorespiratory compromise from a non-traumatic cause was not observed.

Gender differences, work stressors and musculoskeletal disorders in weaving industries.

A study was undertaken to identify the work stressors among male and female weavers (N=516) in powerloom and handloom and examine the association of work stressors with the prevalence of work related musculo-skeletal disorders (MSDs). Physical and psychosocial stresses of work, job diagnostics, hazards of workplace, working environment and MSDs prevalence were assessed. There is high prevalence of MSDs among weavers. Female weavers in powerloom and handloom were more prone to developing MSDs in upper back (OR 1.8; p<0.05 and OR 2.1; p<0.01) and lower back (OR 1.9; p<0.05 and OR 1.8; p<0.05). Male weavers were more prone to developing pain in the knee (OR 2.9; p<0.001), and hand (OR 2.2; p<0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that job duration >10 yr (OR 3.7, p<0.05), manual material handling (OR 3, p<0.05), and poor machinery safety (OR 11, p<0.05), contributed to occurrence of MSDs amongst powerloom weavers. Among the handloom weavers, age >25 yr (OR 3.2, p<0.05), poor machinery design (OR 2.2, p<0.01), mental overload (OR 5.7, p<0.001), skill requirement to perform jobs (OR 20.7, p<0.05) had significant influence in the occurrence of pain. Gender differences exist in the prevalence of MSDs and the perception of work and psycho-social stresses among the weavers.

Oral versus i.v. antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia in children: a cost-minimisation analysis.

Community-acquired pneumonia represents a high financial burden to healthcare providers. This manuscript seeks to estimate and compare the costs of treating children hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia, with oral and intravenous antibiotics, thus determining which treatment is cost minimising. A cost-minimisation analysis was undertaken alongside a randomised controlled non-blinded equivalence trial. 232 children (from eight paediatric centres in England) diagnosed with pneumonia, who required admission to hospital, were randomised to receive oral amoxicillin or i.v. benzyl penicillin. The analysis considered the cost to the health service, patients and society, from pre-admission until the child was fully recovered. Oral amoxicillin and i.v. benzyl penicillin have equivalent efficacy. Children treated with i.v. antibiotics were found to have significantly longer in-patient stays (3.12 versus 1.93 days; p<0.001). i.v. treatment was found to be more expensive than oral treatment ( pound1,256 versus pound769; difference pound488; 95% CI: pound233- pound750), such that treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with oral amoxicillin would result in savings of between pound473 and pound518 per child (euro545 and euro596 per child) admitted. The findings demonstrate that oral amoxicillin is a cost-effective treatment for the majority of children admitted to hospital with pneumonia.

Respiratory medicines for children: current evidence, unlicensed use and research priorities.

This European Respiratory Society task force has reviewed the evidence for paediatric medicines in respiratory disease occurring in adults and children. We describe off-licence use, research priorities and ongoing studies. Off-licence and off-label prescribing in children is widespread and potentially harmful. Research areas in asthma include novel formulations and regimens, and individualised prescribing. In cystic fibrosis, future studies will focus on screened infants and robust outcome measures are needed. Other areas include new enzyme and antibiotic formulations and the basic defect. Research into pneumonia should include evaluation of new antibacterials and regimens, rapid diagnostic tests and, in pleural infection, antibiotic penetration, fibrinolytics and surveillance. In uncommon conditions, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, congenital pulmonary abnormalities or neuromuscular disorders, drugs indicated for other conditions (e.g. dornase alfa) are commonly used and trials are needed. In neuromuscular disorders, the beta-agonists may enhance muscle strength and are in need of evaluation. Studies of antibiotic prophylaxis, immunoglobulin and antifungal drugs are needed in immune deficiency. We hope that this summary of the evidence for respiratory medicines in children, highlighting gaps and research priorities, will be useful for the pharmaceutical industry, the paediatric committee of the European Medicines Agency, academic investigators and the lay public.

Influence of arm and wrist support on forearm and back muscle activity in computer keyboard operation.

