Extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach based on three-dimensional reconstruction model.

The study aimed to explore an extra-articular screw placement strategy in Stoppa approach. Radiographic data of patients who underwent pelvic computed tomography from January 2016 to June 2017 were imported into Materiaise's interactive medical image control system software for three-dimensional reconstruction. Superior and lower margins of acetabulum and ipsilateral pelvic brim could be observed simultaneously through inlet-obturator view. A horizontal line from superior acetabular margin intersected pelvic brim at point "A" and another vertical line from lower margin intersected pelvic brim at point "B" were drawn, respectively. Lengths form sacroiliac joint to "A" (a), "A" to "B" (b), and "B" to pubic symphysis (c) were measured. Patients were divided into four groups depending on gender and side difference of measured hemi-pelvis: male left, male right, female left, and female right. Lengths of adjacent holes (d) and spanning different holes (e) of different plates were also measured. Mean lengths of a, b, c in four groups were 40.94 ± 1.85 mm, 40.09 ± 1.93 mm, 41.78 ± 3.62 mm, and 39.77 ± 2.23 mm (P = 0.078); 40.65 ± 1.58 mm, 41.48 ± 1.64 mm, 40.40 ± 1.96 mm, and 40.66 ± 1.70 mm (P = 0.265); 57.03 ± 3.41 mm, 57.51 ± 3.71 mm, 57.84 ± 4.40 mm, and 59.84 ± 4.35 mm (P = 0.165), respectively. Mean d length of different plates was 12.23 mm. Average lengths spanning 1, 2, 3 and 4 holes were 19.33 mm, 31.58 mm, 43.80 mm, and 55.93 mm. Our data showed that zones a and c could be safely inserted three and four screws. Penetration into hip joint could be avoided when vacant 3-hole drilling was conducted in zone b. Fracture line in zone b could serve as a landmark for screw placement.

Hypoxic Signaling Pathways in Carotid Body Tumors.

Carotid body tumors (CBTs) are rare tumors with a 1-2 incidence per 100,000 individuals. CBTs may initially present without apparent symptoms, and symptoms begin to arise since tumors grow bigger to compress surrounding tissue, such as recurrent laryngeal nerve and esophagus. Also, the etiology of CBTs remains unclear since it is more likely to occur in those who live in high-altitude areas or suffer from chronic hypoxic diseases such as COPD. SDH mutations and familial inheritance have been reported to be related to CBTs. SDH complexes play crucial roles in aerobic respiration, and SDH mutations in CBTs have been reported to be associated with hypoxia. Hypoxic signaling pathways, specifically hypoxic markers, have attracted more research attention in tumor exploration. However, the existing literature on these signaling and markers lacks a systematic review. Also, therapeutic approaches in CBTs based on hypoxic signaling are rarely used in clinics. In this review, we concluded the role of hypoxic signaling and markers and their potential implications in the initiation and progression of CBTs. Our findings underscore the involvement of the SDH family, the HIF family, VEGFs, and inflammatory cytokines (ICs) in tumorigenesis and treatment. Of particular interest is the role played by SDHx, which has recently been linked to oxygen sensing through mutations leading to hereditary CBTs. Among the SDH family, SDHB and SDHD exhibit remarkable characteristics associated with metastasis and multiple tumors. Besides SDH mutations in CBTs, the HIF family also plays crucial roles in CBTs via hypoxic signaling pathways. The HIF family regulates angiogenesis during mammalian development and tumor growth by gene expression in CBTs. HIF1α could induce the transcription of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH) by inhibiting the TCA cycle. Then, carotid body cells begin to hyperplasia and hypertrophy. At the same time, EPAS1 mutation, an activating mutation, could decrease the degradation of HIF2α and result in Pacak-Zhuang syndrome, which could result in paraganglioma. HIFs can also activate VEGF expression, and VEGFs act on Flk-1 to control the hyperplasia of type I cells and promote neovascularization. ICs also play a pivotal signaling role within the CB, as their expression is induced under hypoxic conditions to stimulate CB hyperplasia, ultimately leading to CBTs detecting hypoxic areas in tumors, and improving the hypoxic condition could enhance photon radiotherapy efficacy. Moreover, this review offers valuable insights for future research directions on understanding the relationship between hypoxic signaling pathways and CBTs.

