A Rare and Unusual Case of Hypernatremic Dehydration in a Newborn Presenting With Adrenal Haemorrhage and Leading to Acute Kidney Injury.

Adrenal haemorrhage, although a rare entity in the neonatal period, is a known complication of birth asphyxia. Adrenal haemorrhage progresses differently depending on the type and extent of the glands involved. Adrenal haemorrhage can cause persistent jaundice, fever, dehydration, scrotal swelling, abdominal wall discolouration, septicemia, and a shock-like state. Here, we report the case of a four-day-old male infant who presented with jaundice, poor feeding, and hypernatremic dehydration. The patient developed acute kidney injury and, eventually, renal failure due to adrenal haemorrhage. He had an abdominal lump with deranged renal parameters along with hyperbilirubinemia. Abdominal ultrasonography and contrast computed tomography scan showed left suprarenal enlargement with evidence of adrenal haemorrhage. The patient was managed well with ventilatory support and peritoneal dialysis and discharged successfully. A subsequent follow-up showed complete resolution of the adrenal haemorrhage. Single ultrasonography is a good modality for diagnosis but not sufficient, so serial ultrasonography at subsequent follow-up is a must.

Comparative Evaluation of Astigmatic Changes Induced by Superior and Temporal Corneal Incisions in Sutureless Phacoemulsification Surgery: A Case Series.

Background In cataract surgery, the effect of corneal incision astigmatism has been widely recognized for many years. The incision's size, shape, and location can all impact the patient's postoperative visual outcomes. Currently, phacoemulsification is considered the most preferred surgical technique for cataract extraction. However, there is still some debate about whether temporal incisions, which are smaller and considered nearly astigmatic neutral, result in more astigmatism than other incisions. As a result, it is important to continue studying the refractive changes induced by corneal incisions made at different sites during phacoemulsification surgery. Aim and objective To compare the incidence, extent, and course of postoperative astigmatic changes associated with superior versus temporal clear corneal incisions for sutureless phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Materials and method In this prospective study, 50 patients of the civil hospital in Gujrat with cataracts who underwent sutureless, small incision (2.8 mm) phacoemulsification surgery were included. The preoperative evaluation comprised visual acuity assessment, refraction, keratometry, fundus examination, and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation. The superior incision was made in 25 patients, and the temporal incision was made in another 25 patients. Patients were examined preoperatively on day 1, at one week (day 7), after one month (day 30), and after two months (day 60). Result Postoperatively, two months (on day 60) postoperatively, in group A (superior approach), the mean surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) was 0.39±0.34 SD diopters, and in group B (temporal approach), it was 0.5±0.42 SD diopters. A significant statistical difference was not seen between these two groups. Conclusion Surgically induced astigmatism was minimal and comparable with both superior and temporal approaches to clear corneal incisions for phacoemulsification surgery.

Growing Trends in Scientific Publication in Physiotherapy Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Bibliometric Literature Analysis.

There has been an increase in the life expectancy of people worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. Osteoarthritis, a condition that usually onsets during later decades of life, has also been on the rise, even with advancing technology. This has led osteoarthritis of the knee to become a global disabling condition of the lower extremity that increases dependency on the affected individual. A bibliometric study has not been conducted on knee osteoarthritis research. Therefore, a bibliometric analysis which includes statistical analysis of recent articles, books, and other forms of publications is done for evaluation of scientific output and to find the importance of scientific studies in terms of quality as well as quantity. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the productivity of research articles indexed in PubMed related to the condition. The PubMed database was used and articles related to osteoarthritis of the knee, phonophoresis, and start excursion balance test were extracted. In the bib text format, all the files were downloaded and placed together. The R studio software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) for bibliometric analysis was then used, into which the research data was uploaded and a data framework of bibliometric analysis was made. Analysis of bibliometric publications related to knee osteoarthritis, phonophoresis, Otago exercises, star excursion balance test, ultrasound, and exercise therapy generated between 1989 and 2021 lists a total of 120 relevant documents from 75 sources with an average of 4.53 articles per year of publication. The use of an advanced PubMed database enables the extraction of adequate articles and powerful bibliometric analysis of the studies conducted on osteoarthritis of the knee published from 1989 to 2021. It includes an assessment of the contributions from major countries. This study allowed us to validate our methodology which can be used to evaluate research policies and promote international collaboration.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental Health Problems in India and the Role of Mental Asylums.

