Polarized Tunneling Transistor for Ultralow-Energy-Consumption Artificial Synapse toward Neuromorphic Computing.

Neural networks based on low-power artificial synapses can significantly reduce energy consumption, which is of great importance in today's era of artificial intelligence. Two-dimensional (2D) material-based floating-gate transistors (FGTs) have emerged as compelling candidates for simulating artificial synapses owing to their multilevel and nonvolatile data storage capabilities. However, the low erasing/programming speed of FGTs renders them unsuitable for low-energy-consumption artificial synapses, thereby limiting their potential in high-energy-efficient neuromorphic computing. Here, we introduce a FGT-inspired MoS2/Trap/PZT heterostructure-based polarized tunneling transistor (PTT) with a simple fabrication process and significantly enhanced erasing/programming speed. Distinct from the FGT, the PTT lacks a tunnel layer, leading to a marked improvement in its erasing/programming speed. The PTT's highest erasing/programming (operation) speed can reach ∼20 ns, which outperforms the performance of most FGTs based on 2D heterostructures. Furthermore, the PTT has been utilized as an artificial synapse, and its weight-update energy consumption can be as low as 0.0002 femtojoule (fJ), which benefits from the PTT's ultrahigh operation speed. Additionally, PTT-based artificial synapses have been employed in constructing artificial neural network simulations, achieving facial-recognition accuracy (95%). This groundbreaking work makes it possible for fabricating future high-energy-efficient neuromorphic transistors utilizing 2D materials.

PZT-Enabled MoS2 Floating Gate Transistors: Overcoming Boltzmann Tyranny and Achieving Ultralow Energy Consumption for High-Accuracy Neuromorphic Computing.

Low-power electronic devices play a pivotal role in the burgeoning artificial intelligence era. The study of such devices encompasses low-subthreshold swing (SS) transistors and neuromorphic devices. However, conventional field-effect transistors (FETs) face the inherent limitation of the "Boltzmann tyranny", which restricts SS to 60 mV decade-1 at room temperature. Additionally, FET-based neuromorphic devices lack sufficient conductance states for highly accurate neuromorphic computing due to a narrow memory window. In this study, we propose a pioneering PZT-enabled MoS2 floating gate transistor (PFGT) configuration, demonstrating a low SS of 46 mV decade-1 and a wide memory window of 7.2 V in the dual-sweeping gate voltage range from -7 to 7 V. The wide memory window provides 112 distinct conductance states for PFGT. Moreover, the PFGT-based artificial neural network achieves an outstanding facial-recognition accuracy of 97.3%. This study lays the groundwork for the development of low-SS transistors and highly energy efficient artificial synapses utilizing two-dimensional materials.

The ribosome biogenesis protein Esf1 is essential for pharyngeal cartilage formation in zebrafish.

Craniofacial malformations are common congenital birth defects and usually caused by abnormal development of the cranial neural crest cells. Some nucleolar ribosome biogenesis factors are implicated in neural crest disorders also known as neurocristopathies. However, the underlying mechanisms linking ribosome biogenesis and neural crest cell (NCC) development remain to be elucidated. Here we report a novel zebrafish model with a CRISPR/Cas9-generated esf1 mutation, which exhibits severe NCC-derived pharyngeal cartilage loss and defects in the eyes, brain, and heart. The expression of several typical NCC markers, including sox10, dlx2a, nrp2b, crestin, vgll2a, and sox9a, was reduced in the head of the esf1 mutants, which indicates that esf1 plays a role in the development of zebrafish NCCs. We demonstrate that, similar to the yeast, loss of esf1 in zebrafish leads to defects in 18S rRNA biogenesis and ribosome biogenesis. We also show strong upregulation of p53 signaling as well as apoptosis, and poor proliferation in mutants. Inactivation of p53 rescues the early tissue defects and pharyngeal cartilage loss observed in esf1 mutants, indicating that increased cell death and pharyngeal cartilage defects observed in esf1 mutants are mediated via upregulated p53 signaling pathways. Based on transplantation analysis, we found esf1 functions in NCC in a cell autonomous fashion. Together, our results suggest that esf1 is required for NCC development and pharyngeal cartilage formation. These studies provide a potential model for investigating the relationship between ribosome biogenesis defects and craniofacial neurocristopathies.

Catalpol inhibits migration and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells and in athymic nude mice.