Outcomes after ORIF are similar in young and elderly patients with tibial plateau fractures: A minimum 2-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the outcomes of open reduction internal fixation in young and elderly patients with tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: A total of 224 patients with tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation at a level I trauma center from 2014 to 2019 were reviewed. The patients with a minimum follow-up of 2 years were divided into two groups, with those aged 60 years and older divided into the elderly group and those under 60 years divided into the young group. The mean follow-up time was 55 months (range: 24-80), and the primary outcomes were quality of reduction and function. The secondary outcomes included complications, fracture healing time, and conversion to total knee arthroplasty. RESULTS: The elderly group had a higher proportion of women than the young group (61.1% vs. 23.9%, p < 0.001). Diabetes was more prevalent in the elderly cohort than in the young cohort (18.9% vs. 9.0%, p = 0.030). The rate of bone grafts was higher in the elderly group (57.8% vs. 41.8%, p = 0.019), but no significant differences were found between the groups regarding fracture characteristics, the operative time or intraoperative blood loss. The reduction quality, knee function, postoperative complications, healing time, and total knee arthroplasty conversion rate were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Open reduction internal fixation remains a satisfactory technique to treat tibial plateau fractures in the elderly. Although the rate of bone grafts is higher in elderly patients, they had comparable outcomes compared with their younger counterparts.

Introduction and An Analysis of Inter- and Intra-observer Validity to the Classification of Hoffa-Like Tibial Plateau Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: The posterior coronal shearing fractures of the tibial plateau are rare and can be easily missed or ignored. Our team defined these fractures as Hoffa-like fracture of the tibial plateau and conducted a series of studies. The aim of this study is to introduce the characteristics of the Hoffa-like fracture of the tibial plateau, propose a new classification system and evaluate its validity. METHODS: Sixty-one patients with Hoffa-like fractures of the tibial plateau were treated in five trauma centers (I-III) from 2017 to 2020. A new classification system was developed based on the morphological fracture patterns in CT and radiographic of the first 30 cases. Ten cases of suspected tibial plateau Hoffa-like fractures were supplemented additionally to the 61 cases to increase the accuracy. CT and radiographic images of the 71 cases were reviewed independently by four reviewers on two separate occasions and classified according to the new classification system. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was used to analyze the reliability on separate observers at the same time and to analyze the classification made by same observer at different times (intra-observer), which measures inter-observer and intra-observer agreements. RESULTS: Out of the 61 patients, 46 (75.4%) isolated coronal fractures involving the medial condyle of tibial plateaus and 53 (86.9%) combined with intercondylar spine fractures. The κ-values were calculated for the new classification system (mean κ = 0.74 inter-observer, mean κ = 0.79 intra-observer, indicating substantial agreement). CONCLUSION: The novel classification lends insight into fracture morphology of the tibial plateau Hoffa-like fractures, has good inter- and intra-observer validity, and it aids in treatment.

ISB clinical biomechanics award winner 2023: Medial gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon interplay during gait in cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: The interplay between the medial gastrocnemius muscle and the Achilles tendon is crucial for efficient walking. In cerebral palsy, muscle and tendon remodelling alters the role of contractile and elastic components. The aim was to investigate the length changes of medial gastrocnemius belly and fascicles, and Achilles tendon to understand their interplay to gait propulsion in individuals with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Twelve young individuals with cerebral palsy and 12 typically developed peers were assessed during multiple gait cycles using 3D gait analysis combined with a portable ultrasound device. By mapping ultrasound image locations into the shank reference frame, the medial gastrocnemius belly, fascicle, and Achilles tendon lengths were estimated throughout the gait cycle. Participants with cerebral palsy were classified into equinus and non-equinus groups based on their sagittal ankle kinematics. FINDINGS: In typically developed participants, the Achilles tendon undertook most of the muscle-tendon unit lengthening during stance, whereas in individuals with cerebral palsy, this lengthening was shared between the medial gastrocnemius belly and Achilles tendon, which was more evident in the equinus group. The lengthening behaviour of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles resembled that of the Achilles tendon in cerebral palsy. INTERPRETATION: The findings revealed similar length changes of the medial gastrocnemius fascicles and Achilles tendon, highlighting the enhanced role of the muscle in absorbing energy during stance in cerebral palsy. These results, together with the current knowledge of increased intramuscular stiffness, suggest the exploitation of intramuscular passive forces for such energy absorption.