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of mental health in India, highlighting the challenges faced, the existing initiatives, and the future directions for improving mental healthcare delivery. India is grappling with a high prevalence of mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. The burden of mental health issues on individuals, families, and society is immense, leading to reduced quality of life, impaired functioning, and significant economic and social consequences. Various social and cultural factors, such as stigma, discrimination, gender inequalities, poverty, rapid urbanization, and cultural beliefs surrounding mental illness, further exacerbate the challenges of addressing mental health problems. Access to mental healthcare remains a significant concern, with considerable gaps in access to and quality of treatment and limited availability of mental health professionals, especially in rural areas. Inadequate infrastructure, a lack of awareness, and insufficient integration into primary healthcare systems hinder access to appropriate care. The historical development of mental asylums in India is examined, highlighting their establishment, purpose, and evolution over time. Critiques and challenges associated with mental asylums are discussed, including stigmatization, human rights concerns, the absence of human center approaches, quality of care, and the need for alternative approaches to mental healthcare.

ChatGPT in Radiology: The Advantages and Limitations of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Imaging Diagnosis.

This review article provides an overview of using artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology. It discusses the advantages and limitations of ChatGPT, a large language model, for medical imaging diagnosis. ChatGPT has shown great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of radiological diagnoses by reducing interpretation variability and errors and improving workflow efficiency. However, there are also limitations, including the need for high-quality training data, ethical considerations, and further research and development to improve its performance and usability. Despite these challenges, ChatGPT has the potential to significantly impact radiology and medical imaging diagnosis. The review article highlights the need for continued research and development, coupled with ethical and regulatory considerations, to ensure that ChatGPT is used to its full potential in improving radiological diagnoses and patient care.

Hymenoplasty in India: A Comprehensive Review of Contemporary Trends and Impact on Young Adults.

Hymenoplasty is a reconstructive surgical procedure aimed at repairing the hymen, and it has gained significant attention in the Indian context due to cultural and societal factors associated with virginity. This review article aims to investigate contemporary patterns of hymenoplasty in India and assess their influence on young adults. The review employed a systematic approach to gather and analyze relevant literature from various academic databases. Selection criteria were established to ensure the inclusion of high-quality studies focusing on hymenoplasty in India. The review provides an overview of the historical context of hymenoplasty, highlighting cultural and societal factors that influence the practice. It also examines the evolution of attitudes and perceptions regarding virginity and the hymen in India. Contemporary trends in hymenoplasty are analyzed, including the prevalence and frequency of procedures, demographic factors, patient profiles, popular motivations, and variations in surgical techniques. The socio-cultural impact on young adults is explored, emphasizing the psychological and emotional implications, the influence of societal norms and family expectations, gender dynamics, and the stigma and societal judgment that individuals face. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, including evaluating long-term outcomes and psychological well-being, exploring cultural and regional variations, assessing counseling services, and further examining ethical considerations and professional guidelines. Furthermore, the importance of comprehensive sex education, open dialogue, and discussions regarding virginity and sexual health are highlighted as crucial steps toward creating a more informed and empathetic society.

Breast Milk: A Potential Route of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Transmission from Mother to Infant.

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a global public health concern, and understanding its transmission routes is crucial for effective prevention and control. While tick bites are the primary mode of TBEV transmission, emerging evidence suggests the potential for TBEV transmission through breast milk from infected mothers to their infants. This review article provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding TBEV transmission through breast milk and its clinical implications. It explores the presence and persistence of TBEV in breast milk, potential mechanisms of transmission, and the role of immune factors in facilitating or inhibiting viral transmission. The clinical outcomes and complications in infants infected with TBEV through breast milk are discussed, along with the epidemiological patterns and geographical considerations of this transmission mode. Preventive and management strategies are also addressed, including public health measures, risk assessment, and potential interventions. Future research directions are highlighted, emphasizing the need for further epidemiological studies, investigations into viral load dynamics, immune responses, and the development of preventive measures targeting TBEV transmission through breast milk. By expanding our knowledge in these areas, we can improve strategies to reduce the risk of TBEV transmission from mothers to infants and protect vulnerable populations.

Bodybuilding: A Comprehensive Review of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Public Health Implications.

The use of performance-enhancing substances in bodybuilding is a well-known and long-standing issue. This comprehensive review article provides a detailed overview of the history of performance-enhancing substance use in bodybuilding, the types of substances commonly used, and the short-term and long-term health effects associated with their use. Additionally, the article discusses the regulation of performance-enhancing substances in various countries and the role of healthcare professionals in preventing substance use. The article also highlights the impact of substance use on society and the importance of prevention and intervention strategies. Finally, the article emphasizes the role of policymakers in addressing performance-enhancing substance use, including the development of regulations, penalties for violating rules, and the provision of resources for prevention and intervention programs. Overall, this review article sheds light on the dark side of bodybuilding and provides insight into the public health implications of performance-enhancing substance use.

