[Preparation and quality evaluation of total flavonoids microemulsion of "Pueraria lobata-Hovenia dulcis"].

The effective components of flavonoids in the "Pueraria lobata-Hovenia dulcis" drug pair have low bioavailability in vivo due to their unstable characteristics. This study used microemulsions with amphoteric carrier properties to solve this problem. The study drew pseudo-ternary phase diagrams through titration compatibility experiments of the oil phase with emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers and screened the prescription composition of blank microemulsions. The study used average particle size and PDI as evaluation indicators, and the central composite design-response surface method(CCD-RSM) was used to optimize the prescription; high-dosage drug-loaded microemulsions were obtained, and their physicochemical properties, appearance, and stability were evaluated. The results showed that when ethyl butyrate was used as the oil phase, polysorbate 80(tween 80) as the surfactant, and anhydrous ethanol as the cosurfactant, the maximum microemulsion area was obtained. When the difference in results was small, K_(m )of 1∶4 was chosen to ensure the safety of the prescription. The prescription composition optimized by the CCD-RSM was ethyl butyrate(16.28%), tween 80(9.59%), and anhydrous ethanol(38.34%). When the dosage reached 3% of the system mass, the total flavonoid microemulsion prepared had a clear and transparent appearance, with average particle size, PDI, and potential of(74.25±1.58)nm, 0.277±0.043, and(-0.08±0.07) mV, respectively. The microemulsion was spherical and evenly distributed under transmission electron microscopy. The centrifugal stability and temperature stability were good, and there was no layering or demulsification phenomenon, which significantly improved the in vitro dissolution of total flavonoids.

[Interpretation and review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Hypertension in China (2020 edition) and exploration of traditional Chinese medicine for antihypertensive treatment].

Hypertension is the most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease-related deaths among urban and rural residents, and it has become a significant global public health issue. In October 2022, the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension in China(hereinafter referred to as the Practice Guidelines) were jointly released by the National Cardiovascular Center and other academic organizations. The Practice Guidelines sparked extensive discussions as they clearly lowered the diagnostic criteria for hypertension, raised the blood pressure targets for elderly patients, and proposed changes in the timing of early medication intervention. While these adjustments have some international evidence-based support, there is still debate regarding the cardiovascular benefits of intensified blood pressure control based on the existing level of evidence. Furthermore, whether the series of new standards proposed in the Practice Guidelines are suitable for the Chinese population and whether the hypertension control level in primary care in China can adapt to the new diagnostic and treatment standards require further in-depth research. In contrast to the strict blood pressure control concept emphasized in the Practice Guidelines, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) emphasizes the concept of comprehensive prevention and treatment and holistic therapy in the treatment of hypertension, including prehypertension, hypertension, and target organ damage. In recent years, based on abundant clinical trial research and high-quality evidence-based support, the advantages of TCM in treating hypertension have gradually emerged. Previous studies by this research team have found that the pathogenesis of hypertension includes three major types: fire syndrome, fluid retention syndrome, and deficiency syndrome. TCM treatment of hypertension features stable blood pressure reduction, gentle blood pressure lowering, and long-lasting effects. In addition to blood pressure reduction, it also has effects such as reversing risk factors and protecting target organ damage. It demonstrates the characteristics of multiple targets, multiple components, and comprehensive regulation, and can be applied throughout the entire process of prevention and treatment, including prehypertension, hypertension, and target organ damage in the early, middle, and late stages of hypertension. Therefore, it has certain clinical application prospects.

[Estimation of Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Emission Reduction Potential of Beijing During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period Under the Background of "Carbon Peak and Neutrality"].