The efficacy of the leg swing and quadriceps strengthening exercises versus platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid combination therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A retrospective comparative study.

The aim of this was to investigate the efficacy of physical exercise (leg swing and quadriceps strengthening exercises) versus platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) combination therapy. From January 2020 to August 2021, 106 patients with Kellgren-Lawrence Grade I-III knee osteoarthritis were divided into leg swing and quadriceps strengthening exercises (Group A) and intra-articular combination injections of PRP and HA (Group B) according to the treatment strategies. Patients in Group A received regular leg swing and quadriceps strengthening exercises for 3 months. Patients in Group B received 2 intra-articular combination injections of PRP (2 mL) and HA (2 mL) every 2 weeks. The primary outcome measures were the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score. Secondary outcomes included single leg stance test and functional activity by 2-minute walk test and time up and go test. All outcomes were evaluated at baseline and again 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The VAS and WOMAC scores were similar in both groups at 1 and 3 months after treatment (P > .05); however, Group A patients had significantly superior VAS and WOMAC scores than Group B patients at 6 and 12 months after treatment. For the single leg stance test, 2-minute walk test, and time up and go test, Group A patients were significantly superior to Group B throughout follow-up (P < .001). The leg swing and quadriceps strengthening exercises resulted in a significantly better clinical outcomes than the combined PRP and HA therapy, with a sustained lower pain score and improved quality of life, balance ability, and functional activity within 12 months.

Study on the Influencing Factors of Short-Term Recovery of Neurological Symptoms after Carotid Body Tumor Resection.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in the short-term recovery from neurological symptoms (SRN) (≤ 6 months) and clinical characteristics of patients with different Shamblin classifications carotid body tumor (CBT) resection and to analyze the risk factors affecting SRN after surgery. METHODS: Patients who underwent CBT resection between June 2018 and September 2022 were recruited. Perioperative factors and indicators of the nature of the tumor were recorded. The risk factors affecting SRN after CBT resection were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients (43.86 ± 12.7 years, 46 females) were included, 40 (47.06%) of whom exhibited SRN. Univariate logistic regression showed that preoperative symptoms, surgical side, bilateral posterior communicating artery (PcoA) opening, some indicators of tumor size, operative/anesthesia time, and Shamblin III classification were correlated with postoperative neurological prognosis (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, preoperative symptoms (OR, 5.072; 95% CI 1.027-25.052; p = 0.046), surgical side (OR, 0.025; 95% CI 0.003-0234; p = 0.001), bilateral PcoA opening (OR, 22.671; 95% CI 2.549-201.666; p = 0.005), distance from the tip of the C2 dens to the superior aspect (dens-CBT) (OR, 0.918; 95% CI 0.858-0.982; p = 0.013) and Shamblin III classification (OR, 28.488; 95% CI 1.986-408.580; p = 0.014) were correlated with postoperative neurological symptom recovery. CONCLUSION: Preoperative symptoms, surgical side (right), bilateral PcoA opening, a short dens-CBT and Shamblin III classification are risk factors affecting SRN after CBT resection. Early resection is recommended for small-volume CBTs without neurovascular compression or invasion to obtain SRN.

Development and validation of a deep learning-based model to distinguish acetabular fractures on pelvic anteroposterior radiographs.

