Flower-like 3D SnS decorated on nickel metal-organic framework for electrochemical detection of dimetridazole in food samples.

Dimetridazole (DMZ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against bacterial and protozoan infections in humans and poultry farms. However, excessive DMZ intake leads to harmful effects. Thus, minimizing its environmental presence is crucial for sustaining daily life. This study presents an innovative approach to construct flower-like SnS particle decorations on a nickel metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF@SnS) as an electrocatalyst for DMZ detection. The Ni-MOF@SnS/GCE sensor exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic behavior, including a significantly reduced detection limit of 1.6 nM, extensive linear ranges from 0.01 µM to 60 µM and from 60 µM to 231 µM at lower and higher DMZ concentrations, respectively. It also shows enhanced sensitivity (0.139 µA µM-1 cm-2) and remarkable selectivity for DMZ detection using differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, the proposed sensor demonstrates good recovery results with actual food samples.

Synergistically Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing of Food Adulterant in Milk Sample at Erbium Vanadate/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composite.

Dimetridazole (DMZ), a nitroimidazole derivative, is a notable antibiotic that has garnered growing interest in the medical community owing to its noteworthy pharmacological and toxicological properties. Increasing interest is being directed toward developing high-performance sensors for continuous monitoring of DMZ in food samples. This research investigated an electrochemical sensor-based nano-sized ErVO4 attached to a sheet-like g-CN-coated glassy carbon electrode to determine dimetridazole (DMZ). The chemical structure and morphological characterization of synthesized ErVO4@g-CN were analyzed with XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. Irregular shapes of ErVO4 nanoparticles are approximately 15 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were followed to examine the electrochemical performance in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution for higher performance. This electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM over a wide linear range of 0.5 to 863.5 µM. Also, selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility studies were investigated. Furthermore, this electrochemical sensor was applied to real-time milk sample analysis for the detection of analytes.

Advanced Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Biomarker Detection: Progress and Future Challenges in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnostics.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a significant challenge in global health, demanding advancements in diagnostic modalities. This review delineates the progressive and restrictive facets of nanomaterial-based biosensors in the context of detecting N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an indispensable biomarker for CVD prognosis. It scrutinizes the escalation in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity attributable to the incorporation of novel nanomaterials such as graphene derivatives, quantum dots, and metallic nanoparticles, and how these enhancements contribute to reducing detection thresholds and augmenting diagnostic fidelity in heart failure (HF). Despite these technological strides, the review articulates pivotal challenges impeding the clinical translation of these biosensors, including the attainment of clinical-grade sensitivity, the substantial costs associated with synthesizing and functionalizing nanomaterials, and their pragmatic deployment across varied healthcare settings. The necessity for intensified research into the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials, strategies to economize production, and amelioration of biosensor durability and ease of use is accentuated. Regulatory hurdles in clinical integration are also contemplated. In summation, the review accentuates the transformative potential of nanomaterial-based biosensors in HF diagnostics and emphasizes critical avenues of research requisite to surmount current impediments and harness the full spectrum of these avant-garde diagnostic instruments.

Two-Dimensional CuMn-Layered Double Hydroxides: A Study of Interlayer Anion Variants on the Electrochemical Sensing of Trichlorophenol.

Despite their diverse application profile, aromatic organochlorides such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TP) are widely renowned for creating a negative toll on the balance of the ecosystem. Strict regulatory regimes are required to limit exposure to such organic pollutants. By deployment of a straightforward detection scheme, electrochemical sensing technology offers a competitive edge over the other techniques and practices available for pollutant monitoring. Here, we present a streamlined hydrothermal approach for synthesizing copper-manganese layered double hydroxide (CuMn-LDH) rods to be employed as electrocatalysts for detecting TP in various media. With a focused intention to leverage the full potential of the prepared CuMn-LDHs, the interlamellar region is configured using a series of intercalants. Further, a thorough comparative analysis of their structures, morphologies, and electrochemical performance is accomplished using various analytical techniques. The electrocatalytic oxidation ability of the CuMn-LDH toward TP molecules is markedly altered by incorporating various anions into the gallery region. The dynamic attributes of the developed sensor, such as a wide linear response (0.02-289.2 µM), a low detection limit (0.0026 µM), and good anti-interfering ability, acclaim its superior viability for real-time detection of TP with exceptional tolerance to the presence of foreign moieties. Hence, this work manifests that the nature of intercalants is a vital aspect to consider while designing LDH-based electrochemical probes to detect priority pollutants.

