Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer in women in Poland and in the world. The main risk factor for this cancer is persistent infection with high - risk human papillomavirus (HPV-HR) types. The most important role in carcinogenesis is attributed to viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, that affect some cell cycle proteins. Diagnosis of HPV infection, in which the molecular test play an important role, allow for detection on precancerous lesions of the cervix, and effective treatment of these conditions. The application of modern diagnostic tests and vaccination against HPV may in the future lead to a reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer.

Emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae coproducing KPC-2 and 16S rRNA methylase ArmA in Poland.

A Klebsiella pneumoniae epidemic strain that coproduced carbapenemase KPC-2 (K. pneumoniae carbapenemase 2) and 16S rRNA methylase ArmA has emerged in Poland. Four nonduplicate isolates from patients in a hospital in Warsaw, Poland, were found to carry the bla(KPC-2) and armA genes on ca. 50-kb and 90-kb plasmids, respectively. Tn4401 with a 100-bp deletion in the variable region was detected in all the isolates. XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed 93.2% similarity of the isolates. All the isolates were resistant to carbapenems and 4,6-disubstituted 2-deoxystreptamines.

[Analysis of the genetic background and mechanisms of dissemination of resistance to tetracycline of the Polish population of Campylobacter strains isolated in Poland in years 2007-2008]. / Analiza podloza genetycznego i mechanizmów rozprzestrzeniania sie opornosci na tetracykline populacji szczep6w z rodzaju campylobacter izolowanych w Polsce w latach 2007-2008.

In Poland, constant rise of number of Campylobacter strains resistant to tetracycline is observed in Poland. Analysis of the resistant strains showed their strong diversity, including both the different levels of resistance to this drug, large differences in the sequence of the resistant gene tetO, and diverse phylogenetic origin. The study also confirmed the important role of horizontal spread of resistance which, in the event of such a large diversity of resistant strains, can cause further very rapid escalation of resistance of Campylobacter to tetracycline.

[Occurrence of 16s rRNA methylase ArmA producing Enterobacteriaceae in a general hospital in Warsaw, Poland]. / Wystepowanie w jednym z warszawskich szpitali paleczek Enterobacteriaceae wytwarzajacych 16s rRNA metylaze Arma.

Resistance to gentamicin, amikacin and kanamycin was screened in 270 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae originated from April 19 to May 19, 2010 in a regular hospital in Warsaw, Poland. Most of the isolated bacteria were considered pathogenic. Nineteen isolates (7%) were simultaneously resistant to two or three of the tested aminoglycosides. MICs of the three aminoglycosides ranged form 128 to 1024 mcg/ml for six isolates. These isolates were suspected to produce 16S rRNA methylase. Genes encoding for three methylases reported in Europe: ArmA, RmtB and RmtC were searched by PCR. The armA gene was detected in all of the six isolates. This group encompassed Enterobacter cloacae (n=4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1) and Proteus mirabilis (n=1). Five isolates of this group carried the bla(CAX-M) gene for CTX-M type ESBL. The remaining isolate E. cloacae DM0340 was ESBL negative and lacked bla(CRX-M) that may suggest an altered genetic environment of the armA gene in this isolate. Our results showed that 2.2% of the tested isolates produced 16S rRNA methylase ArmA. This finding may argue for a high incidence of ArmA producing Enterobacteriaceae in Poland when compared to reports from other European countries.

An increase in non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections in Poland--molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of strains isolated from past outbreaks and those currently circulating in Poland.

OBJECTIVES: An increase in non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections--mainly invasive infections--has been observed in countries with high vaccination coverage. However, reasons for this situation are unknown. In this study we characterized and compared human clinical isolates of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains isolated from infections that have occurred over recent years and C. diphtheriae strains isolated from diphtheria cases from past outbreaks in Poland. METHODS: We determined biotypes, genotypes, the occurrence of plasmids, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 19 clinical C. diphtheriae strains. Genotypes were determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) techniques. RESULTS: The non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains isolated over the last few years were found to belong to biotype gravis and were genetically indistinguishable using PFGE and ERIC-PCR techniques. No plasmids were detected in the strains. All tested strains were susceptible to penicillin and erythromycin, as well as to imipenem, vancomycin, daptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and linezolid. Of the strains tested, 47% were intermediate for cefotaxime. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic similarity of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains causing infection suggests that the strains represent a single clone. They may possess additional virulence genes in a chromosome, related with higher pathogenicity and invasiveness. The genetic changes have not been followed by resistance to antibiotics.

