Endovascular Occlusive or Sclerosing Agent Monotherapy for Varicose Veins: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This systematic review and network meta-analysis investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of chemical agent injections in patients with varicose veins. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible studies where patients administered endovascular agents comprised an intervention group, and patients administered other interventions comprised the comparison group. The endovascular agents included foam and liquid form sclerotherapy or cyanoacrylate glue. The other interventions in this study included surgery, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and placebo. A network meta-analysis for treatment effectiveness was performed. In addition, we illustrated the P-score lines of success rate and complication rate sorted by the P-score. Our results showed that at all postprocedural time intervals, cyanoacrylate glue therapy exhibited a significantly higher success rate compared with foam and liquid sclerotherapy. According to the plot of P-score lines, cyanoacrylate glue had an overall tendency of higher success rate and lower complication rate compared with foam and liquid sclerotherapy. Comparing with the other invasive treatments, cyanoacrylate glue may be non-inferior and could be considered as an option for treating varicose veins. However, the clinical benefits and safety of endovascular agents for the treatment of varicose veins require further corroboration through randomized control trials.

Determinants of the success in flap reconstruction-Outcome analysis of 120 flaps in 484 procedures for pressure injury.

Pressure injury (PI) mainly occurs in bedridden older adults or those with physical limitations. Here, we aimed to determine the appropriate timing to conduct flap reconstruction in patients with PIs and identify factors affecting surgical outcomes. We retrospectively reviewed the data of all patients who received debridement or flap reconstruction surgery for PIs in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2021. The extracted data included patient demographics, surgical records, blood test results, vital signs, and flap outcomes. In total, 484 surgical procedures (364 debridements and 120 flaps) were performed on 216 patients. Serum albumin level of ≥2.5 g/dL remarkably increased the likelihood of complete wound healing (odds ratio [OR] = 4.12, P = .032) and reduced the risk of postoperative complications (OR = 0.26, P = .040). In contrast, advanced age (OR = 1.04, P = .045) and serum creatinine level ≥2 mg/dL (OR = 5.07, P = .016) increased the risk of postoperative complications. Thus, patients with a favourable nutrition status have a higher likelihood of achieving complete wound healing. By contrast, patients who are older and have serum creatinine ≥2 mg/dL and serum albumin <2.5 g/dL tend to develop more postoperative complications. Overall, thorough correction for patient inflammation, infection, anaemia, and malnutrition status can provide optimal flap surgery outcomes.

The change of clinical features and surgical outcomes in patients with pressure injury during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This retrospective study aims to explore whether the COVID-19 pandemic altered patient conditions and surgery outcomes by studying 213 pressure injury (PI) patients who underwent surgery during 2016 to 2019 (pre-COVID) and 2020 to 2021 (COVID) in Taiwan. We extracted patient demographics, surgical and blood test records, preoperative vital signs, and flap surgery outcomes. In total, 464 surgeries were performed, including 308 pre-COVID and 156 COVID. During the COVID period, there were more patients presenting with dementia, and it had significantly more patients with >12 000 white blood cells/µL (24.03% vs 15.59%, P = 0.029), higher C-reactive protein levels (7.13 ± 6.36 vs 5.58 ± 5.09 mg/dL, P = 0.014), pulse rates (86.67 ± 14.76 vs 81.26 ± 13.66 beats/min, P < 0.001), and respiratory rates (17.87 ± 1.98 vs 17.31 ± 2.39 breaths/min, P = 0.009) but lower haemoglobin levels (9.75 ± 2.02 vs 10.43 ± 1.67 mg/dL, P < 0.001) preoperatively. There were no between-group differences in flap surgery outcomes but had fewer flap surgeries during COVID-19. Thus, PI patient condition was generally poor during the COVID-19 pandemic because of reduced access to medical treatment; this problem may be resolved through holistic care during a future pandemic or pandemic-like situation.

Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection on Scars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Scars can cause pain, long-term physical dysfunction, and psychological harm. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is one treatment choice for scars, but further evidence is needed to confirm its efficacy. METHODS: This systematic review included randomized controlled trials that investigated the effectiveness of BoNT-A on scars. The mean and standard deviation for the Vancouver Scar Scale, Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale, visual analog scale for appearance evaluation, visual analog scale for scar pain evaluation, and scar width were extracted for subgroup analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-one randomized controlled trials were included. The BoNT-A group had a lower Vancouver Scar Scale score than the saline group (standardized mean difference, -0.73; 95 percent CI, -1.12 to -0.35; p = 0.0002) but a higher score than the steroid group (standardized mean difference, 0.85; 95 percent CI, 0.27 to 1.43; p = 0.004). The BoNT-A group exhibited a higher Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale grade than the saline group (standardized mean difference, 1.42; 95 percent CI, 0.83 to 2.00; p < 0.00001). The visual analog scale for appearance evaluation revealed higher scores in the BoNT-A group than in the saline group (standardized mean difference, 1.14; 95 percent CI, 0.69 to 1.60; p < 0.00001). As for pain evaluation, the BoNT-A group had a lower visual analog scale score than the steroid group (standardized mean difference, -2.57; 95 percent CI, -4.40 to -0.74; p = 0.006). Furthermore, scar width was significantly shorter in the BoNT-A group than in the control group (standardized mean difference, -1.11; 95 percent CI, -1.38 to -0.83; p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: BoNT-A is more effective in treating scars than saline, although steroids may exhibit higher potency. Therefore, it can be considered an alternative in patients not amenable to steroid treatment. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, II.

The Efficacy of Local Anesthesia for Postoperative Pain Control in Breast Augmentation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Breast augmentation can cause severe postoperative pain; therefore, some surgeons perform wound infiltration with a local anesthetic solution. This study investigated the postoperative pain relief of local analgesics in breast augmentation surgery. METHODS: We searched three databases for randomized controlled trials evaluating the outcomes of local wound irrigation with local analgesics during or after breast augmentation surgery. The solutions included ropivacaine, bupivacaine, bupivacaine plus ketorolac. The control groups may be saline alone or no irrigation. Network meta-analysis was further employed based on the frequentist approach. Outcomes were reported as weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Comparisons between the interventions of our included studies revealed that only bupivacaine plus ketorolac (versus placebo) significantly reduced pain at 1 h postoperatively, as indicated by the visual analog scale pain score reduction of 2.22 (- 3.98, - 0.47). Other comparisons showed no significant differences. Moreover, three of the included studies reported postoperative medication use. Two of them reported that postoperative narcotic use was reduced, but the others did not report any such reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed possibility that local irrigation with bupivacaine plus ketorolac might reduce pain 1 h after surgery. In addition, local anesthesia might reduce postoperative narcotic use. However, due to the small number of included studies, the clinical benefits of local anesthesia in breast augmentation surgery require further confirmation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Optimal timing and effect of music therapy in patients with burn injuries: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries may have both physiological and psychological consequences. Numerous studies have reported the use of music therapy during burn injury treatment, but the optimal timing for music therapy remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on patients with burn injuries to analyze the effects of music intervention on them at different timings: background (T0) and time before (T1), during (T2), and after (T3) change dressing (CD). METHOD: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for articles published before Novenber 2020 based on predetermined criteria. Our search focused on two keywords: music and burn. Reviewers extracted data from all eligible studies independently. The I2 statistic was used to determine statistical heterogeneity. The endpoints included standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Relevant Forest plots were also created. RESULT: This study finally included seven trials recruiting a total of 524 patients. The results indicated that compared with non-music intervention, music intervention significantly reduced anxiety at T0 (SMD = -1.32, 95% CI [-2.61, -0.02], T1 (SMD = -2.15, 95% CI [-4.30, -0.00]) and T2 (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.74, -0.04]). Moreover, they also significantly reduced the pain levels at T0 (SMD = -1.59, 95% CI [-2.00, -1.17]) and T2 (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI [-0.82, -0.12]), improved the mental condition, and reduced the amount of opioid analgesics used at T0. CONCLUSION: Music therapy seems to have some effects at T0 and T1 in patients with burn injuries. Music therapy was more effective in improving psychological outcomes than physiological outcomes. However, additional high-quality studies related to music therapy for patients with burn injuries are warranted.

Assisted therapy with platelet-rich plasma for burn patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been used in different medical fields, but its effectiveness in burn wound healing remains debatable. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence on burn patients treated with PRP to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the treatment. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of PRP in patients with burn injuries were selected. Eligible retrospective studies were abstracted and assessed for the risk of bias by two reviewers and results of mean time to complete epithelization and wound closure rate in the included studies were analyzed. Studies on the correlation between PRP and burn wound healing published in English or Chinese before March 2020 were retrieved from PubMed. RESULTS: Eight studies (including 449 patients) met our inclusion criteria. Qualitative analysis revealed that compared with the control group, the PRP group had significantly better wound closure rates at weeks 2 (mean difference (MD): 12.79 [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.08, 18.49]; I2: 0%; p < 0.0001) and 3 (MD: 12.66 [95% CI: 5.97, 19.34]; I2: 55%; p = 0.0002) and time to complete epithelialization (MD: -3.45 [95% CI: -4.87, -2.04] (days); I2: 0%; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in infection rate or graft take rate. CONCLUSIONS: PRP application can accelerate wound closure, however, it has no effect on the rates of wound infection and graft take rate.