Objective: To develop and test a deep learning (DL) model to distinguish acetabular fractures (AFs) on pelvic anteroposterior radiographs (PARs) and compare its performance to that of clinicians. Materials and methods: A total of 1,120 patients from a big level-I trauma center were enrolled and allocated at a 3:1 ratio for the DL model's development and internal test. Another 86 patients from two independent hospitals were collected for external validation. A DL model for identifying AFs was constructed based on DenseNet. AFs were classified into types A, B, and C according to the three-column classification theory. Ten clinicians were recruited for AF detection. A potential misdiagnosed case (PMC) was defined based on clinicians' detection results. The detection performance of the clinicians and DL model were evaluated and compared. The detection performance of different subtypes using DL was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: The means of 10 clinicians' sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to identify AFs were 0.750/0.735, 0.909/0.909, and 0.829/0.822, in the internal test/external validation set, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the DL detection model were 0.926/0.872, 0.978/0.988, and 0.952/0.930, respectively. The DL model identified type A fractures with an AUC of 0.963 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.927-0.985]/0.950 (95% CI: 0.867-0.989); type B fractures with an AUC of 0.991 (95% CI: 0.967-0.999)/0.989 (95% CI: 0.930-1.000); and type C fractures with an AUC of 1.000 (95% CI: 0.975-1.000)/1.000 (95% CI: 0.897-1.000) in the test/validation set. The DL model correctly recognized 56.5% (26/46) of PMCs. Conclusion: A DL model for distinguishing AFs on PARs is feasible. In this study, the DL model achieved a diagnostic performance comparable to or even superior to that of clinicians.

Drain vs. no-drain for acetabular fractures after treatment via a modified stoppa approach: A retrospective study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy of close suction drainage (CSD) and no-CSD after a modified Stoppa approach for the surgical fixation of acetabular fractures. Methods: This retrospective study included 49 consecutive acetabular fracture patients, who presented to a single level I trauma center for surgical fixation, using a modified Stoppa approach from January 2018 to January 2021. All surgeries were performed by a senior surgeon using the same approach, and the patients were divided into two groups based on whether CSD was used after the operation. Details of the patient demographics, fracture characteristics, intraoperative indicators, reduction quality, intra and postoperative blood transfusion, clinical outcomes, and incision-related complications were collected. Results: No significant differences were found in the demographics, fracture characteristics, intraoperative indicators, reduction quality, clinical outcomes, and incision-related complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). The use of CSD was associated with a significantly higher postoperative blood transfusion volume (P = 0.034) and postoperative blood transfusion rate (P = 0.027). In addition, there was a significant difference in postoperative temperatures, especially on postoperative Day 2 (no-CSD 36.97 ± 0.51°C vs. CSD 37.34 ± 0.69°C, P = 0.035), and higher visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, especially on postoperative Day 1 (no-CSD 3.00 ± 0.93 vs. CSD 4.14 ± 1.43, P = 0.002) and 3 (no-CSD 1.73 ± 0.94 vs. CSD 2.48 ± 1.08, P = 0.013). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that routine use of CSD should not be recommended for patients with acetabular fractures after surgical fixation using a modified Stoppa approach.

In vivo 3D muscle architecture quantification based on 3D freehand ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.

Muscle architecture parameters, such as the fascicle length, pennation angle, and volume, are important muscle morphology characteristics. Accurate in vivo quantification of these parameters allows to detect changes due to pathologies, interventions, and rehabilitation trainings, which ultimately impact on muscles' force-producing capacity. In this study, we compared three-dimensional (3D) muscle architecture parameters of the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis, which were quantified by 3D freehand ultrasound (3DfUS) and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), respectively. Sixteen able-bodied subjects were recruited where seven of them received both 3DfUS and MRI measurement, while the rest underwent 3DfUS measurements twice. Good to excellent intra-rater reliability and inter-session repeatability were found in 3DfUS measurements (intra-class correlation coefficient > 0.81). Overall, the two imaging modalities yielded consistent measurements of the fascicle length, pennation angle, and volume with mean differences smaller than 2.9 mm, 1.8°, and 5.7 cm3, respectively. The only significant difference was found in the pennation angle of the tibialis anterior, although the discrepancy was small. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that 3DfUS measurement had high reliability and repeatability for measurement of muscle architecture in vivo and could be regarded as an alternative to MRI for 3D evaluation of muscle morphology.

Patients with Intermittent Exotropia and Exophoria Exhibit Non-aggravated Lens Decentration After Orthokeratology Application: The Nanjing Strabismus Cohort.