Unveiling the Role of Hormonal Imbalance in Breast Cancer Development: A Comprehensive Review.

Breast cancer is a complex and multifactorial disease with a significant global impact. Hormonal imbalance has emerged as a crucial factor in breast cancer development, highlighting the importance of understanding the intricate interplay between hormones and breast tissue. This comprehensive review aims to unveil the role of hormonal imbalance in breast cancer by exploring the involvement of key hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, and their receptors in tumor development. The review delves into how hormonal imbalance impacts breast tissue, emphasizing the significance of hormone receptor status in guiding treatment decisions. Furthermore, the review investigates the influence of other hormones, such as insulin and growth factors, and their cross-talk with hormone pathways in breast cancer progression. The implications of hormonal imbalance assessment in breast cancer risk assessment and the importance of hormone testing in diagnosis and treatment decisions are also discussed. Moreover, the review provides an overview of the various hormonal therapies used in breast cancer treatment, their benefits, limitations, and ongoing research efforts to optimize their efficacy and overcome resistance. Future directions in hormonal therapy research, including developing novel therapies and personalized medicine approaches, are explored. This review underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of hormonal imbalance in breast cancer to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals affected by this disease.

Unraveling the Challenges: A Critical Review of Congenital Malformations in Low Socioeconomic Strata of Developing Countries.

Congenital malformations pose significant challenges in the low socioeconomic strata of developing countries. This review critically examines the prevalence, patterns, and factors influencing congenital malformations in these settings. It explores the physical, psychological, and economic consequences for affected individuals and their families and the social stigma and discrimination they face. The review highlights the importance of equity and access to healthcare services, the role of environmental factors and nutritional deficiencies, and the ethical considerations and policy implications associated with congenital malformations. Existing interventions, challenges in implementation, and innovative approaches are discussed. Gaps in knowledge and areas for further research are identified. Addressing congenital malformations in low socioeconomic strata requires multidisciplinary collaboration, advocacy, and inclusive policies. By prioritizing preventive measures, early detection, and comprehensive care, the burden of congenital malformations can be reduced, improving the quality of life for affected individuals and their communities.

From Awareness to Action: A Review of Efforts to Reduce Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening.

Breast cancer is a significant public health concern, and addressing disparities in breast cancer screening is crucial for improving early detection and reducing mortality rates. This review article examines efforts to bridge the gap between awareness and action in reducing disparities in breast cancer screening. A systematic approach was employed to gather relevant literature using various databases. The selected studies encompassed a range of interventions, including policy changes, community-based programs, culturally competent interventions, technological advancements, and patient navigation. The review highlights the importance of policies and legislation in improving access to screening services and the impact of community-based initiatives in addressing disparities. Culturally competent interventions, tailored messaging, and language support were found to be effective in improving screening rates among diverse populations. Technological advancements, such as telemedicine and mobile health applications, were identified as promising approaches to increase access to screening services. Patient navigation programs effectively addressed barriers to screening and improved screening rates. The review also discusses evaluating efforts, limitations, and the need for continuous improvement. Future directions and recommendations include addressing gaps in the existing literature, proposing research directions, and providing recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers. By implementing these recommendations and working collaboratively, we can strive for equitable access to breast cancer screening for all populations, ultimately leading to improved outcomes and reduced disparities.

Rituximab in Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Review of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Dermatology.

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare autoimmune blistering disorder that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes. Conventional treatments for PV, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, have limitations in terms of efficacy and long-term safety. Monoclonal antibody therapy, specifically rituximab, has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in the management of PV. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of rituximab in the treatment of PV, with a focus on its efficacy, safety profile, and immunological mechanisms of action. The article begins with an introduction to PV and the significance of monoclonal antibody therapy in dermatology. It then explores the clinical presentation and underlying immune-mediated mechanisms of PV, highlighting the autoimmune nature of the disease. The rationale for using monoclonal antibody therapy, particularly rituximab, in PV is discussed, emphasizing the limitations of conventional treatments and the concept of targeted therapy. The review delves into the efficacy and safety of rituximab based on clinical studies, evaluating disease remission rates, duration, and relapse rates. Furthermore, the immunological effects of rituximab, including B-cell depletion and modulation of the immune response, are explored in detail. Comparisons between rituximab and conventional treatment modalities in PV are made, assessing clinical outcomes, safety profiles, and long-term efficacy. Challenges and considerations in rituximab therapy are discussed, including factors influencing its efficacy, optimal dosing, treatment duration, and the need for maintenance therapy.