Gastric cancer is one of the leading factors, causing tumor-associated death worldwide. However, due to the limited therapeutic strategies in inhibition of gastric cancer, further studies are still required to develop effective treatments. In the present study, we attempted to explore the effects of catalpol, extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Rehmannia glutinosa, on gastric cancer progression in cells and in xenograft nude mice. The results indicated that catalpol dose-dependently reduced the proliferation of cancer cells. The migrated cells were also decreased with catalpol treatment, as evidenced by the down-regulated expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) and N-cadherin. Further, catalpol induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Apoptosis-related markers including cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP were highly expressed in catalpol-treated cells. However, the cells with pre-treatment of caspases inhibitor reversed catalpol-induced apoptosis. Further, catalpol also enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in gastric cancer cells, which was eliminated by N-acetylcystein (NAC) pre-incubation, an important ROS scavenger. Of note, catalpol potentiated the anti-cancer effects of cisplatin (DDP) in suppressing gastric cancer cells. In vivo, catalpol prevented the tumor growth in xenograft nude mice, while no significant difference was observed in body weight. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that catalpol increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells, whereas decreased the number of KI-67-positive cells. Together, the results above indicated that catalpol has a potential value in treating gastric cancer.

Tolvaptan in Chinese cirrhotic patients with ascites: A randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate tolvaptan as a novel therapeutic option for Chinese patients with liver cirrhosis-associated ascites in a phase 2 clinical trial. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial was conducted in patients with insufficient responses to combination therapies of an oral loop diuretic and an aldosterone antagonist. Reduction in body weight and abdominal circumference, increase in 24-h cumulative urine volume and improvement in serum sodium level from baseline to the end of treatment in the tolvaptan groups (15 mg/day or 30 mg/day orally) were compared with those in the placebo group. Drug safety was also assessed. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients were allocated to the placebo group, 56 to the tolvaptan 15-mg group and 63 to the tolvaptan 30-mg group. Their mean changes in body weight were -0.5 ± 1.6 kg, -2.1 ± 2.0 kg and -1.9 ± 2.0 kg, respectively. Body weight reductions in both tolvaptan groups were significantly greater than that in the placebo group (difference -1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.5 to -0.8, and difference -1.4, 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.7, both P < 0.0001). The administration of tolvaptan also significantly reduced the abdominal circumference, increased 24-h cumulative urine volume and serum sodium level compared with placebo. The most common adverse events in the tolvaptan groups were constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth and thirst, with no severe adverse events observed. CONCLUSION: Tolvaptan at 15 mg/day significantly reduced the body weight and abdominal circumference in patients with liver cirrhosis-associated ascites, which needs to be confirmed in a phase 3 trial.

High-Performance Red-Light Photodetector Based on Lead-Free Bismuth Halide Perovskite Film.

In this study, we developed a sensitive red-light photodetector (RLPD) based on CsBi3I10 perovskite thin film. This inorganic, lead-free perovskite was fabricated by a simple spin-coating method. Device analysis reveals that the as-assembled RLPD was very sensitive to 650 nm light, with an on/off ratio as high as 105. The responsivity and specific detectivity of the device were estimated to be 21.8 A/W and 1.93 × 1013 Jones, respectively, which are much better than those of other lead halide perovskite devices. In addition, the device shows a fast response (rise time: 0.33 ms; fall time: 0.38 ms) and a high external quantum efficiency (4.13 × 103%). It is also revealed that the RLPD has a very good device stability even after storage for 3 months under ambient conditions. In summary, we suggest that the CsBi3I10 perovskite photodetector developed in this study may have potential applications in future optoelectronic systems.