To achieve the goal of "carbon peak and neutrality," the strict requirements for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions control in the agricultural sector were recommended in relevant plans for Beijing during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Through collecting agricultural activity data and calculating and screening the emission factors, the amount and emission characteristics of agricultural GHG emissions in Beijing in 2020 were estimated and set as the baseline condition. On this basis, the GHG emissions in 2025 with optimized measurements implemented, which were selected in combination with the natural conditions and planting-breeding mode of Beijing, were set as the reduction condition. The emission reduction potential and its distribution during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period were predicted simultaneously. Meanwhile, the reduction effects on the GHG emissions of optimized measurements were evaluated. In addition, relevant policy recommendations on GHG reduction were proposed accordingly. The results revealed that the total agricultural GHG emissions in Beijing were estimated to be 456000 t (CO2-eq) in 2020, primarily from sources of animal intestinal fermentation and manure management, with contribution rates of 50.7% and 26.7%, respectively. Spatially, it was mainly distributed in districts with large livestock and poultry breeding scales, such as Shunyi District, Miyun District, and Yanqing District, etc. It was predicted that in 2025, the total agricultural GHG emissions would be 349000 t (CO2-eq), and the emission reduction potential in the 14th Five-Year Plan period would be 107000 t (CO2-eq). Animal intestinal fermentation would be the emission source with the largest reduction potential (60000 tons, CO2-eq), followed by the emission source of animal manure management (37000 tons, CO2-eq). Adjusting fodder composition and optimizing manure management were analyzed to be the most effective optimized measurements for agricultural GHG emission reduction. Moreover, the emission reduction potential of CH4 would be greater than that of N2O. The emission reduction potential would be mainly distributed in Miyun District, Shunyi District, Yanqing District, Fangshan District, Tongzhou District, and other suburbs with large livestock and poultry breeding scales, accounting for more than 10% of the total emission reduction potential for each. These regions with large emission reduction potential should be prioritized and then the assessments should be extended to the whole city. The measurements were recommended as follows:① the research and promotion of technologies such as fodder optimization and the efficient treatment of manure should be strengthened, ② the scope of the combination of planting and breeding model should be expanded to promote the development of circular agriculture, and ③ relevant standards, guidelines, and specifications for green and low-carbon agriculture should be formulated, and the regulatory and policy system for synergy reduction of agricultural pollution and GHG should be developed.

Four new species of the genus Andixius Emeljanov & Hayashi (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae) from China.

Four new species of the genus Andixius Emeljanov & Hayashi, 2007 are described and illustrated from China. These are A.flagellihamus Wang & Chen, sp. nov., A.gracilispinus Wang & Chen, sp. nov., A.productus Wang & Chen, sp. nov. and A.truncatus Wang & Chen, sp. nov. Photographs of the new species and an identification key to all Andixius species are provided.

Early life exercise training and inhibition of apoLpp mRNA expression to improve age-related arrhythmias and prolong the average lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) places a heavy burden on older patients and the global healthcare system. A large body of evidence suggests that exercise training is essential in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used the Drosophila melanogaster animal model to study the effects of early-life exercise training (Exercise) on the aging heart and lifespan. We found in flies that age-induced arrhythmias are conserved across different genetic backgrounds. The fat body is the primary source of circulating lipoproteins in flies. Inhibition of fat body apoLpp (Drosophila apoB homolog) demonstrated that low expression of apoLpp reduced the development of arrhythmias in aged flies but did not affect average lifespan. At the same time, exercise can also reduce the expression of apoLpp mRNA in aged flies and have a protective effect on the heart, which is similar to the inhibition of apoLpp mRNA. Although treatment of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise alone had no significant effect on lifespan, the combination of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise extended the average lifespan of flies. Therefore, we conclude that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise are sufficient to resist age-induced arrhythmias, which may be related to the decreased expression of apoLpp mRNA, and that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise have a combined effect on prolonging the average lifespan.

[A novel phenylisoquinoline alkaloid with cardioprotective effect from Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata].

Macroporous resin chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, preparative thin layer chromatography, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography were performed to isolate two compounds from the acid extract of the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii: a new 9-phenylisoquinoline alkaloid(1) and a known pavine alkaloid(2). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopy. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was identified by electronic circular dichroism(ECD) and it was determined to be(aS)-7,8-dimethoxy-9-(2-carboxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline-1(2H)-one(1). The cardioprotective effects of 1 and 2 against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in H9 c2 cells were evaluated. Both of the isoquinoline alkaloids showed cardioprotective activity.