Synchronous activation of praseodymium vanadate/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite: A promising electrode material for detection of flavonoid- Quercetin.

Flavonoids or phenolic compounds are part of the daily intake of every human being. Though they are positive traders for metabolism, excessive intakes bring about detrimental impacts on human health. Herein, the anti-cancer capacitive nature quercetin (Qc) was electrochemically detected through the rare earth metal-based sphere like praseodymium vanadate (PrVO4) entrapped graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) as electrode modifiers. The nanocomposite was prepared by the one-pot hydrothermal method and characterized by phase compositional and morphology-based techniques. The existing synergistic nature between the PrV@g-CN (praseodymium vanadate@graphitic carbon nitride) makes them have an enhanced electrochemical response towards the Qc than the individual material. The obtained cyclic voltammogram and differential pulse voltammogram profile show one major oxidation peak which is attributed to the conversion of quercetin to quercetin-o-quinone. The PrV@g-CN/GCE (GCE- glassy carbon electrode) shows a good electrochemical active surface area (A = 110 cm2) and linear range between 0.05 and 252.00 µM with a LOD (limit of detection) of 0.002 µM. Moreover, the PrV@g-CN/GCE exhibits good current retention (94.76 %) around 14 days and appreciable repeatability (RSD- 0.5 %) and reproducibility (RSD- 1.3 %) towards the Qc. The real-time implementation of the proposed sensor exhibits a good recovery range towards the black tea (95.00-98.10 %) and green tea (97.80-99.60 %).

Unlocking Catalytic Potential: Exploring the Impact of Thermal Treatment on Enhanced Electrocatalysis of Nanomaterials.

In the evolving field of electrocatalysis, thermal treatment of nano-electrocatalysts has become an essential strategy for performance enhancement. This review systematically investigates the impact of various thermal treatments on the catalytic potential of nano-electrocatalysts. The focus encompasses an in-depth analysis of the changes induced in structural, morphological, and compositional properties, as well as alterations in electro-active surface area, surface chemistry, and crystal defects. By providing a comprehensive comparison of commonly used thermal techniques, such as annealing, calcination, sintering, pyrolysis, hydrothermal, and solvothermal methods, this review serves as a scientific guide for selecting the right thermal technique and favorable temperature to tailor the nano-electrocatalysts for optimal electrocatalysis. The resultant modifications in catalytic activity are explored across key electrochemical reactions such as electrochemical (bio)sensing, catalytic degradation, oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, overall water splitting, fuel cells, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Through a detailed examination of the underlying mechanisms and synergistic effects, this review contributes to a fundamental understanding of the role of thermal treatments in enhancing electrocatalytic properties. The insights provided offer a roadmap for future research aimed at optimizing the electrocatalytic performance of nanomaterials, fostering the development of next-generation sensors and energy conversion technologies.

Electrochemical determination of vanillin using 2D/2D heterostructure based on ZnCr-layered double hydroxide and g-CN.

A ZnCr-LDH@g-CN composite was synthesized through a one-pot hydrothermal method to fabricate an effective sensor for detecting vanillin. The prepared material was investigated by using structural and physical studies. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with applied potential (Epa = + 0.68 V vs Ag/AgCl) were used to examine the electrochemical behavior of vanillin. The fabricated electrode exhibited a linear detection range of 0.001-143.2 µM, a low detection limit of 0.9 nM, sensitivity of 4.72 µA µM-1 cm-2, selectivity, stability, reproducibility (RSD = 4.40%), and repeatability (RSD = 4.46%). The optimized sensor was successfully applied to detect vanillin in real samples, including ice cream, chocolate, and water, and their recovery was 98.46-99.80%. Overall, the ZnCr-LDH@g-CN composite sensor offers a promising solution for precise vanillin detection.