The Need for Action: Addressing Inhalant Abuse and Whitener Addiction Among Adolescents.

Inhalant abuse and whitener addiction are serious problems among adolescents that have significant consequences for physical and mental health, as well as for families, communities, and society as a whole. This review article discusses the causes and health consequences of inhalant abuse and whitener addiction among adolescents, as well as the challenges in addressing the problem. The paper also outlines strategies for addressing inhalant abuse and whitener addiction, including education and awareness campaigns; early intervention and treatment; collaboration between schools, healthcare providers, and community organizations; and support for families affected by inhalant abuse and addiction. The paper concludes with a call to action for policymakers, healthcare providers, and community members to prioritize and address inhalant abuse and whitener addiction among adolescents. By working together, we can help to prevent substance abuse and promote the health and well-being of our youth.

Preconception Care: A Strategic Intervention for the Prevention of Neonatal and Birth Disorders.

Preconception care is a strategic intervention to improve neonatal and birth outcomes by addressing modifiable risk factors and optimizing maternal and fetal health before pregnancy. This review article examines the importance of preconception care and its impact on preventing neonatal and birth disorders. The methodology involved a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed articles, research studies, and authoritative reports. Key components of preconception care, evidence-based interventions, and their effectiveness in reducing specific neonatal and birth disorders are discussed. The review also highlights the challenges and barriers in implementing preconception care, such as lack of awareness, socioeconomic factors, health system limitations, and policy considerations. Strategies for promoting preconception care, including integration into healthcare systems, raising awareness, healthcare professional education, and collaborations are presented. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of preconception care as a strategic intervention and calls for action by healthcare providers, policymakers, and individuals to prioritize preconception care for better neonatal and birth outcomes.

Occupational Risks and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Indian Subcontinent: A Critical Review.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health concern in the Indian subcontinent, with high prevalence rates observed in countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and neighboring nations. This review article critically examines the occupational risks associated with COPD in the region and emphasizes the need for comprehensive preventive strategies. The review begins by providing background on COPD and highlighting its impact on individuals and the economy. It then explores the different occupational hazards that contribute to the development and progression of COPD, including exposure to airborne pollutants and chemicals, occupational dust, and smoking and secondhand smoke in the workplace. The existing occupational health and safety regulations in the Indian subcontinent are assessed, along with an evaluation of their effectiveness in addressing occupational risks for COPD. The review also highlights gaps and challenges in implementing and enforcing these regulations. The impact of COPD on occupational health and the economy is examined, emphasizing the burden it places on affected individuals and their ability to work. The economic implications of COPD-related productivity losses are evaluated, underscoring the importance of addressing occupational risks to improve workforce health and productivity. Prevention and mitigation strategies are explored, including an overview of preventive measures to reduce occupational risks for COPD, the significance of early detection and diagnosis of COPD in the workplace, and the implementation of engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and ventilation systems. The role of education and training programs for workers and employers is also discussed. The review identifies research gaps in the current understanding of occupational risks and COPD in the Indian subcontinent and suggests future research directions to address these gaps. It emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to generate evidence, inform policy decisions, and implement effective interventions.

Effectiveness of Application of Oral Regimen, Practicing Oral Health, Health Education, Observation (APHO) Nursing Intervention in Preventing and Managing Oral Mucositis in Children Undergoing Chemotherapy: An Interventional Study in Central India.

Background The incidence of childhood cancer is rising worldwide, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia being the most commonly diagnosed form. These young patients are immunocompromised and susceptible to infections. In addition, chemotherapy and radiation therapy often cause oral mucositis as a side effect. Given these challenges, nurses play a crucial role in delivering special care to these vulnerable children. Material and methods A study design utilizing a one-group pretest-posttest approach was implemented on 45 children, aged one to 12 years, who were undergoing chemotherapy and experiencing oral mucositis. Demographic information, including age, gender, diagnosis, chemotherapy cycle, and length of therapy, was collected. A customized intervention, which involved the application of an oral regimen, oral health practices, health education for caregivers, and observation, was administered by nursing staff using the APHO (Application of an Oral Regimen, Practicing Oral Health, Health Education to Caregivers, and Observation) protocol for a period of seven days. Both pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the APHO nursing intervention. The assessment tool used to assess the effectiveness of APHO intervention was using a standardized scale given by the World Health Organization grading scale for oral mucositis. Result An analysis was conducted utilizing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Before the intervention, those children in grade 2 were in grade 1 after the intervention, and the children in grade 1 before the intervention were in grade 0 after the intervention. The health education provided to the caregivers was significantly effective. Notably, there was a significant decrease in the oral mucositis grade of the children by one level in all instances, indicating that the APHO nursing intervention was remarkably effective. Thus, promoting the use of APHO nursing intervention can lead to positive outcomes in children afflicted with oral mucositis. Conclusion APHO nursing intervention has shown remarkable effectiveness among children with mucositis. As a result, promoting continuous APHO intervention in children with mucositis can help enhance in prevention and management.

