The Relationship Between Mental health, Metacognition, and Emotion Regulation in Older People.

OBJECTIVES: It is unclear if using emotion regulation strategies can help manage the effects of anxiety and depression on metacognitive strategies in older people. This study aimed to verify the effect of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition. METHODS: A mediation analysis was performed to assess the role of emotion regulation in the interaction between mental disorders and metacognition in older people. RESULTS: Without mediator control, higher scores indicating mental disorder are associated with reduced metacognition scores. When mediators are added to the model, the mediation effect was significant. An indirect effect of anxiety and depression on metacognition was mediated by cognitive reappraisal to a greater extent than emotional suppression. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive reappraisal reduced the impact of anxiety and depression on metacognition in older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Including cognitive reappraisal techniques in anxiety and depression intervention plans can be beneficial for improving older people's metacognition functioning.

Cognições sobre Eventos Passados: uma Revisão da Literatura / Cogniciones sobre Eventos Pasados: una Revisión de Literatura / Cognitions of Past events: A Review of the Literature

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo reunir e sintetizar resultados de múltiplos artigos da área do pensamento contra-factual, no que se refere aos anos de 2005 a 2015. Foram obtidos 99 artigos nas bases de dados PsycInfo, Web of Science e SCÍELO, a partir da palavra-chave pensamento contrafactual e do seu correspondente em língua inglesa counterfactual thinking. A multiplicidade de publicações e áreas relacionadas é discutida dando ênfase ao papel do pensamento contrafactual em diferentes vertentes de processos neurológicos, psicológicos e sociais.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como fin reunir y sintetizar resultados de múltiples artículos del área del pensamiento contrafactual, entre los años 2005 y 2015. Se obtuvieron 99 artículos en las bases de datos PsycInfo, Web of Science y SCÍELO, con la palabra clave "pensamiento contrafactual" y su correspondiente en lengua inglesa counterfactual thinking. La multiplicidad de publicaciones y áreas relacionadas se discuten haciendo énfasis en el rol del pensamiento contrafactual en distintas vertientes de procesos neurológicos, psicológicos y sociales.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compile and synthesize the results of numerous articles regarding counterfactual thinking, published between 2005 and 2015. 99 articles that included the term "counterfactual thinking" in the keywords were obtained from the PsycInfo, Web of Science, and SCÍELO databases. The article discusses the numerous publications and related areas, emphasizing the role of counterfactual thinking in the different aspects of neurological, psychological, and social processes.

Styles of Counterfactual Thoughts in People with and without Signs of Depression.

People in a depressive state frequently believe that things could have happened differently in their lives, which is regarded as counterfactual thought. This study aimed to investigate whether the styles of counterfactual thought shown by people with indicating signs of depression and by people without any of those signs are different. Study participants were 42 adults divided into two groups: those with signs of depression and those without signs of depression. Five stories taken from newspapers and magazines and fictional scenarios were presented to the participants. After reading such stories, participants had to answer questions about how the narrated facts could have been different from what they actually were. Results indicated similar counterfactual thought styles in both groups (with and without depression signs). Most of the thoughts found were categorized as upward, subtractive, self-referent and that modified an aspect referred to action/inaction. A few significant differences between groups were observed, and most of them were obtained through directed modifications, in the last three stories. Some tendencies were shown in the group of people with signs of depression, such as those found for the subtractive category, t(40) = 2.33, p < .05, which can indicate a trend of possible failure in the preparatory function of CT, and in the hetero-referral function, t(40) = 1.97, p < .05, indicating a difficulty in thinking of different forms of action in the future. The removal of negative events may indicate that these experiences are not beneficial to people's survival. These results may indicate some tendencies about how people in depressive states think about past events.

Styles of counterfactual thoughts in people with and without signs of depression

People in a depressive state frequently believe that things could have happened differently in their lives, which is regarded as counterfactual thought. This study aimed to investigate whether the styles of counterfactual thought shown by people with indicating signs of depression and by people without any of those signs are different. Study participants were 42 adults divided into two groups: those with signs of depression and those without signs of depression. Five stories taken from newspapers and magazines and fictional scenarios were presented to the participants. After reading such stories, participants had to answer questions about how the narrated facts could have been different from what they actually were. Results indicated similar counterfactual thought styles in both groups (with and without depression signs). Most of the thoughts found were categorized as upward, subtractive, self-referent and that modified an aspect referred to action/inaction. A few significant differences between groups were observed, and most of them were obtained through directed modifications, in the last three stories. Some tendencies were shown in the group of people with signs of depression, such as those found for the subtractive category, t(40) = 2.33, p < .05, which can indicate a trend of possible failure in the preparatory function of CT, and in the hetero-referral function, t(40) = 1.97, p < .05, indicating a difficulty in thinking of different forms of action in the future. The removal of negative events may indicate that these experiences are not beneficial to people’s survival. These results may indicate some tendencies about how people in depressive states think about past events (AU)

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