Promoting Vasa Vasorum Neovascularization of Vein Grafts Extenuates Hypoxia of the Wall and Its Subsequent Influence on Intimal Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: The autologous saphenous vein is the most common conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, but the vein graft disease will occur. This study used Matrigel basement membrane matrix with many different growth factors to promote vasa vasorum neovascularization and extenuate the hypoxia to improve remodeling. METHODS: This study observed the hypoxia and thickness of the vein grafts at different times. Normal veins and vein grafts with 15 min of ischemia one day postoperatively were harvested in the neck of rabbits. Paired vein grafts with 15 min ischemia bilaterally (control vs. Matrigel basement membrane matrix) were performed and harvested at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The rabbits were randomly divided into four postoperative groups (six rabbits in each group): Group 1, one day postoperatively; Group 2, 2 weeks postoperatively; Group 3, 6 weeks postoperatively; and Group 4, 12 weeks postoperatively. The dimensions of vessel wall were captured, and the mean thicknesses of intima, media, and adventitia were measured. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α labeling indices of intima, media, and adventitia were also measured. RESULTS: In Group 1, the labeling index of HIF-1α was high in the normal vein and decreased significantly in the vein graft one day postoperatively (intima: 80 ± 3% vs. 12 ± 1%, P = 0.01; media: 67 ± 5% vs. 11 ± 1%, P = 0.01; adventitia: 40 ± 10% vs. 7 ± 2%, P = 0.03). The labeling index of HIF-2α had similar trend as HIF-1α (intima: 80 ± 10% vs. 10 ± 5%, P = 0.02; media: 60 ± 14% vs. 12 ± 2%, P = 0.01; adventitia: 45 ± 20% vs. 10 ± 4%, P = 0.03). Compared with the control vein grafts, vein grafts with Matrigel basement membrane matrix had lower labeling indices of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in media and adventitia at Group 2 (HIF-1α: 34 ± 5% vs. 20 ± 4%, P = 0.04 for media; 23 ± 3% vs. 11 ± 2%, P = 0.03 for adventitia; HIF-2α: 37 ± 6% vs. 21 ± 4%, P = 0.03 for media; 24 ± 4% vs. 13 ± 2%, P = 0.04 for adventitia) and Group 3 (HIF-1α: 33 ± 4% vs. 7 ± 2%, P = 0.04 for media; 13 ± 3% vs. 3 ± 1%, P = 0.02 for adventitia; HIF-2α: 27 ± 4% vs. 12 ± 3%, P = 0.02 for media; 19 ± 2% vs. 6 ± 1%, P = 0.02 for adventitia). There were no differences in mean thickness of intima, media, and adventitia between bilateral vein grafts at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that promoting vasa vasorum neovascularization of vein grafts extenuated hypoxia, but did not influence the intimal hyperplasia of the wall.

Effects of TMEM9 gene on cell progression in hepatocellular carcinoma by RNA interference.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor that has become a global health issue. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9) in cell progression, such as cell growth, cell cycle, cell metastasis of hepatoma cells, and to discuss the TMEM9 gene­encoding protein as a potential therapy target of hepatoma. RT-qPCR was performed to examine TMEM9 expression in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues of patients with liver cancer. siRNAs were used to interfere TMEM9 in HepG2 and 7721 cells. A CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate cell growth at 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Transwell assays were used to determine cell invasion, migration and adhesion. The results showed that TMEM9 was expressed abnormally in liver cancers. TMEM9 expression increased significantly in the 34 examined patients. TMEM9 knockdown inhibited proliferation in the HepG2 and 7721 cells. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that TMEM9 knockdown by RNA interference resulted in G1 arrest and induced apoptosis. Cell invasion, migration and adhesion ability were also decreased. Western blotting indicated that expression of the cell cycle­related proteins CDK1, EIF3H, RPL10L, S100A10, CCNB1 and CCNB2 was significantly decreased. In conclusion, TMEM9 plays an important role in the cell growth of hepatoma cells.

Correlation of serum levels of endostatin with tumor stage in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the association between serum endostatin levels and gastric cancer (GC) progression. METHOD: We searched the MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Current Contents Index, and several Chinese databases for published studies relevant to our study topic. Carefully selected studies were pooled and SMD and its corresponding 95% CI were calculated. Version 12.0 STATA software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Serum endostatin levels were analyzed in 12 case-control studies (736 GC patients and 350 controls). Significant differences in serum endostatin levels were observed between GC patients and the healthy controls (SMD = 1.418, 95% CI = 1.079~1.757, P < 0.001). Importantly, significantly lower levels of serum endostatin were found in I-II grade patients compared to those with III-IV grade tumors (P < 0.001). Further, higher serum endostatin levels were observed in the LN invasion-positive GC subjects in comparison with LN invasion-negative subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with GC exhibited elevated levels of serum endostatin than controls and its level showed a statistical correlation with the more aggressive type of GC, exhibiting invasion and LN metastasis. Thus, serum levels of endostatin being a useful prognostic biomarker for GC patients warrants further investigation.