The Fabrication of a La2Sn2O7/f-HNT Composite for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Detection of 3-Nitro-l-tyrosine in Biological Samples.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), including 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, play a dual role in human health, inducing oxidative damage and regulating cellular functions. Early and accurate detection of such molecules, such as L-tyrosine in urine, can serve as critical biomarkers for various cancers. In this study, we aimed to enhance the electrochemical detection of these molecules through the synthesis of La2Sn2O7/f-HNT nanocomposites via a simple hydrothermal method. Detailed structural and morphological characterizations confirmed successful synthesis, consistent with our expected outcomes. The synthesized nanocomposites were utilized as nanocatalysts in electrochemical sensors, showing a notable limit of the detection of 0.012 µM for the real-time detection of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine. These findings underscore the potential of nanomaterial-based sensors in advancing early disease detection with high sensitivity, furthering our understanding of cellular oxidative processes.

Emerging carbonate anion intercalated- ZnCr-layered double hydroxide/vanadium carbide nanocomposite: A electrochemical sensor for diethofencarb fungicide monitoring.

Diethofencarb (DFC) is widely used in agriculture to fight against plant fungal attacks and enhance food crop production. On the other hand, the National food safety standard has set the overall maximum residual limit of DFC to be 1 mg/kg. Hence it becomes essential to limit their usage, and it is vital to quantify the amount of DFC present in real-life samples to safeguard the health and environmental well-being. Here, we introduce a simple hydrothermal procedure for preparing vanadium carbide (VC) anchored by ZnCr-LDH. The sustainably designed electrochemical sensor for the detection of DFC portrayed high electro-active surface area, conductivity, rapid-electron transport ratio, and high ion diffusion parameters. The obtained structural and morphological information confirms the enriched electrochemical activity of the ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE towards DFC. The ZnCr-LDH/VC/SPCE electrode has displayed exceptional characteristics with DPV resulting in a vast linear response (0.01-228 µM), and lower LOD (2 nM) with high sensitivity. Real-sample analysis was carried out to demonstrate the specificity of the electrode with an acceptable recovery in both water (±98.75-99.70%) and tomato (±98.00-99.75%) samples.

Lanthanum vanadate-based carbon nanocomposite as an electrochemical probe for amperometric detection of theophylline in real food samples.

Theophylline (THP) is an emerging drug for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease whose side effects can be greatly affected by caffeine-containing real foods. Because an overdose of this substance can cause respiratory and neurological damage, producing a fast and accurate analytical procedure is critical. Based on a cutting-edge hybrid nanocomposite, this study was used to construct an electrochemical sensor for the accurate detection of THP. Spectroscopy and morphological investigation supported the easy synthesis of tetragonal-LaVO4 (t-LV) nanopellets and LV@CNF hybrid nanocomposite. To detect THP, a highly dispersed LV@CNF nanocomposite was modified on a glassy carbon electrode as a sensing substrate. By amperometric technique, the sensor shows a wide linear range of 0.01-1070 µM, low limit of detection (2.63 nM), and sensitivity (0.228 µA µM-1 cm-2). Finally, the current technique was successfully used to identify THP in real food samples (chocolate, coffee and black tea).

Nanoengineered disposable sensor fabricated with lanthanum stannate nanocrystallite for detecting animal feed additive: Ractopamine.

Ractopamine (RA) has been at the forefront of feed additives as a nutrient repartitioning mediator that recuperates the growth rate, decreases animal fat, and guarantees food safety. However, inappropriate and abusive usage of RA to enhance economic efficiency can negatively impact the environment-animal-human interactions. Therefore, the call for monitoring and quantifying RA is highly desired. In this work, the potentiality of La2Sn2O7 as an electrode modifier on the surface of the portable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was examined for its precision, disposability, and ability to detect RA. The superior electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated La2Sn2O7/SPCE fortifies its standpoints by displaying a wide linear working range of 0.01-501.2 µM, an enhanced sensitivity, a better stability, a lower LOD of 0.86 nM, and an increased selectivity toward the detection of RA. Furthermore, the investigation of the constructed electrochemical sensor with real-time food samples underpins its practicality and feasibility.