INTRODUCTION: There is a high prevalence of intermittent exotropia and exophoria in myopic populations, and orthokeratology is one of the effective interventions to control myopia progression in children. However, it is still obscure whether intermittent exotropia and exophoria children could wear orthokeratology without experiencing aggravated lens decentration. METHODS: This was a multi-center, prospective cohort study. A total of 123 myopic participants aged 8-14 years were recruited, where conditions of deviation included intermittent exotropia, exophoria, and orthophoria. Uncorrected visual acuity and corneal topography data were obtained at baseline and after 1 month of wearing orthokeratology lens. Lens decentration was analyzed in a MATLAB program. Magnitude of deviation and refractive errors were evaluated prior to orthokeratology treatment. Fisher's exact test, ANOVA test, and univariate and multivariate linear regression models were established to evaluate the role of magnitude of deviation in lens decentration. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in magnitude and direction of lens decentration among three groups (magnitude: F = 1.25, P = 0.289; direction: Fisher = 9.91, P = 0.078). According to scale division of decentration, 1 (2.6%) intermittent exotropia subject, 2 (3.8%) exophoria subjects, and 1 (3.0%) orthophoria subject experienced severe decentration (Fisher = 1.10, P = 0.947). Inferotemporal decentration was most common among all subjects (intermittent exotropia 50.0%, exophoria 76.9%, orthophoria 72.7%). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that magnitude of deviation was not an independent risk factor for lens decentration [ß = -0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.01-0.00, P = 0.180], while surface asymmetry index (SAI) (ß = 0.21, 95% CI 0.02-0.40, P = 0.028) and surface regularity index (SRI) (ß = -0.39, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.13, P = 0.004) had significant correlation with polar decentration. CONCLUSION: Patients with intermittent exotropia and exophoria exhibit non-aggravated lens decentration after orthokeratology application. Thus, lens decentration is not the concern for orthokeratology prescription.

Clinical effect of closed reduction minimally invasive fixation in intra-articular comminuted fractures of the femoral condyle.

Objective: To evaluate the advantages of double reverse traction closed reduction combined with minimally invasive fixation in treating femoral condylar comminuted fractures. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled a total of 24 patients with femoral condylar comminuted fractures (AO = 33C3) admitted to Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from March 2018 to February 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: experimental group (double reverse traction, n = 12) and control group (conventional surgery, n = 12). Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, operation time, incision length, and postoperative complications were then collected. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores were recorded at the last follow-up visit. Results: The average surgical time was 52.2 (41-73) min in the experimental group and 71.2 (45-103) min in the control group. In addition, the mean total incision length was 13.8 (11-17) cm in the experimental group and 16.3 (14-19) cm in the control group. The average HHS scores at the final follow-up were 86.3 (78-93) and 82.7 (76-90) in the experimental group and control group, respectively. Conclusion: It was found that double reverse traction closed reduction combined with minimally invasive fixation can provide good repositioning results and functional extremity. Moreover, patients tolerate postoperative functional knee exercises well.

New Classification Based on CT and Its Value Evaluation for Fractures of the Lateral Process of the Talus.

This study aimed to develop a comprehensive classification system for fractures of the lateral process of the talus (LPTF) based on CT, and to evaluate its prognostic value, reliability and reproducibility. We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients involving LPTF with an average follow-up of 35.9 months for clinical and radiographic evaluations. In order to develop a comprehensive classification, a panel of experienced orthopedic surgeons discussed the cases. All fractures were classified according to Hawkins, McCrory-Bladin and new proposed classifications by 6 observers. The analysis of interobserver and intraobserver agreements was measured using kappa statistics. The new classification included 2 types based on presence of concomitant injuries or not, with type I consisting of 3 subtypes and type II of 5 subtypes. Average AOFAS score was 91.5 in the type Ia of new classification, 86 in type Ib, 90.5 in type Ic, 89 in type IIa, 76.7 in type IIb, 76.6 in type IIc, 91.3 in type IId, and 83.5 in type IIe. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the new classification system were almost perfect (κ = 0.776 and 0.837, respectively), showing a higher interobserver and intraobserver reliability compared to the Hawkins classification (κ 0.572 and 0.649, respectively) as well as McCrory-Bladin classification (κ = 0.582 and 0.685, respectively). The new classification system is a comprehensive one that takes into account concomitant injuries and shows good prognostic value with clinical outcomes. It is more reliable and reproducible and could be a useful tool for decision-making on treatment options for LPTF.

Proximal femoral bionic nail (PFBN)-an innovative surgical method for unstable femoral intertrochanteric fractures.