Negative pressure wound therapy for burn patients: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), which has been applied in various medical specialties to accelerate wound healing, has been the object of a few investigations. We explored the effectiveness of NPWT and the possibility of its inclusion in burn management guidelines. Randomised controlled trials comparing NPWT with non-NPWT treatments for burn wounds were extracted from PubMed. For the risk of bias analysis, all included studies were evaluated according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the approaches outlined in the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) Handbook. Outcomes such as graft take rate in the first week, infection rate, and overall complication rate were analysed. Six studies that included a total of 701 patients met our inclusion criteria. Qualitative analysis revealed that the NPWT group had a significantly better overall graft rate in the first week (P = 0.001) and a significantly lower infection rate (P = 0.04). No significant difference in the overall complication rate was found. Our results indicate that NPWT is a safe method for stimulating healing and lowering the infection rate of burn wounds. NPWT can be part of general burn management, and its incorporation into burn treatment guidelines is recommended.

A Review of Skin Banking Guidelines and Standards Worldwide: Towards the Harmonization of Guidelines for Skin Banking in Therapeutic Applications for the Regions under the Asia Pacific Burn Association (APBA).

Currently, there are no harmonized guidelines which govern skin banking in the Asia Pacific region. Therefore, skin banks are either unregulated or rely on their nation's legislation or international accreditation to uphold their quality standards. A new set of skin banking guidelines was developed through a comprehensive review and collation of best international practices for the Asia Pacific Burn Association (APBA) members, from donor screening and testing, to skin recovery, processing, storage and distribution, and quality assurance. National regulatory requirements reviewed include the European directives, Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration and Singapore's tissue banking standards. Further technical and quality management recommendations are referenced from the American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB), the United States Food and Drug Administration standards and guidance documents, various relevant European guides, Japanese Society of Tissue Transplantation guidelines and the Asia Pacific Association of Surgical Tissue Banking. Adapted mainly from the AATB standards, the new Asia Pacific Burn Association Guidelines for Skin Banking in Therapeutic Applications offer a comprehensive manual, addressing: governance and contracts; staff responsibilities; quality management; facilities, equipment and supplies management; donor consent and testing; and recommendations of good practices pertaining to skin recovery, processing, storage and distribution. Besides complementing current generic regulations, they provide technical specifications of major aspects unaddressed in most legislations. This inaugural set of new regional skin banking guidelines would be a start for regional members of the APBA to adopt, and will hopefully culminate in a set of standards so that, in the long run, skin allografts from this region can be of similar quality, which can simplify import process and facilitate the exchange of allografts between members.

Is sequential free flap safe in oral cancer reconstruction in the same patient? An outcome and complication analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sequential free flap reconstruction in patient with head and neck cancer can provide reliable and effective wound coverage. Only a few studies have reported on the outcome and complications analysis but without consensus on the recipient vessels and flap chosen. Herein, we presented the outcome and analysed the risk factors for complications in sequential free flap reconstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who had sequential free tissue transfers due to cancer recurrence, second primary cancer, or secondary correction of the soft tissue contractures and volume deficits were all included. Variables extracted included demographics, comorbidities, free flap characteristics, infection, dehiscence and flap necrosis rates. RESULTS: In total, 40 patients with 92 free flaps were analyzed; 42 initial and 50 sequential free flaps. The most common recipient vessels for sequential flap were contralateral superficial thyroid vessels (68%). The most common flap for both initial and sequential free flap was anterolateral thigh flap (64.3 and 62%). The success rate of sequential free flap was 92.0 compared to 92.9% for initial free flap, which showed no significant difference. Female was independently associated with delayed wound healing with an odds ratio of 90.91 (95% confidence interval 0.001-0.17, P = 0.001), as well as diabetes with an odds ratio of 31.14 (95% confidence interval 2.60-373.19, P = 0.007). Sequential free flap was not a risk factor for any complication. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential free flap is a reliable method for head and neck surgery without more complication rate comparing to initial free flap reconstruction. More attentions should be paid on patients with preferential risk for certain complications.