A Review on Preventing Tragedy: Strategies to Combat the Devastating Effects of Adolescent Drug Overdoses.

Adolescent drug overdose deaths are a growing public health crisis, with significant consequences for individuals, families, and communities. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of prevention strategies to combat the devastating effects of adolescent drug overdose. Drawing on a comprehensive literature search of electronic databases, the article evaluates the effectiveness of prevention strategies and identifies risk factors associated with overdose deaths. The review outlines three key prevention strategies, including education and awareness programs, access to treatment and support services, and policy changes and regulations. The article also discusses the limitations and challenges of prevention efforts, including limited access to treatment and support services, the need for more research on effective prevention strategies, and the ongoing challenges posed by the opioid epidemic and the emergence of new synthetic drugs. Overall, this review highlights the urgent need for continued research, innovative prevention strategies, and effective policies to prevent adolescent drug use and overdose deaths and promote healthier communities for all.

Nutritional Indicators for Gujarat, Its Determinants and Recommendations: A Comparative Study of National Family Health Survey-4 and National Family Health Survey-5.

Malnutrition is a public health problem globally. Gujarat is one of the states facing challenges in dealing with malnutrition and anemia. The NFHS-5 (National Family Health Survey-5) data reveals that the gains made in NFHS-4 (National Family Health Survey-4) were reversed in NFHS-5. Despite numerous schemes and policies in place, Gujarat has yet to reach the full potential of these mandated policies to showcase exponential results in malnutrition and anemia. This study presents an overview of the nutritional status of districts in Gujarat, compared with NFHS-4, by illuminating its potential determinants and inter-district variabilities. An increased prevalence was seen in children under five who are stunted and severely wasted; however, the prevalence of children under five who are wasted improved in Gujarat. The prevalence of anemia increased across all age groups, showing an immediate sign of caution. The study observed decreased prevalence of immediate determinants and increased coverage of nutrition-specific interventions in NFHS-5 compared to NFHS-4 for nutritional indicators in Gujarat. Underlying determinants like households with electricity and improved drinking water have improved drastically in Gujarat. Furthermore, it elaborates on the gaps and improvements observed in inter-district variabilities among determinants in their coverage. This study also consists of actions taken by states that have fared better concerning nutritional indicators instead of improving the nutritional indicators for Gujarat. The study has categorized the districts into top-priority, priority, average, and front-runner districts of Gujarat based on the prevalence of nutritional indicators.

A Comprehensive Review of Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Its Adverse Effects on Maternal and Fetal Health.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue that affects many women, including pregnant women. The aim of this comprehensive review is to examine the prevalence of IPV during pregnancy and its adverse effects on maternal and fetal health. IPV during pregnancy can take various forms, including physical, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse. The consequences of IPV during pregnancy can be severe, with adverse effects on maternal and fetal health including an increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), fetal injury, maternal depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and even maternal death. Identifying women experiencing IPV during pregnancy and providing appropriate support and care can help mitigate the adverse effects on maternal and fetal health. The review also discusses various interventions and strategies that can be used to prevent IPV during pregnancy, such as screening and counseling for IPV, training healthcare providers to identify and manage IPV during pregnancy, and providing resources and support for women who experience IPV. Overall, the review highlights the need for increased awareness, research, and resources to prevent and address IPV during pregnancy and to promote the health and well-being of women and their infants.

Restoring Quality of Life: A Comprehensive Review of Penile Rehabilitation Techniques Following Prostate Surgery.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men, and its treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Prostate surgery can often result in erectile dysfunction (ED), significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Penile rehabilitation techniques have been developed to restore erectile function following prostate surgery. This review discusses the different penile rehabilitation techniques available, their effectiveness, and the factors affecting their success. This paper also addresses the importance of addressing the psychological aspects of ED in these patients and the need for personalized and tailored rehabilitation plans. By providing a comprehensive understanding of penile rehabilitation techniques, this paper can assist clinicians in restoring the quality of life of patients who have undergone prostate surgery.