RESUMO
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted various parts of society, including Japanese children with allergies. Objective: This study investigated risk factors for pediatric allergic diseases associated with the state of emergency owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, including during school closures. Methods: Parents of pediatric patients (0-15 years) with allergies were enrolled and queried regarding the impact of school closure on pediatric allergies compared to that before the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: A valid response was obtained from 2302 parents; 1740 of them had children with food allergies. Approximately 4% (62/1740) of the parents reported accidental food allergen ingestion was increased compared to that before the COVID-19 pandemic. Accidental ingestion during school closures was associated with increased contact with meals containing allergens meant for siblings or other members of the family at home. The exacerbation rate during the pandemic was highest for atopic dermatitis at 13% (127/976), followed by allergic rhinitis at 8% (58/697), and bronchial asthma at 4% (27/757). The main risk factors for worsening atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and bronchial asthma were contact dermatitis of the mask area (34/120 total comments); home allergens, such as mites, dogs, and cats (15/51 total comments); and seasonal changes (6/25 total comments), respectively. Conclusion: The main factors affecting allergic diseases were likely related to increased time at home, preventive measures against COVID-19, and refraining from doctor visits. Children with allergies were affected by changes in social conditions; however, some factors, such as preventing accidental ingestion and the management of allergens at home, were similar to those before the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients who had received instructions on allergen avoidance at home before the pandemic were able to manage their disease better even when their social conditions changed.
RESUMO
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor. It is activated by cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) through phosphorylation at Tyr705 (pY705), which is required for its dimerization and nuclear translocation. However, the role of Ser727 phosphorylation, occurring during activation, remains poorly understood. Using a combination of HepG2-stat3-knockdown cells reconstituted with various STAT3 mutants and protein kinase inhibitors, we showed that phospho-S727 has an intrinsic mechanism for shortening the duration of STAT3 activity, in turn shortening the duration of socs3 mRNA expression. Both STAT3WT and STAT3Ser727Asp (S727D) but not STAT3Ser727Ala (S727A) showed rapid dephosphorylation of pY705 after the inhibition of tyrosine kinases. We found that the nuclear TC45 phosphatase is most likely responsible for the phospho-S727-dependent pY705 dephosphorylation because TC45 knockdown caused prolonged pY705 with sustained socs3 mRNA expression in STAT3WT but not in STAT3S727A, and overexpressed TC45 caused rapid dephosphorylation of pY705 in STAT3WT but not in STAT3S727A. We further showed that phospho-S727 did not affect the interaction of TC45 with STAT3, and that a reported methylation at K140 of STAT3 occurring after phospho-S727 was not involved in the pY705 regulation. These findings indicate that phospho-Ser727 determines the duration of STAT3 activity largely through TC45.