Giardia duodenalis pathogenicity on immunosuppressed animal model.

Giardiasis is the major water-borne diarrheal disease present worldwide caused by the common intestinal parasite, Giardia duodenalis. This work aims to investigate the effect of G. duodenalis infection pathogenicity in immunosuppressed animals through histopathological examination. A total of 45 BALB/c mice were divided into four groups; G1 (negative control), G2 (healthy animals exposed to Giardia); G3 (immunosuppressed animals exposed to Giardia), and G4 (non-exposed immunosuppressed animals). Our study revealed that G3 was the most affected group with an infection rate of 100%. The animals showed general weakness, soft stool, and high death rate with severe histopathological changes in the duodenum and mild degenerative changes in hepatic tissues. In G2, the maximal lesions in both duodenum and liver were on the 11th day. We spotted damage in the villi, edema in the central core, and submucosa, in addition to increased cellular infiltration with inflammation in lamina propria. The presence of the parasites within the villi and the lumen was clear. Most of the hepatocytes revealed hydropic and fatty changes, also dilated congested central veins and edema were observed. G3 changes were more intense than G2 with massive Giardia trophozoites between the intestinal villi, lumen, and extensive fatty liver degeneration. Immune suppression plays a significant role in the severity of injury with the Giardia parasites in duodenum and liver cells.

Giardia duodenalis pathogenicity on immunosuppressed animal model

@#Giardiasis is the major water-borne diarrheal disease present worldwide caused by the common intestinal parasite, Giardia duodenalis. This work aims to investigate the effect of G. duodenalis infection pathogenicity in immunosuppressed animals through histopathological examination. A total of 45 BALB/c mice were divided into four groups; G1 (negative control), G2 (healthy animals exposed to Giardia); G3 (immunosuppressed animals exposed to Giardia), and G4 (non-exposed immunosuppressed animals). Our study revealed that G3 was the most affected group with an infection rate of 100%. The animals showed general weakness, soft stool, and high death rate with severe histopathological changes in the duodenum and mild degenerative changes in hepatic tissues. In G2, the maximal lesions in both duodenum and liver were on the 11th day. We spotted damage in the villi, edema in the central core, and submucosa, in addition to increased cellular infiltration with inflammation in lamina propria. The presence of the parasites within the villi and the lumen was clear. Most of the hepatocytes revealed hydropic and fatty changes, also dilated congested central veins and edema were observed. G3 changes were more intense than G2 with massive Giardia trophozoites between the intestinal villi, lumen, and extensive fatty liver degeneration. Immune suppression plays a significant role in the severity of injury with the Giardia parasites in duodenum and liver cells.

Bacterial contamination of Saudi "one" Riyal paper notes.

Fomites are inanimate objects that are capable of absorbing, harboring and transmitting infectious microorganisms. Paper currency, an exchangeable fomite, is constantly subjected to contamination. This study investigated bacterial contamination on the Saudi one Riyal paper note. Two hundred one Riyal bills (100 4th version and 100 5th version) were collected in the city of Jeddah for examination. The notes were examined for bacterial contamination using blood agar and MacConkey agar. Eighty-eight percent of the notes were contaminated with mixed (>or=2 types) bacterial growth. All 4th version notes had mixed bacterial growth: gram-positive bacilli (79%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (75%), Staphylococcus aureus (38%), Klebsiella spp (21%), Pseudomonas spp (19%), Escherichia coli (9%), viridans group streptococci (VGS) (8%), and non-hemolytic streptococci (4%). Seventy-six percent of the newer 5th version notes had mixed bacterial growth: gram-positive bacilli (68%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (64%), S. aureus (13%), Klebsiella spp (9%), Pseudomonas spp (5%), E. coli (2%) and VGS (2%). These results indicate the Saudi one Riyal paper note is commonly contaminated with bacteria, and may act as a vehicle for the transmission of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The more the bill had been handled the greater the contamination was.