Assessment of Outcomes of a Metatarsal Bone Ostectomy for Chronic Plantar Ulcers: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical management of chronic plantar ulcers is a difficult issue in medical practice. Pressure overloading is a problem that needs to be resolved. Herein, we report a surgical method to reduce plantar pressure: a dorsal approach to a metatarsal ostectomy. METHODS: From March 2011 to October 2016, 16 patients suffering from chronic plantar ulcers underwent ostectomy procedures at Taipei Wan-Fang Municipal Hospital (Taipei Medical University). A bone segment about 0.5 to 1 cm long was removed via a dorsal foot approach. The plantar wound was treated with debridement only or was simultaneously covered with a skin graft. In total, 16 patients with an average age of 57.81 (SD, 11.6) years (12 males and 4 females) were included; 15 patients (93.75%) had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes for a mean of 20.66 years (range, 5-30 years). The mean glycated hemoglobin was 9.14 g/dL (range, 5.2-13.2 g/dL). The mean plantar wound size was 5.72 cm. Four patients (25%) needed to receive a skin graft with a mean skin graft size of 8.13 cm. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 15.2 months. The plantar wounds completely healed in 14 patients (87.5%) in an average of 2.14 months. No plantar ulcer was complicated with recurrence, but transfer ulcers developed in 2 patients (12.5%) at an average of 7.5 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Metatarsal ostectomy surgery via a dorsal foot approach is an efficient way to reduce pressure overloading of chronic plantar wounds. Our study provides an alternative method to treat this difficult problem with a high wound healing rate and less recurrence.

A Meta-analysis of the Evidence for Assisted Therapy with Platelet-Rich Plasma for Atrophic Acne Scars.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have investigated the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as an assisted therapy for atrophic acne scars. However, the results are diverse, and no up-to-date meta-analysis was found that exclusively examined atrophic acne scar treatment. OBJECTIVES: To perform a meta-analysis to assess improvements in the side effects of PRP and the effect of assisted therapy for atrophic acne scars. METHODS: This study followed PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out in September 2018 using the electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. RESULTS: Seven articles were included in this review. All of the studies published utilized PRP as additive therapy. The major therapies included fractional carbon laser therapy and microneedling. Five studies (249 participants) reported four degrees of improvement on an improvement scale (degrees 3 and 4 were considered improvement in this analysis). Four studies (200 participants) reported mean improvement scores. A significantly higher degree of improvement was shown in the PRP group compared to the control group (OR = 8.19; 95% CI 4.32-15.52; p < 0.00001), as well as better mean improvement score (WMD = 23.73; 95% CI 18.60-28.87; p < 0.00001). Substantial heterogeneity was seen in the degree of improvement (I2 = 54% p = 0.07) and the mean improvement score (I2 = 75%; p = 0.008). There were overall fewer monitored side effects, including erythema and edema (in days), in the PRP groups; however, no significance was found. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that PRP is a useful assisted therapy for atrophic acne scars, which can achieve better improvement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

500-Gray γ-Irradiation May Increase Adhesion Strength of Lyophilized Cadaveric Split-Thickness Skin Graft to Wound Bed.

BACKGROUND: Human cadaveric skin grafts are considered as the "gold standard" for temporary wound coverage because they provide a more conductive environment for natural wound healing. Lyophilization, packing, and terminal sterilization with gamma-ray can facilitate the application of cadaveric split-thickness skin grafts, but may alter the adhesion properties of the grafts. In a pilot study, we found that 500 Gy γ-irradiation seemed not to reduce the adherence between the grafts and wound beds. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: We conducted this experiment to compare the adherences of lyophilized, 500-Gy γ-irradiated skin grafts to that of lyophilized, nonirradiated grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pairs of wounds were created over the backs of Sprague- Dawley rats. Pairs of "lyophilized, 500-Gy γ-irradiated" and "lyophilized, nonirradiated" cadaveric split-thickness skin grafts were fixed to the wound beds. Adhesion strength between the grafts and the wound beds was measured and compared. RESULTS: On post-skin-graft day 7 and day 10, the adhesion strength of γ-irradiated grafts was greater than that of the nonirradiated grafts. CONCLUSIONS: Because lyophilized cadaveric skin grafts can be vascularized and the collagen of its dermal component can be remodeled after grafting, the superior adhesion strength of 500-Gy γ-irradiated grafts can be explained by the collagen changes from irradiation.