[Meta analysis on the association of CYP11B2 gene polymorphism and essential hypertension in Chinese Han population].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between CYP11B2 gene polymorphism and essential hypertension, blood pressure level in Chinese Han population by meta-analysis. METHODS: After searching database, the research quality was quantified according to NOS. Genetic model, heterogeneity, publication bias, overall OR/standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95%CI were explored by Stata, 19 studies including 9249 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS: Compared to control group, OR(95%CI) of CC vs. TT, CT vs. TT, CC vs. CT in essential hypertensive patients were 1.022(95%CI: 0.879-1.190), 1.108 (95%CI: 0.951-1.291), 1.050(95%CI:0.995-1.109), respectively; SMD (95%CI) was 0.315 (0.066-0.565, P < 0.05) for systolic pressure derived CC vs. TT, and 0.088 (0.014-0.162, P < 0.05) for CT vs. TT CONCLUSION: Individuals with -344C CYP11B2 allele are at higher risk of increased systolic blood pressure, but there is no evidence showing association between CYP11B2 polymorphism and susceptibility of essential hypertension in Chinese Han population.

Folic acid prevents the initial occurrence of sporadic colorectal adenoma in Chinese older than 50 years of age: a randomized clinical trial.

Colorectal adenoma (CRA) is the precursor lesion of colorectal cancer (CRC). Several agents have been shown to be effective in the chemoprevention of CRA recurrence, but there has been little research on its primary prevention. Participants older than 50 years with no adenomas were recruited for our study and randomized to receive either 1 mg/day folic acid supplement or treatment without folic acid. After 3 years of follow-up, plasma folate and colonoscopy were evaluated. Seven hundred ninety-one participants (91.98%) completed the study. CRA occurred in 64 (14.88%) participants in the folic acid group and 132 (30.70%) in the control group [unadjusted risk ratio (RR), 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-0.63; P < 0.01]; left-sided adenoma (unadjusted RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.76; P = 0.001) and advanced CRA (unadjusted RR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.81; P = 0.01) were most common. There was no significance difference in the occurrence of three or more adenomas (unadjusted RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.36-1.77; P = 0.38) or right-sided adenoma (unadjusted RR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.30-1.00; P = 0.07) between the two groups. Participants with low plasma folate may have a high risk of CRA. In conclusion, primary prevention with 1 mg/day folic acid supplementation could reduce the incidence of CRA, especially left-sided and advanced disease in those with no previous adenomas. People with differing baseline plasma folate levels should be given individualized treatment. Those with low plasma folate should be encouraged to take adequate supplements; plasma folate should be elevated to an effective therapeutic level, which may reduce the incidence of CRA.

Evaluation of etiological characteristics of Chinese women with recurrent spontaneous abortions: a single-centre study.

BACKGROUND: Various etiologies that contribute to the loss of pregnancy have been proposed. Despite the lack of established and uniform screening methods for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), there are several factors considered to be definite (or probable) causes of RPL. Data describing the etiological characteristics of RPL consist almost entirely of Caucasian populations. As we were interested in the Chinese population, the goal of this study was to determine the etiological characteristics of RPL in the Chinese patients. METHODS: The study was performed retrospectively by analyzing 1122 women with RPL. Patients were divided into three groups according to their number of pregnancy losses. Diagnostic tests included the following 9 critiria: parental genetics, uterine anatomy, autoimmune factors, alloimmune factors, thrombophilic factors, endocrine parameters, genital infection, toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes (TORCH) titers and RH blood groups. The criteria for abnormal results were defined before diagnosis. RESULTS: We found that 87.1% (977/1122) patients had no more than 3 abnormal aspects, and the proportion of total abnormal results was similar among groups. The prevalence of abnormal results for each test did not differ among groups, except in the cases of parental genetics, uterine anatomy and presence of mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking antibodies (MLR-Bf). Absence of MLR-Bf, as well as abnormally increased levels of CD3⁺CD19⁺ and CD56⁺CD16⁺ cells, was commonly detected in Chinese RPL patients. CONCLUSION: Immunological disorders play an important role in RPL among Chinese patients.

Synergistic effect of IFN-γ gene on LIGHT-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells via down regulation of Bcl-2.

To detect the expression of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 and Survivin in transferred HepG2 cells and evaluate the synergistic effect of IFN-γ gene on LIGHT-induced apoptosis signal transduction pathways, the full-length ORF of LIGHT and IFN-γ gene were cloned into pcDNA4 and verified by DNA sequencing. After being optimized by EGFP, recombinant LIGHT and IFN-γ were transferred into the HepG2 cells mediated by a cationic liposome in vitro. The expression of LIGHT and IFN-γ was identified in the supernatants by ELISA. The HepG2 cells were divided into three groups: the control, LIGHT gene transfection alone, and simultaneous transfection of LIGHT and IFN-γ genes. The cell apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2 and Survivin in cell lysate were detected through FCM. After transfection, the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells was increased with the prolonged time, and the apoptosis rate of LIGHT group was higher than the control group, while the LIGHT/IFN-γ group was higher than the LIGHT group P < 0.01). The expression of Bcl-2 and Survivin in LIGHT group and LIGHT/IFN-γ group decreased dramatically compared with the control group. LIGHT gene alone can result in significant inhibition of HepG2 cells proliferation. INF-γ can synergistically precede LIGHT-induced apoptotic processes through down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression, but not survivin expression.