Cold Sintering Process for a BaTiO3/Poly(vinylidene difluoride) Ceramic-Polymer Composite: Evaluation of the Structural and Microwave Dielectric Properties.

The sintering process is essential to transforming particular material into dense ceramics. Although several sintering techniques have emerged over the past few years, the process is still performed at high temperatures. The alternative cold sintering process (CSP) is a potential strategy for producing an advance high dielectric permittivity and enables densification at low temperature. In this process, the CSP technique has been applied to successfully prepare the BaTiO3/poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite. The inorganic material of the BaTiO3/PVDF nanocomposite was confirmed by various physical characterizations, and the densification studies were performed using a semiautomated press, indicating a dissolution-precipitation mechanism. When a uniaxial pressure of 350 MPa was applied, with transient liquid could be sintered at 190 °C, and a relative density of 94.8%. The nanocomposite exhibits an excellent dielectric properties like εr = 71.1 and tan δ = 0.04 with frequency range at 1 GHz for various dwelling times and maximize the electrical resistivity. The BaTiO3/PVDF composite indicating a breakthrough opportunity toward an increase of the high dielectric constant will be significantly impacted by cold sintering. It enables innovative materials design and integrated devices to advance modern electronic industry applications.

Designing nano ranged electrode modifier comprised of samarium niobate anchored carbon nanofibers for trace level detection of food colourant: Tartrazine.

Tartrazine (TRZ) is a predominantly used food color in food processing industries which is soluble in water to produce a orange colour. This food colorant is categorized under the mono-azo pyrazolone dye group known for the perilous azo group (-NN-) attached to the aromatic ring that threatens human health. In consideration of these aspects, a novel TRZ sensing platform with advanced electrode material is designed by incorporating nanotechnology with chemical engineering. This innovative sensor is prepared by electrode modification through a nano ranged electrode modifier of SmNbO4 decorated on the enmeshed carbon nanofibers. This is the first report on the investigation of SmNbO4/f-CNF as an electrode modifier to extricate the superlative electrochemical properties towards TRZ detection and protracted its practicality to food samples with a lower limit of detection (2 nmolL-1), broad linear range, good selectivity, and functional stability.

Nanoengineered lanthanum niobate nanocaviar anchored carbon nanofibers for trace level detection of menadione in environmental samples.

An innovative sensor is prepared by electrode modification through a nano-ranged electrode modifier composed of LaNbO4 nano caviars decorated on the enmeshed carbon nanofibers to identify excess vitamins in animal feed. Menadione (Vitamins K3) is a micronutrient fundamentally required in precise quantities for animal health upkeep. Still, its exploitation has recently resulted in water reservoir contamination through waste generated from animal husbandry. Sustainable prevention of water contamination makes menadione detection highly imperative and flickered the attention of researchers. Considering these aspects, a novel menadione sensing platform is designed by interdisciplinary incorporation of nanoscience and electrochemical engineering. The structural and crystallographic features and the electrode modifier's morphological insights were keenly investigated. The hierarchal arrangement of individual constituents in nanocomposite is benefited through hybrid heterojunction and quantum confinement that synchronously activate the menadione detection with a LOD of 68.5 nM and 67.49 nM for oxidation and reduction, respectively. The as-prepared sensor has a wide linear range (0.1-173.6 µM), high sensitivity, good selectivity, and stability. The application of this sensor is extended to a water sample to monitor the consistency of the proposed sensor.

Construction of functionalized carbon nanotube@metal oxide nanocomposite for high-performance electrochemical measurement of antipyretic drug in water samples.