Two New Species of Betacixius Matsumura, 1914 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) from Southwestern China, with an Updated Checklist and Key to Species.

In this study, two new species of genus Betacixius Matsumura, 1914 (Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae), Betacixius gongshanensis sp. nov. from Yunnan Province and B. guizhouensis sp. nov. from Guizhou Province, are described and illustrated. An updated checklist and identification key to known species of the genus Betacixius are provided.

Assessment of Drying Kinetics, Textural and Aroma Attributes of Mentha haplocalyx Leaves during the Hot Air Thin-Layer Drying Process.

Since Mentha haplocalyx leaves are rich in bioactive constitutes, particularly volatile compounds, there are higher demands for high-quality dried medicinal and aromatic peppermint products. This study aimed to assess the drying kinetics of hot air thin layer drying Mentha haplocalyx leaves and exploring the effects of hot air-drying temperatures on the textural properties and sensory quality. According to our results, the Midilli model is the best model representing the hot air-drying process. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) and activation energy (Ea) of the hot air-drying process were determined as 7.51 × 10-9-3.03 × 10-8 m2/s and 57.98 KJ/moL, respectively. The changes of textural and aromatic profiles of dried Mentha haplocalyx leaves were subsequently evaluated by the SEM, GC-MS and E-nose technology. Changes in leaf cellular membrane structures were observed in this study, indicating that the loss of moisture content induced the shrinkage of leaf cells during the hot air-drying process. Moreover, the altered profile of volatile compounds was identified at the different drying temperatures. As a result of the GC-MS analysis, increasing the content of D-carvone from 61.89%, 69.25% and 78.2% resulted in drying temperatures of 35 °C, 45 °C and 55 °C, respectively; while a decreasing trend of other volatile compounds, including D-Limonene, cineole and l-caryophyllene was detected as drying temperature elevated. Finally, the aromatic profile was evaluated by E-nose, and results of the flavor radar fingerprint and PCA showed that aromatic profiles were significantly altered by the drying process. The overall results elucidated that the hot air thin layer drying at 35 °C efficiently improved the final quality of dried Mentha haplocalyx leaves by maintaining flavor properties.

Cardioprotective effects and concentration-response relationship of aminoalcohol-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum carmichaelii.

Fuzi, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine developed from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., has been widely used for the treatment of heart failure. In order to search for active compounds from Fuzi, a phytochemical study was performed, which resulted in the isolation of 14 aminoalcohol-diterpenoid alkaloids, including one new compound (1). Their cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in H9c2 cells were evaluated. All of the alkaloids showed cardioprotective effects in a nonmonotonic concentration-response manner, with the maximum protection rates ranging from 17.96 ± 2.93% to 98.31 ± 0.35%. Compound 5 exhibited the most potent cardioprotective activity. Taking the maximum protection rate as an indicator, the preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the substitutions of C-1, C-13, C-15, C-16, and N and the configurations of OMe-6 and OH-15 are important structural features for the cardioprotective activities of the aminoalcohol-diterpenoid alkaloids.

Testing Seven Hypotheses to Determine What Explains the Current Planthopper (Fulgoridae) Geographical and Species Richness Patterns in China.

Although many hypotheses have been proposed to understand the mechanisms underlying large-scale richness patterns, the environmental determinants are still poorly understood, particularly in insects. Here, we tested the relative contributions of seven hypotheses previously proposed to explain planthopper richness patterns in China. The richness patterns were visualized at a 1° × 1° grid size, using 14,722 distribution records for 1335 planthoppers. We used ordinary least squares and spatial error simultaneous autoregressive models to examine the relationships between richness and single environmental variables and employed model averaging to assess the environmental variable relative roles. Species richness was unevenly distributed, with high species numbers occurring in the central and southern mountainous areas. The mean annual temperature change since the Last Glacial Maximum was the most important factor for richness patterns, followed by mean annual temperature and net primary productivity. Therefore, historical climate stability, ambient energy, and productivity hypotheses were supported strongly, but orogenic processes and geological isolation may also play a vital role.