[Clinical application of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in diagnosis of avascular osteonecrosis in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome in convalescence].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in diagnosis of avascular osteonecrosis in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in convalescence. METHODS: We performed three-phase bone scintigraphy of femoral head regions and whole-body bone scan in SARS patients 4-6 months after they recovered from the syndrome, and then compared the results with simultaneous MRI. RESULTS: Typical avascular necrosis at different stages and severities was found on bone scintigraphy at 31 femoral heads of 16 SARS patients, 97% of which were MRI positive. Suspicious necrosis was found at 42 femoral heads of 23 patients, 67% of which were MRI negative. Among 30 patients with normal three-phase scintigraphic results, 10% of whom were suspicious on MRI. In addition, abnormal distributions of radioactivity were observed in other bones on the whole-body bone scans of 29 patients, including osteonecrosis of knees in 15 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Radionuclide bone scintigraphy is valuable in early diagnosis of osteonecrosis in SARS patients in convalescence. It provides a mutually supplementary tool for MRI.

[Research on modular organization of gene regulatory network].

Gene regulatory network is very important for researchers to understand biological processes and gene functions. It can deliver complex information about how could large amount of genes be regulated by transcriptional factors and translated into proteins which can carried out biological functions. Generally, knowledge of network topological structure and organization formation can be used to find the regulatory mechanism of genes in the regulatory network. It can illuminate the local characters of the network and reveal the constructing methods of regulatory network; moreover, it can also analyze regulatory pathway completely and systemically. Now, more and more researchers approbate the hierarchy structure of gene regulatory network: regulatory component, Motif, module and the whole network. Here, we discuss the middle two levels: motif and module. We compared various research results of network organization carried out in recent years, explicated their biology signification and pointed out the existing disadvantages and problems. According these problems, we also bring up some possible research trend. And at last, we discuss the prospect of gene regulatory network modular organization researching work.

Echinacoside prevents the striatal extracellular levels of monoamine neurotransmitters from diminution in 6-hydroxydopamine lesion rats.

We investigated the effects of echinacoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated and purified from the stems of Cistanche salsa, a Chinese herbal medicine, on the striatal extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rats. Seven days after 6-OHDA was injected into the right striatum of rats, the striatal extracellular levels of DA, DOPAC and HVA fell significantly (P<0.01 vs. vehicle), as demonstrated by the method of cerebral microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. However, simultaneous treatment with echinacoside (7.0, 3.5mg/kg) attenuated the diminution of them (P<0.01 vs. model). The results implied that echinacoside could protect the striatal dopaminergic neurons from injury induced by 6-OHDA and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Genetic relationships of ornamental cultivars of Ginkgo biloba analyzed by AFLP techniques.

Eight primer combinations that produced clear and a large number of polymorphic bands were screened from 64 EcoR I/Mse I primer combinations (Mse I fluorescent labeled). The genetic relationships of 21 ornamental cultivars of Ginkgo biloba L. from the United States of America, Holland, Japan, France, and China were analyzed. These primer combinations produced a total of 1 119 bands, 229 specific loci (including 54 absent bands, and 175 monomorphic bands). Among them, 983 polymorphic bands (PPB), accounting for 88%, were detected. The percentage of identification per primer combination was as high as 100%. The average PPB of 14 foreign cultivars was 35.86% and the average PPB of seven domestic cultivars was 31.51%. Genetic similarity coefficient (SC) among all cultivars varied from 0.4899 to 0.8499, and all cultivars were divided into the four clusters when SC was set at 0.7300. The cultivars from the same origin did not fall into the same group. The cultivars from France and China were classified into three groups. According to the comprehensive analyses based on specific loci, similarity coefficient, and clustering results, eight cultivars 'Fastigiata', 'Tit', 'Tubifolia', 'Daeryinxing', 'Variegata', 'Horizontalis, 'Pendula', and 'Yiyuanyeziyinxing' were considered to be important germplasms of ornamental cultivars of Ginkgo biloba.

A novel method for apoptosis protein subcellular localization prediction combining encoding based on grouped weight and support vector machine.

