[Construction technology of amphibian habitat and the evaluation of its effectiveness.] / ä¸¤æ –ç±»æ –æ¯åœ°çš„æž„å»ºæŠ€æœ¯åŠæ•ˆæžœè¯„ä¼°.

Drastic decline and extinction of amphibian species occurred around the world. Human-induced habitat loss and degradation are major threats to amphibians. Repairing or rebuilding amphibian habitat is an important way for amphibian restoration. During the process of urbanization, the construction of appropriate habitats is the key measure for amphibian conservation. In this study, construction technique and assessment of the reform amphibian habitat was carried out. To match the habitat requirements of five common amphibian species in Shanghai, Luhui seedling base in Pujiang Town (Minhang District, Shanghai, China) was selected as an experimental site from May 2014 to September 2016. We used ecological engineering measures that could provide amphibian habitat, such as changing topographic, adjusting water systems, vegetation restoration, and so on. To explore how these new technologies benefited amphibians' biodiversity, five sampling lines (100 m × 5 m) were selected and amphibians were monitored during the breeding period (May-June) and non-breeding period (August-September), once in each period in 2014 and 2016. A total of four species were recorded with a density of (164.0±63.7) ind·hm-2 in the breeding period in 2014, and four species with a density of (160.0±29.7) ind·hm-2 in the non-breeding period in 2014, whereas five species with a density of (560.0±159.3) ind·hm-2 in the breeding period in 2016, and five species with a density of (628.0±186.2) ind·hm-2 in the non-breeding period in 2016. Our results suggested that this technology could significantly increase amphibians' biodiversity in the degraded amphibian habitat, which might be applied in other similar habitats in China.

[Waterbird habitat-selection during winter and spring in reclaimed coastal wetlands in Nanhui Dongtan, Shanghai].

From December 2009 to May 2010 goose and duck (Anatidae) community censuses in winter and shorebird (Charadriiforms) community censuses in spring were conducted across three types artificial wetlands (urban lake wetland, restorative wetland, abandoned wetland) along the coast of Nanhui, Shanghai. Correlation analyses were undertaken between community indices and habitat factors. The results showed there were significant differences in the density of geese and ducks among the wetlands, but no difference in the number of species. The density of geese and ducks in the restorative wetland was 3.77 times that of abandoned wetland and 6.03 times that of urban lake wetlands. The number of species and density of shorebirds in restorative wetlands was 2.88 and 5.70 times that of abandoned wetlands. We found significant differences in the number and density of shorebird species between restorative and abandoned wetlands. The number of species density of geese and ducks and the Shannon-Wiener (H') index were positively correlated with water area. The number of species and H' were negatively correlated with vegetation area. The number of species, species density and H' and evenness were negatively correlated with vegetation coverage. H' was positively correlated with mean water level. The results showed that the number and density of shorebird species were positively correlated with bare muddy areas. Aquaculture ponds and paddy fields in reclaimed area is efficient sufficient compensation mechanism to maintain more water areas for waterbirds and to control vegetation expansion and maintain shorebird habitat after coastal reclamation.

[Species composition and biodiversity of fish community in Dalian Lake, Shanghai].

A field fish survey of Dalian Lake, Shanghai was undertaken in Apr. 11-19, Apr. 27-May 8 and May 20-29, in total 24,061 fish individuals were collected, representing 22 species from 17 genera and 11 families. The dominant specie is Carassius auratus, accounting for 76.38% of the total. The eigenvalues of species diversity were showing below : Shannon-Wiener's index (H') being 1.0027, Simpson's index (lambda) being 0.5959, Pielous's index (J') being 0.3244, Margalef's index (D) being 2.0816 and relative rare species (R) being 90.91%. The fish community could be classified into 3 ecological types, which including river-sea migratory fish (3 species), river-lake migratory fish (1 species) and sedentary fish (18 species). Also they can be subcategoried into five types according to feeding habits, i.e., piscivorous fish (9 species), invertebrativorous fish (2 species), omnivores fish (7 species), planktotrophic fish (3 species), herbivorous fish (1 species). The results suggested that the biodiversity index and fish community stability are both at a low level. Compare to the lower reaches of Huangpu River, the proportion of piscivorous fish in Dalian Lake is higher, which suggested the water quality of Dalian Lake, located in the upper reaches of Huangpu River, is better than that in the downstream. It's required to intensify supervision and strengthen the environment protection of Dalian Lake to guarantee the sustainable development.

[Application of "overlay-maps" model in prior period research of ecological planning of Shanghai Expo area].

An ecological planning approach for Shanghai Expo 2010 was constructed based on "overlay-maps" model, and the ecological elements and GIS visualization in Shanghai Expo 2010 area were investigated and analyzed from the aspects of human comfort degree, life health, and sustainable utilization of resources. This approach included the determination of objectives for ecological planning, the selection and in situ investigation of ecological elements, the construction of eco-database, and the integrative analysis of GIS visualization, being indispensable for the prior period research of ecological planning of Expo area. Based on the present situation of soil pollution in the Expo area, a tentative scheme of soil restoration and utilization was brought forward, with the concerns of green space demand and soil secondary pollution avoidance. To protect the wild life habitats in Expo area, a demarcation of conservation areas for plants and original landscape was made. A conception of using landscape elements to optimize air temperature, humidity, and ventilation in the process of urban design was proposed, aimed to promote the human comfort degree under tropical monsoon conditions.

[Microclimate and comfortable degree of Shanghai urban open spaces in summer].

Based on the observation data of air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation from May to August 2006, the regulation effects of five types of open spaces (square, fountain, grassplot, corridor, and woodland) in Shanghai urban districts on the microclimate were analyzed, and discomfort index (DI) was introduced to evaluate the effects of these five types of open spaces on human body' s comfortable degree. The results showed that there existed definite differences in the air temperature and relative humidity among the open spaces, with the mean temperature decreased in the order of square > grassplot > fountain > corridor > woodland, and the mean relative humidity decreased in the order of woodland > corridor > fountain > grassplot > square. The area of the square, the wind speed and direction near the fountain, the grass species on the grass-plot, the width and tree coverage of the corridor, and the tree coverage and canopy height of the woodland had significant correlations with the microclimate parameters of corresponding open spaces. Comparing with other three types of open spaces, woodland and corridor had better regulation effects on the microclimate via shading, decreasing air temperature, and increasing relative humidity.