Acetaminophen (AP) acts as supportive clinical therapy for fever and dysmenorrhea. An overdose of AP may result in severe adverse diseases, such as liver dysfunction. In addition, AP is a key-listed environmental pollutant, which is difficult to degrade in the environment and has serious effects on living bodies. Therefore, the simple and quantitative determination of AP is highly relevant today. In this work, tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) as a hybrid composite were prepared by hydrothermal-assisted synthesis. The composite material was characterized by various spectral, morphological, and electrochemical tests. Electrochemical investigations were conducted using a SnO2@f-MWCNT-reinforced electrode for the detection of AP. The composite electrode exhibited better functional properties, which facilitated electron transfer and enhanced electrical conductivity. The calculated low detection limit (LOD) of 0.36 nM is with a wide linear range of concentration from 0.001 to 673 µM. Additionally, the SnO2@f-MWCNT-modified electrode exhibited good anti-interference capability, repeatability, reproducibility, storage, and operational stability. The developed SnO2@f-MWCNT-modified electrode was applied to practical analysis in diverse water matrices (river, drinking, and pond) with acceptable recovery percentages. A synthesized nanoscale metal oxide electrocatalyst is of great interest and an active research area that serves as a foundation for the development of new, cost-effective electrochemical antibiotic drug sensors.

Fergusonite-type rare earth niobates ANbO4 (A = Nd, Sm, and Eu) as electrode modifiers: deep insights into A site variations towards bifunctional electrochemical sensing applications.

Lanthanide orthoniobates, LnNbO4 (Ln = Nd, Sm, and Eu), are a domineering class of binary metal oxides with significant catalytic behavior and effective charge transfer ability, acting as eminent candidates to be explored as electrode materials. However, niobates have limitations to be used in sensing platforms due to the complicated synthetic procedures, which have been addressed in this study by proposing a facile hydrothermal tactic based on in situ homoleptic complex formation. All three niobates are isostructural with the monoclinic form of fergusonite structure, which was confirmed by XRD studies. The impact of the A site variation in the fergusonite crystal was verified by FTIR spectroscopy analysis, and the elemental composition was determined by XPS studies. FESEM with EDX spectroscopy obviously proved the morphological differences. Furthermore, a LnNbO4-modified GCE was employed to detect pharmaceutical pollutants, namely, furazolidone (FZD) and dimetridazole (DMZ). Cyclic voltammetry studies were used to optimize the parameters of the sensing platform, and differential pulse voltammetry was performed to obtain the detection limits and linear range. SmNbO4/GCE exhibited superior performance to other electrodes with a wide linear range of 0.01 µM to 264 µM and LOD values of 4 nM and 2 nM for FZD and DMZ, respectively. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed electrode in real-time analysis was studied by extending the voltammetry experiment to saliva and water samples.

Surface modification of zirconia ceramics through cold plasma treatment and the graft polymerization of biomolecules.

Background/purpose: Although zirconia ceramics were highly versatile as dental implants, their long-term presence in the human body may slow down healing and impede cell growth in the past. To enhance the cytocompatibility of zirconia ceramics, surface activation modification was used to immobilize biopolymers such that a biomimetic environment was created. Materials and methods: Hexamethyldisilazane thin films were deposited onto the surface of inorganic zirconia through cold plasma treatment under various power and deposition time settings to form an organosilane interface layer. Next, oxygen plasma treatment was performed to activate the free radicals on the surface. Subsequently, ultraviolet light was employed to graft and polymerize acrylic acid for generating carboxyl groups on the surface. This was followed by a condensation reaction with biopolymers (chitosan, chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid, and gelatin). Results: Under a 20-min deposition time at 40 W and 150 mTorr, the thin films had a maximum graft density of 2.1 mg/cm2. MG-63 cells (human osteosarcoma cells) were employed to evaluate cell compatibility. Chitosan and chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid promoted the compatibility of MG-63 cells (a human osteosarcoma cell line) with zirconia ceramics, whereas gelatin reduced this compatibility. Conclusion: The findings confirm that cold plasma treatment and graft polymerization can promote the immobilization of biomolecules and improve the biocompatibility of zirconia ceramics. This approach can be applied to the modification of zirconia ceramic implants.

Integration of Bismuth sulfide/functionalized halloysite nanotube composite: An electrochemical tool for diethofencarb analysis.