Inhibiting HMGB1-RAGE axis prevents pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia polarization and affords neuroprotection after spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) favors a persistent pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia-mediated response with only a transient appearance of anti-inflammatory phenotype of immune cells. However, the mechanisms controlling this special sterile inflammation after SCI are still not fully elucidated. It is known that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from necrotic cells after injury can trigger severe inflammation. High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), a ubiquitously expressed DNA binding protein, is an identified DAMP, and our previous study demonstrated that reactive astrocytes could undergo necroptosis and release HMGB1 after SCI in mice. The present study aimed to explore the effects and the possible mechanism of HMGB1on macrophages/microglia polarization, as well as the neuroprotective effects by HMGB1 inhibition after SCI. METHODS: In this study, the expression and the concentration of HMGB1 was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Glycyrrhizin was applied to inhibit HMGB1, while FPS-ZM1 to suppress receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The polarization of macrophages/microglia in vitro and in vivo was detected by qRT-PCR, immunostaining, and western blot. The lesion area was detected by GFAP staining, while neuronal survival was examined by Nissl staining. Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, DAB staining, and western blot were adopted to evaluate the myelin loss. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and rump-height Index (RHI) assay was applied to evaluate locomotor functional recovery. RESULTS: Our data showed that HMGB1 can be elevated and released from necroptotic astrocytes and HMGB1 could induce pro-inflammatory microglia through the RAGE-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. We further demonstrated that inhibiting HMGB1 or RAGE effectively decreased the numbers of detrimental pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia while increased anti-inflammatory cells after SCI. Furthermore, our data showed that inhibiting HMGB1 or RAGE significantly decreased neuronal loss and demyelination, and improved functional recovery after SCI. CONCLUSIONS: The data implicated that HMGB1-RAGE axis contributed to the dominant pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia-mediated pro-inflammatory response, and inhibiting this pathway afforded neuroprotection for SCI. Thus, therapies designed to modulate immune microenvironment based on this cascade might be a prospective treatment for SCI.

Discrimination of the Geographical Origin of the Lateral Roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Using the Fingerprint, Multicomponent Quantification, and Chemometric Methods.

Fuzi is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine developed from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. It is rich in alkaloids that display a wide variety of bioactivities, and it has a strong cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity. In order to discriminate the geographical origin and evaluate the quality of this medicine, a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for multicomponent quantification and chemical fingerprint analysis. The measured results of 32 batches of Fuzi from three different regions were evaluated by chemometric analysis, including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The content of six representative alkaloids of Fuzi (benzoylmesaconine, benzoylhypaconine, benzoylaconine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and aconitine) were varied by geographical origin, and the content ratios of the benzoylmesaconine/mesaconitine and diester-type/monoester-type diterpenoid alkaloids may be potential traits for classifying the geographical origin of the medicine. In the HPLC fingerprint similarity analysis, the Fuzi from Jiangyou, Sichuan, was distinguished from the Fuzi from Butuo, Sichuan, and the Fuzi from Yunnan. Based on the HCA and PCA analyses of the content of the six representative alkaloids, all of the batches were classified into two categories, which were closely related to the plants' geographical origins. The Fuzi samples from Jiangyou were placed into one category, while the Fuzi samples from Butuo and Yunnan were put into another category. The LDA analysis provided an efficient and satisfactory prediction model for differentiating the Fuzi samples from the above-mentioned three geographical origins. Thus, the content of the six representative alkaloids and the fingerprint similarity values were useful markers for differentiating the geographical origin of the Fuzi samples.

SIRT3 in cardiovascular diseases: Emerging roles and therapeutic implications.

SIRT3 belongs to a highly conserved protein family of histone deacetylases and it is rich in mitochondria. As acetyl-modification is one of the important post-translational modifications that prevail in the mitochondria, it is not surprising that SIRT3 plays a key regulatory role in this organelle. SIRT3 has a wide range of substrates that are involved in the physiological and pathological processes of oxidative stress, ischemia-reperfusion injury, mitochondrial metabolism homeostasis and cellular death. These pathophysiological processes are considered as the underlying mechanisms of diseases like cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction and heart failure, indicating the potential roles of SIRT3 in cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we will summarize the emerging roles and therapeutic implications of SIRT3 in cardiovascular diseases by providing an update on the latest understanding of its functions.