Apoptosis proteins have a central role in the development and homeostasis of an organism. These proteins are very important for understanding the mechanism of programmed cell death. Based on the idea of coarse-grained description and grouping in physics, a new feature extraction method with grouped weight for protein sequence is presented, and applied to apoptosis protein subcellular localization prediction associated with support vector machine. For the same training dataset and the same predictive algorithm, the overall prediction accuracy of our method in Jackknife test is 13.2% and 15.3% higher than the accuracy based on the amino acid composition and instability index. Especially for the else class apoptosis proteins, the increment of prediction accuracy is 41.7 and 33.3 percentile, respectively. The experiment results show that the new feature extraction method is efficient to extract the structure information implicated in protein sequence and the method has reached a satisfied performance despite its simplicity. The overall prediction accuracy of EBGW_SVM model on dataset ZD98 reach 92.9% in Jackknife test, which is 8.2-20.4 percentile higher than other existing models. For a new dataset ZW225, the overall prediction accuracy of EBGW_SVM achieves 83.1%. Those implied that EBGW_SVM model is a simple but efficient prediction model for apoptosis protein subcellular location prediction.

Role of prophylactic antibiotic administration in severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a meta-analysis of published studies in order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: MEDLINE, China Biological Medicine, Embase and Cochrane Data Base for Systematic Reviews were searched for randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with SAP from 1966 to 2004. Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Two authors (G.S.X. and Z.H.W.) independently extracted the following data from these studies: trial design, characteristics of participants and outcomes. Data were analyzed by Revman 4.2 software. RESULTS: In patients with SAP, prophylactic antibiotics, including broad-spectrum antibiotics that usually achieve therapeutic pancreatic tissue levels, did not reduce pancreatic infection (relative risk, RR, 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.48-1.24, p = 0.28), surgical intervention (RR 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.40-1.74, p = 0.64) and mortality rate (RR 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.28-1.04, p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic antibiotic administration is not an appropriate treatment strategy in patients with SAP, it should be limited in patients with pancreatic necrosis, as demonstrated by computerized tomography.

Therapeutic effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A on focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats and its primary mechanisms.

The therapeutic effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), extracted from Carthamus tinctorius. L, on focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats and its related mechanisms have been investigated. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats were made by inserting a monofilament suture into internal carotid artery to block the origin of the middle cerebral artery and administrated by HSYA via sublingular vein injection in doses of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 mg kg(-1) at 30 min after the onset of ischemia, in comparison with the potency of nimodipine at a dose of 0.2 mg kg(-1). Then, 24 h later, the evaluation for neurological deficit scores of the rats were recorded and postmortem infarct areas determined by quantitative image analysis. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken to determine plasma 6-Keto-PGF1alpha/TXB2 by radioimmunoassays and blood rheological parameters. The effects exerted by HSYA on thrombosis formation by artery vein by-pass method and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo and in vitro were investigated, respectively. The results indicated that more than 30% of the area of ischemic cerebrum was observed in the ischemic model group. HSYA dose-dependently improved the neurological deficit scores and reduced the cerebral infarct area, and HSYA bore a similarity in potency of the therapeutic effects on focal cerebral ischemia to nimodipine. The inhibition rates of thrombosis formation by HSYA at the designated doses were 20.3%, 43.6% and 54.2%, respectively, compared with saline-treated group. Inhibitory activities of HSYA were observed on ADP-induced platelets aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, and the maximum inhibitory aggregation rate of HSYA was 41.8%. HSYA provided a suppressive effect on production of TXA2 without significant effect on plasma PGI2 concentrations. Blood rheological parameters were markedly improved by HSYA, such as whole blood viscosity (from 21.71 +/- 4.77 to 11.61 +/- 0.90 mPa.s), plasma viscosity (from 2.73 +/- 0.53 to 1.42 +/- 0.07 mPa.s), deformability (from 0.66 +/- 0.26 to 0.77 +/- 0.33) and aggregation of erythrocyte (from 3.24 +/- 0.41 to 2.57 +/- 0.30), but no significant effect of HSYA on homatocrit was found (from 51.38 +/- 4.68% to 49.91 +/- 2.32%). HSYA appears to be a good potential agent to treat focal cerebral ischemia, and the underlying mechanisms exerted by HSYA might be involved in its inhibitory effects on thrombosis formation and platelet aggregation as well as its beneficial action on regulation of PGI2/TXA2 and blood rheological changes in rats.