PURPOSE: Intertrochanteric femoral fractures (IFF) are one of the most common traumatic conditions, but there are no established treatment methods for this condition due to implant failure and re-operation rates. The proximal femoral bionic nail (PFBN), which is a new design of the cephalomedullary nail, was developed by our team. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of PFBN in patients with unstable IFF. METHODS: From October 2020 to August 2021, 12 patients diagnosed with unstable IFF (31-A2, 3) were treated with PFBN at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University. We evaluated the clinical therapeutic effects of this treatment by measuring peri-operative indicators and post-operative complications. Clinical outcomes, specific radiographic parameters, and post-operative complications were collected and analyzed within the first post-operative year. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 72.4 ± 16.1 years (five males and seven females). The mean operation time was 90.4 ± 16.0 min, whereas the operation time of 31-A2 fractures (83.1 ± 12.2 min) was shorter than that of 31-A3 fractures (105.0 ± 12.9 min) (p < 0.05). The blood loss was 175 ml (range: 50 to 500 ml), and the length of hospitalization was 10.0 ± 1.9 days. The prognosis evaluation was assessed at three, six and 12 months after the operation; for these time points, the Harris hip scores were 69.6 ± 4.1, 77.8 ± 3.8, and 82.6 ± 4.6, respectively, and the Parker-Palmer scores were 5.3 (5.0, 7.0), 6.3 (5.3, 7.0), and 7.8 (7.0, 8.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: PFBN has shown advantages in the treatment of unstable IFF (particularly in geriatric patients) and possesses both stability and safety. This innovative method may provide a new option for treating unstable IFFs.

Case report: Submucosal cavernous lymphangioma causing jejuno-jejunal intussusception in an adult.

Cavernous lymphangioma often occurs in the head, neck, trunk, and extremities of infants and children, and it is rare to cause a small intestine intussusception in adults. In this case, a 32-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, and a 5 cm × 5 cm abdominal mass on the left side of the abdomen. Laboratory tests showed anemia and CT showed small intestinal intussusception. After conservative treatments, her symptoms disappeared. However, 18F-FDG PET/CT suggested malignancy and her symptoms reappeared after eating something. Segmental jejunal resection was performed and pathology showed submucosal cavernous lymphangioma. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic. Then this paper reviewed the literature on small intestinal cavernous lymphangioma in adults and found that this is the first English case report of intussusception caused by a jejunal submucosal cavernous lymphangioma in an adult. Current problem is that adult intussusception and intestinal lymphangioma are difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Imaging techniques such as tomography and PET/CT aid in the diagnosis of these benign lesions. Surgical resection was considered to be the required treatment and seems to have had no recurrence in adults according to the literature.

Displacement Pattern of Anterior and Posterior Column Fragments in Both-Column Acetabular Fractures: A 3D Reconstruction-Based Study.

Background: Few studies have been conducted to examine the displacement characteristics of both-column acetabular fractures (BCAFs). The goal of this study was to investigate the displacement pattern of anterior column (AC) and posterior column (PC) fragments in BCAFs using 3D virtual software. Materials and Methods: BCAFs were retrospectively reviewed, and 81 patients were enrolled. Computed tomography (CT) images were imported into Mimics software. A 3D model of each pelvis was generated. Four marked points and the rotation angle of each of the injured ACs and PCs were identified. The fracture fragments were reduced virtually using the software, and the change in coordinates of the marked points after reduction was recorded while the rotation angle was measured. The measurements of positional and directional displacement were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the binomial test, respectively. Results: There was a propensity for AC fragments to shift superomedially and to rotate externally (p < 0.001). Additionally, the posteroinferior fracture area of AC fragments showed the greatest displacement (p < 0.05). PC fragments moved superomedially (p < 0.001) and moved more at the proximal end than the distal end (p < 0.001). PC displacement was always accompanied by internal rotation (p < 0.001). Greater AC displacement was observed in the fracture area further away from the acetabulum (p < 0.05). Greater rotation was observed for the AC than the PC (p < 0.001). Conclusion: After a BCAF occurs, there are regular patterns regarding the direction and distance of AC and PC fragment displacement. Information on these patterns may provide insight into the injury mechanism and fracture morphology and facilitate surgical decision-making for orthopaedic trauma surgeons.

Hydrogen saline water accelerates fracture healing by suppressing autophagy in ovariectomized rats.