Diethofencarb (DFC) is a fungicide used in agricultural fields and it's overe use makes a negative impact in the real-time environment. Here in this work, a semi-conductive urchin like Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) anchored with tubular structure functionalized halloysite nanotube (F-HNT) was hydrothermally synthesized and used for the electrochemical detection of DFC. Various analytical and microscopic techniques were used to analyze the structure, crystalline nature, and purity of the as-prepared F-HNT@Bi2S3. Moreover, the cyclic voltammetry technique was used to analyze the electrochemical studies of the F-HNT@Bi2S3 modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). A high synergetic relationship between the Bi2S3 and F-HNT provides a large surface area and better detection of DFC. The amperometry i-t technique result shows that the prepared composite exhibits a wide linear range of 0.0053-526.62 µg L-1, a low detection limit of 0.0032 µg L-1, and very good stability over 2000 s. Notably, our proposed sensor can determine the DFC spiked tomato and water samples with a high recovery range and proven the viability for real-time analysis. Finally, all the above-mentioned study results prove that the F-HNT@Bi2S3 could be used as an electrochemical probe for the detection of DFC.

Tuning Electrochemical Performance by Microstructural Optimization of the Nanocrystalline Functional Oxygen Electrode Layer for Solid Oxide Cells.

Further development of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) oxygen electrodes can be achieved through improvements in oxygen electrode design by microstructure miniaturization alongside nanomaterial implementation. In this work, improved electrochemical performance of an La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-d (LSCF) cathode was achieved by the controlled modification of the La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d (LSC) nanocrystalline interlayer introduced between a porous oxygen electrode and dense electrolyte. The evaluation was carried out for various LSC layer thicknesses, annealing temperatures, oxygen partial pressures, and temperatures as well as subjected to long-term stability tests and evaluated in typical operating conditions in an intermediate temperature SOFC. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and a distribution of relaxation times analysis were performed to reveal the rate-limiting electrochemical processes that limit the overall electrode performance. The main processes with an impact on the electrode performance were the adsorption of gaseous oxygen O2, dissociation of O2, and charge transfer-diffusion (O2-). The introduction of a nanoporous and nanocrystalline interlayer with extended electrochemically active surface area accelerates the oxygen surface exchange kinetics and oxygen ion diffusions, reducing polarization resistances. The polarization resistance of the reference LSCF was lowered by one order of magnitude from 0.77 to 0.076 Ω·cm2 at 600 °C by the deposition of a 400 nm LSC interlayer at the interface. The developed electrode tested in the anode-supported fuel cell configuration showed a higher cell performance by 20% compared to the cell with the reference electrode. The maximum power density at 700 °C reaches 675 and 820 mW·cm-2 for the reference cell and the cell with the LSC interlayer, respectively. Aging tests at 700 °C under a high load of 1 A·cm2 were performed.

Bismuth sulfide microstructures decorated with functionalized boron nitride composite for electrochemical detection of sulfadiazine.

In this work, the hydrothermal method was used to synthesize f-BN@Bi2S3 nanocomposite and used as an electrocatalyst for the detection of sulfadiazine (SD) drug. Various spectroscopic and voltammetric techniques were adopted to evaluate the morphological and structural features of the prepared materials. The modification of the electrode results in good electrocatalytic activity and excellent sensitive towards the oxidation of SD because of its huge active surface area, high sensitivity, and electrical conductivity provided by the synergistic effects of the f-BN@Bi2S3 nanocomposite. This modified electrode exhibited linearity in the range 0.01-62 µM at Epa = 0.93 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Furthermore, according to the electrochemical reaction towards the SD, a modified electrode of f-BN@Bi2S3 has a LOD value of 0.0015 µM, sensitivity (8.42 µA·µM-1·cm-2), good anti-interfering ability, and good repeatability. The suggested electrochemical sensor has high detection performance for monitoring water and urine samples. Notably, relative standard deviations (RSD) and recoveries of the proposed sensor for spiked water and urine samples are in the ranges of 0.014-0.75% and 98.97-99.98% (n = 3), respectively.