The effects of forearm and wrist supports on the upper extremity postures in computer keying tasks and associated EMG activity of arm and back muscles were examined (N = 8). Four positions were forearms unsupported (floating) and supported, wrists supported by bead packed (WR1) and gel-filled (WR2) wrist rest. The right and left elbow extensions were 65 degrees and 68 degrees , respectively, in unsupported forearms. Bilateral elbow extension increased with the forearm/wrist supports and mostly, the elbow was maintained at around 90 degrees or greater. The wrist extension decreased with forearm/wrist supports over the unsupported condition. The forearm support significantly reduced the activity of forearm extensor digitorum, i.e., right (F((1, 47)) = 12.19, p < 0.01) and left (F((1, 47)) = 5.38, p < 0.05) and upper trapezius muscles over the floating posture. Wrist rests, however, increased load on the upper trapezius; the activities of flexor digitorum superficialis and erector spinae were close to the resting EMG activity for both forearm and/or wrist support. The type of wrist rests was a concern and this study indicated that the gel filled wrist rest was advantageous in reducing the forearm muscle load, in comparison to the bead packed cushions.

The treatment of bronchiolitis.

Bronchiolitis is the commonest reason for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to paediatric intensive care units in the UK and North America. The respiratory syncytial virus accounts for most cases of bronchiolitis, however, new virus isolation techniques have led to the discovery of previously unrecognised viruses, including the human metapneumovirus and bocavirus which also play a significant role. The main developments in bronchiolitis management in recent years relate to the use of immunoprophylaxis; a number of other therapies such as the use of heliox are currently being investigated. Supportive therapy remains the mainstay of management with limited or no evidence of benefit for most other pharmacological treatments. This article summarises the current understanding of the different bronchiolitis phenotypes, with a brief description of outcomes and a review of the evidence for the various therapeutic interventions.

Detection of previously unrecognized daytime desaturation in children with chronic lung disease.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The prime rationale of this research is to investigate the possible occurrence of previously unrecognized episodes of desaturation apparent in preterm infants with chronic lung disease as they freely move around a non-artificial environment. RESEARCH DESIGN: The study comprises 58 hours of telemetric recordings of SpO2, heart rate, body movement and temperature, along with full ECG and photoplethysmographic waveforms for eight preterm subjects in their home environment. MAIN OUTCOME/RESULTS: The data is analysed for remarkable events, more particularly periods of spontaneous desaturation. Statistical results for all case studies are collated into a table along with examples of graphical analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that some patients are prone to episodes of hypoxemia during the course of normal daily activity or daytime sleep that would usually go unrecognized and that more effective management of supplemental oxygen treatment may be possible with continual unobtrusive monitoring.

Respiratory outcome in late childhood after neonatal continuous negative pressure ventilation.

BACKGROUND: The outcome in late childhood for children entered into a randomised trial of continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP) versus standard respiratory management for the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress was studied. In the original trial, there were advantages in the duration of oxygen and the prevalence of chronic lung disease for those assigned to receive CNEP. AIM: To determine whether the above differences had persisted into childhood. METHODS: Outpatient evaluation of children by a paediatrician using Spirometry (Vitalograph Spirometer 2120, Ennis, Ireland) and MicroRint (Micro Medical, Rochester, Kent, UK) techniques independently of the original trial. Parents completed questionnaires about their child's respiratory history and social-demographic information. RESULTS: 133 (65%) survivors were evaluated at 9.6-14.9 years of age. The group examined were representative of the original cohort and no significant baseline differences were observed between children evaluated who had been allocated to CNEP or standard treatments. We compared Rint (before and after bronchodilator) and forced expiratory flow, volume and vital capacity between the two study groups; none were significant. Children in the standard group had received paediatric intensive care more often (p = 0.19) and were more likely to be receiving inhaled drugs for asthma (p = 0.19; all not significant). CONCLUSIONS: No important differences were found at follow-up in late childhood in respiratory outcomes for children treated with neonatal CNEP or standard treatment. Caution should be exercised, as the original trial was not powered to show these differences, but there seems to be no long-term detriment in respiratory outcomes for children treated with CNEP in the neonatal period.

