5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and its Downstream Chemicals: A Review of Catalytic Routes.

Biomass assumes an increasingly vital role in the realm of renewable energy and sustainable development due to its abundant availability, renewability, and minimal environmental impact. Within this context, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), derived from sugar dehydration, stands out as a critical bio-derived product. It serves as a pivotal multifunctional platform compound, integral in synthesizing various vital chemicals, including furan-based polymers, fine chemicals, and biofuels. The high reactivity of HMF, attributed to its highly active aldehyde, hydroxyl, and furan ring, underscores the challenge of selectively regulating its conversion to obtain the desired products. This review highlights the research progress on efficient catalytic systems for HMF synthesis, oxidation, reduction, and etherification. Additionally, it outlines the techno-economic analysis (TEA) and prospective research directions for the production of furan-based chemicals. Despite significant progress in catalysis research, and certain process routes demonstrating substantial economics, with key indicators surpassing petroleum-based products, a gap persists between fundamental research and large-scale industrialization. This is due to the lack of comprehensive engineering research on bio-based chemicals, making the commercialization process a distant goal. These findings provide valuable insights for further development of this field.

Mental Health Education for Primary School Teachers in Areas Lacking Environmental Resource Dilemma and Countermeasures.

With the development of society and the progress of education, primary school teachers in areas lacking in environmental resources were facing many problems, and teachers' mental health problems were facing many challenges. The primary education conditions in the areas lacking in environmental resources were limited, and the education level needs to be improved. Therefore, the primary school teachers in the areas lacking in environmental resources should keep a good psychological state and make greater contributions to the primary education in the areas lacking in environmental resources. As the leader of primary education activities, teachers had a direct and profound influence on the growth and development of pupils in the enlightenment stage. Therefore, it was necessary to change the education and teaching concept, move towards the mental health education concept in the areas with poor environmental resources, strengthen the training of teachers' mental health education literacy, and actively explore the new mode of teacher education.