Chinese preparation Xuesaitong promotes the mobilization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats with cerebral infarction.

After cerebral ischemia, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are mobilized and travel from the bone marrow through peripheral circulation to the focal point of ischemia to initiate tissue regeneration. However, the number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells mobilized into peripheral circulation is not enough to exert therapeutic effects, and the method by which blood circulation is promoted to remove blood stasis influences stem cell homing. The main ingredient of Xuesaitong capsules is Panax notoginseng saponins, and Xuesaitong is one of the main drugs used for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. We established rat models of cerebral infarction by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and then intragastrically administered Xuesaitong capsules (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg per day) for 28 successive days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that in rats with cerebral infarction, middle- and high-dose Xuesaitong significantly increased the level of stem cell factors and the number of CD117-positive cells in plasma and bone marrow and significantly decreased the number of CD54- and CD106-positive cells in plasma and bone marrow. The effect of low-dose Xuesaitong on these factors was not obvious. These findings demonstrate that middle- and high-dose Xuesaitong and hence Panax notoginseng saponins promote and increase the level and mobilization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral blood.

[The effect and mechanism of curcumin derivative B06 on the myocardium from type 2 diabetic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of curcumin derivatives B06 on myocardium from type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, normal control group (NC group), high fat group (HF group), high fat treatment group (FT group), diabetes mellitus group (DM group) and diabetes treatment group (DT group) (n = 7). The late four groups were fed with high fat food, after four weeks of high fat feeding, the rats from DM group and DT group were injected with low dosage of streptozocin intraperitoneally to induce diabetes mellitus, FT group and DT group were gavaged with curcumin derivatives B06 at the dosage of 0.2 mg/kg x d. The blood glucose and lipid were detected biochemically, blood insulin was assayed by ELISA and the insulin resistance index was calculated, the morphology of myocardium was observed by light and transmission electron microscopy, the protein expression of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKalpha) and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (p-AMPKalpha) in myocardium were tested by Western blot. RESULTS: The level of blood glucose, lipid, insulin and the insulin resistance index were increased in HF group and DM group, but they were decreased after the treatment with B06. The expression of AMPKalpha and p-AMPKalpha were decreased, but they became increased after the treatment of B06. There were increased collagen fibers in interstitium and expansion of mitochondria in cytoplasm of myocardium from DM group, but they were ameliorated in B06 treatment group. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that B06 may relieve the damage of myocardium from type 2 diabetic rats and the increased expression of AMPKalpha and p-AMPKalpha may be involved in it.

[Correlation between chirp auditory brainstem response and behavioral hearing threshold in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between thresholds in the chirp-ABR and behavior audiogram in order to find out if it is possible to be used as an clinical application of the chirp-ABR in estimating hearing sensitivity. METHODS: Twenty-two cases with hearing loss or normal hearing were enrolled in the study. The behavior audiogram and the response thresholds of chirp ABR (including chirp ABR, L-chirp ABR and U-chirp ABR) were obtained from 35 ears. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases were of both genders. The age was between 3.3- 6.5-years-old with the average age of 4.8-years-old. Divided by the degree of hearing loss, in the 35 ears, there were 6 with normal hearing, 2 with slightly hearing loss, 4 with moderate hearing loss, 10 with severe hearing loss and 13 with profound hearing loss. The Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.939, 0.900 and 0.930, respectively, which got from the data between the average of 0.5 - 4 kHz and chirp ABR respond threshold, 0.5 kHz and L-chirp ABR, and the average of 1 - 4 kHz and U-chirp ABR. CONCLUSION: As an objective test, the response threshold of chirp-ABR and the behavior audiogram were a highly correlated with each other, but more application in more subjects is needed.