Inhaled corticosteroids for non-specific chronic cough in children.

BACKGROUND: Cough in isolation of other clinical features is known as non-specific cough, which has been defined as non-productive cough in the absence of identifiable respiratory disease or any known aetiology. In children with non-specific cough the possibility of asthma being the underlying disorder is often raised (so called cough variant asthma). The proponents of cough variant asthma suggest a therapeutic trial of medications usually used to treat asthma. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in non-specific cough in children over the age of two years. SEARCH STRATEGY: Searches were conducted on Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE and EMBASE. Searches were current as of March 2004. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised (randomised and quasi-randomised) controlled clinical trials in which an inhaled corticosteroid (beclomethasone (BDP), fluticasone (FP), triamcinalone (TAA) or any other corticosteroid) were given for cough in children over two years of age were included. Two review authors independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data from trials was extracted by both review authors and entered into the Cochrane Collaboration software program RevMan Analyses 1.0.2. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials met the inclusion criteria (123 participants). One compared inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (400 micrograms per day) with placebo and the other compared fluticasone propionate (2 mg per day for 3 days followed by 1 mg per day for 11 days) with placebo. Both studies used metered dose inhalers via a spacer. With the lower dose of inhaled corticosteroid there was no significant difference between the beclomethasone and placebo groups. With the higher dose there was a significant improvement in nocturnal cough frequency after two weeks in children presenting with persistent nocturnal cough. However, a significant but smaller improvement was also seen with placebo. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In one study beclomethasone dipropionate (400 micrograms per day) was no different from placebo in reducing the frequency of cough measured objectively or scored subjectively. There might be a small improvement with very high-dose inhaled corticosteroid but the clinical impact of this is unlikely to beneficial.

Inhaled beta2-agonists for treating non-specific chronic cough in children.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of so called 'cough variant asthma' has not received a great deal of research interest and opinion lies divided as to whether it is really asthma or not. The proponents of cough variant asthma suggest a therapeutic trial of medications usually used to treat asthma OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of inhaled ss2 agonists in non-specific chronic cough in children over the age of 2 years. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Airways Group database (including MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCRT) were searched. Additional searching included hand searching of medical journals through the Cochrane Collaboration, references, references of references listed in primary sources and personal communication with authors. In addition "Grey literature" including theses, internal reports, non-peer reviewed journals were sought. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised (randomised and quasi-randomised) controlled clinical trials in which inhaled ss2 agonists were given for chronic cough in children over 2 years of age were included. Two reviewers independently assessed articles for inclusion and methodological quality. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data for trials of salbutamol versus placebo were extracted by both reviewers and entered into the Cochrane Collaboration software program Review Manager, version 4.2 MAIN RESULTS: In children presenting with isolated chronic cough there was no significant difference between salbutamol treated group and placebo group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Salbutamol was no different from placebo in reducing the frequency of cough measured objectively or scored subjectively.

Characterization of particles in cream cheese.

Cream cheese is used as a spread and as an ingredient in many food applications. A gritty or grainy mouthfeel is an undesirable textural defect that occurs in cream cheese. However, the factors that cause the textural defect are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize particles from cream cheese and to study the effect of particles on cheese texture. Particles were isolated by washing cream cheese with water first at 25 degrees C and then at 50 degrees C repeatedly 4 to 5 times. The size of these particles was determined using a particle size analyzer. The particles as well as the original cheeses were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, ash, and lactose. The particle size ranged of 0.04 to 850 microm. It was found that isolated particles were significantly higher in protein content as compared with the whole cheese. To study the effect on the cheese texture, particles were added at 5, 15, and 25% (wt/wt) levels to smooth cream cheese, and a sensory ranking test was done on the samples. Isolated particles were further separated into 2 size classes of 2.5 to 150 microm and > or =150 microm. These particles were then mixed with smooth cream cheese at 16 and 29% (wt/wt), and a sensory test was conducted on these samples. Smooth cream cheese with only 5% (wt/wt) added particles was perceived as significantly grittier than the control sample. This experiment also revealed that the perceived grittiness increased with increase in amount and size of particles.