Objective: The treatment of osteoporotic fractures is difficult, and to minimize the negative result or poor functional rehabilitation, this study focuses on hydrogen water (HRW) to test its effect on the process of menopausal osteoporotic fracture healing and its relationship with autophagy and to try to reveal the potential mechanism of action of HRW on osteoporotic fractures. Materials and methods: A rat osteoporotic fracture model was established, and HRW was systematically applied with or without 3MA. The results were analyzed with X-rays, micro-CT scans, serum biomarker analysis, biomechanical tests, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. The sham, OVX, OH (OVX+HRW) and OHA (OVX+HRW+3MA) groups were formed and compared. Results: Increased oxidative stress and autophagy levels were necessary physiological responses in the process of fracture healing. It was found that systemic HRW treatment slightly suppressed autophagy and then activated the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway by maintaining the Keap1-Nrf2-P62 interaction and improved the osteoporotic fracture healing process. Conclusion: HRW treatment activated the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway to antagonize cellular stress by suppressing autophagy levels, especially at the early stage of the fracture healing process, and this was beneficial to osteoporotic fracture healing in rats.

Is the T-shaped acetabular fracture really likes a "T"? A study based on three-dimensional fracture mapping.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the morphological pattern of T-shaped acetabular fractures (T-SAFs) by mapping the fracture line using 3D software. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1298 consecutive patients with acetabular fractures, and a total of 56 T-SAF patients were enrolled. After the simulated reduction of each fracture in the software, the fracture lines of all patients were overlaid and plotted on a template. A frequency heat map was generated according to the differences in fracture line density distribution. According to the location of fracture lines, all cases were divided into three groups: posterior group, anterior group, extra-posterior group. In surgically treated patients, the surgical approach, fixation methods, and reduction quality were recorded or evaluated. RESULTS: The transverse fracture line was sinuous without involving the acetabular roof, and the longitudinal fracture line sloped forward or backward along the edge of the acetabular fossa to split the obturator foramen. The anterior and posterior edges of the acetabular fossa, the transition zone of the acetabular roof and anterior wall, the transition zone of the superior pubic ramus and anterior wall, and the posterior wall near the greater sciatic notch were areas with high rates of fracture incidence. The posterior group included 26 patients (46.4%) and the distribution of fracture lines resembled a "T" or "Y". The anterior group included 25 patients (44.6%) and the distribution of fracture lines resembled a "7″. The extra-posterior group included 5 patients (8.9%) and the fracture lines run through the ischial body. The surgical strategies vary among different groups of T-SAF patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings shed light on the characteristics of fracture lines for T-SAFs and provide a reference for surgical treatment strategies.

Treatment of tibial plateau fractures: A comparison of two different operation strategies with medium-term follow up.

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of two surgical methods for tibial plateau fractures (TPFs): minimally invasive surgery (MIS) using a double reverse traction repositor and traditional open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Methods: From our prospectively collated database, 187 consecutive adult patients with 189 operatively treated TPFs in our level I trauma center were included from January 2015 to March 2018 who had a minimum of three years' follow-up. All cases were performed by the senior surgeon using either MIS (group 1, 84 patients with 84 TPFs) or ORIF (group 2, 103 patients with 105 TPFs). Details of the demographics, injury mechanism, pre- and postoperative follow-up imaging, operative procedures and complications were collected. The final results from the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) were obtained at the final follow-up. Results: Clinically, significant differences were observed in the WOMAC (pain, P â€‹= â€‹0.001; stiffness, P â€‹< â€‹0.001), HSS (P â€‹= â€‹0.003) and SF-36 (P â€‹= â€‹0.001). Radiologically, significant intergroup differences were observed in the loss of immediate postoperative reduction rates, secondary loss of reduction rates and signs of osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence). Two and ten superficial infections in group 1 (2.4%) and group 2 (9.5%), respectively, and 6 lateral popliteal nerve palsy cases occurred (0 MIS, 6 ORIF), with significant intergroup differences. Conclusion: Our study shows that the MIS using a double reverse traction repositor is promising and safe technique for the TPFs when used for the correct indications. The translational potential of this article: The current status of using a minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of TPFs have been analyzed and a new method of using a double reverse traction repositor for the treatment of TPFs have been proposed in this study, which updated treatment concept of TPFs.