[Evaluation and analysis of auditory function and its clinical characteristics in low birth weight premature infants.].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze dynamic changes of auditory function in premature babies with fetal age of less than 37 weeks who were categorized into different birth weight groups and to detect abnormalities of auditory function in these babies and to describe the early development patterns of auditory function in infancy. METHODS: Total of 252 subjects (504 ears) from neonatal ward, neonatal intensive care unit and auditory clinic in Guangzhou Children Hospital, whose fetal age were less than 37 weeks, were included in our study and received auditory function evaluation from January 2004 to February 2008. To investigate the correlation between birth weight and development and abnormality of auditory function in premature babies, all subjects were divided into four groups according to birth weight: 2.5 kg. Each group was further categorized by subject's age on first auditory function evaluation in 0 - 3 months (include 3 months), 3 - 6 months (include 6 months) and above 6 months, respectively. Subjects who were evaluated more than once in different age frame would be grouped into multiple evaluation subgroups. All subjects underwent one or more objective auditory examinations including auditory brainstem response (ABR), distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), tympanometry and acoustic stapedius reflex. RESULTS: A tendency of decreased wave V threshold of ABR was seen as birth weight increased, while the percentage of subjects with ABR wave V threshold

(E)-3-Bromo-N'-(4-hydr-oxy-3-nitro-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide.

The title compound, C(14)H(10)BrN(3)O(4), was synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydr-oxy-3-nitro-benzaldehyde with an equimolar quantity of 3-bromo-benzohydrazide in methanol. The mol-ecule displays an E configuration about the C=N bond. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 4.6 (2)°. The nitro group is almost coplanar with the attached benzene ring [dihedral angle = 4.7 (2)°]. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked into sheets parallel to (100) by inter-molecular N-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

[Audiological characteristics and localization of lesions in children with retrocochlear auditory nerve impairment].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinic characteristics, audiological characteristics and location of lesions in children with retrocochlear auditory nerve impairment which, including auditory neuropathy characterized by severely abnormal results of ABR and normal results of DPOAE. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2006, eighty-six cases (165 ears) with severely abnormal ABR but normal results of DPOAE were enrolled in the study group. The mean patient age was one year and one-month-old, with a range of 8 days to 7 years. The cases with abnormal conductive function were excluded. The cases with severely abnormal ABR and normal cochlear functions as measured by DPOAE and without abnormal conductive function were selected as the cochlear lesion group. Some same age healthy children without hearing loss were subjected as normal control group. The latency and amplitude of waves I, III and V, the inter peak latency I-III was compared among the three group. RESULTS: (1) Fifty-one cases (59.3%) had a history of hypercholesterolemia during neonatal period, but 40 cases (46.51%) had a severe hypercholesterolemia and 11 cases (12.79%) had mild or moderate hypercholesterolemia. Clinical features common among the population included a history of dyskinesia [n = 40 (46.51%)], hearing and language disorder [n = 10 (11. 63%)]. Thirty-two cases (37.2%) were accompanied by cerebral palsy . (2) Among the 165 ears, absent ABRs to click stimuli presented at 103 dB was in 103 ears, only wave I was developed in 27 ears and only wave V was developed in 19 ears,wave I and III in 13 ears and differentiated wave I and V in 3 ears. (3) When compared to control group, the latency of wave I was prolonged and amplitude of wave I was lower in cases with only wave I developed (t = -6.75 and 2.58, P < 0.05). For for cases with only wave I and III differentiated, the latency and amplitude of wave I was the same but the latency of wave III was prolonged and amplitude of wave III was lower while interpeak latency I-III was prolonged. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory neuropathy which was characterized by severely abnormal ABR was the most common type of retrocochlear auditory nerve impairment. It was mainly due to a disorder of VIII nerve. The pathologies that affect higher levels of the auditory pathway, from the brainstem to the auditory cortex, might be the main sites of lesion in cases with only wave I developed. Superior olivary nucleus where wave III was generated and higher levels of the auditory pathway might be the main sites of lesion in cases with wave I and III differentiated. The low-amplitude wave V was not characteristics of auditory neuropathy. Cerebral cortex, brain stem auditory nucleus and VIII nerve might be damaged successively in cases with retrocochlear auditory nerve impairment induced by hypercholesterolemia.