[Dissemination of the KPC carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Warsaw, Poland]. / Wystepowanie w jednym z warszawskich szpitali paleczek Klebsiella pneumoniae wytwarzajacych karbapenemaze typu KPC.

Within the last decade, human infections caused by enterobacteria which produce the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) became a serious therapeutic and epidemiological problem worldwide. The KPC producing strains of K. pneumoniae broadly disseminated in the USA then spread to Europe. Recently, the KPC-2 was found in Poland. In the presented study we tested 11 ertapenem resistant isolates of K. pneumoniae. The isolates were obtained from 10 patients of a regular hospital (RH) and from one patient of a palliative care hospital (PH) in Warsaw, Poland. Expression of the KPC was confirmed in all the tested isolates by the positive result of phenotypic test with boronic acid. All the isolates were also shown to harbour the bla(KPC) gene by PCR with primers targeting the core 372 bp fragment of the gene, and all but two were resistant to imipenem and meropenem as determined by the disc-diffusion method. The DNA sequence analysis of the complete bla(KPC) gene from representative isolate DM0269 revealed variant 2 of KPC (KPC-2). Tested isolates were subjected to genotyping by the PFGE with XbaI. Dendrogram based on the PFGE profiles was composed of two main branches with 82,3% of similarity. Branch A encompassed 9 isolates (93,2%), including the one from the PH-patient, while the two remaining isolates (86,5%) were located in branch B. Five isolates of the branch A were indistinguishable by the PFGE. The high genetic similarity of the branch A isolates strongly suggests the intra-hospital dissemination of epidemic K. pneumoniae KPC+ sensu stricto strain. Most probably, the strain was also transferred to the palliative care hospital. In contrast, the branch B isolates appear to belong to the distinct sensu stricto strain, that has acquired the bla(KPC) gene via horizontal transfer. This is the first report on the intra-hospital dissemination of the KPC producing K. pneumoniae in Poland. It is noteworthy, all the tested strains were also resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and sulphonamides, but sensitive to colistin.

[Tigecicline susceptibilities of tetracycline-resistant Campylobacter jejuni clinical strains isolated in Poland]. / Ocena wrazliwosci na tygecykline klinicznych szczepów paleczek Campylobacter jejuni opornych na tetracykline.

Campylobacteriosis is a significant public health problem in many developed countries. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the leading causes of food-borne gastroenteritis and enteritis in humans. Treatment of campylobacteriosis is required in severe clinical infections, extraintestinal infections and in immunocompromised patients. Erythromycin is the proposed drug of choice for the treatment of Campylobacter infections. However, tetracycline and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) are also clinically effective agents for treating infections caused by Campylobacter spp. High prevalence of C. jejuni resistant to fluoroquinolone and tetracycline have been recently reported in many countries. In human medicine new agents for the treatment of many serious infections are acutely needed in hospital practice. Tigecycline is a member of a new group of antibiotics--the glycylcyclines with an expanded microbiological spectrum. In our study we will determine the susceptibility of polish, resistant to tetracycline clinical C. jejuni isolates to tigecycline. All 94 tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni strains, with MICs between 8 and 256 mg/l, isolated between 2007 and 2008 were susceptible to tigecycline, with MICs 0.06 mg/1. Tigecycline may has potential therapeutic role in the treatment of serious Campylobacter infections.

Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter isolates in Poland (2000-2007).

This study analysed the pattern of antibiotic resistance in 251 Campylobacter strains isolated from symptomatic children hospitalized in 4 large paediatric hospitals in Poland from 2000 through 2007. The highest resistance was found for ciprofloxacin (49.5% for C. jejuni and 51.3% for C. coli), followed by tetracycline (17.5% and 18.0%, respectively), and ampicillin (13.2% and 10.2%, respectively). Almost all isolates were susceptible to macrolides. As much as 22.6% of C. jejuni and 25.6% of C. coli were resistant to more than one class of antimicrobial agents. Multidrug resistance (defined as resistance to at least two classes of antimicrobials) rose significantly from 5.1% in 2000-2003 to 34.6% in 2004-2007.

[Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic methods for the differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli clinical isolates from Poland. I. Biotyping, resistance pattern, plasmid analysis, restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid]. / Ocena przydatnosci wybranych metod genotypowych i fenotypowych do wewnatrzgatunkowego rznicowania paleczek Campylobacter jejuni oraz Campylobacter coli izolowanych od ludzi. I. Przydatnosc biotypowania, okreslania profilu lekoopornosci i profilu plazmidowego oraz plazmidowego wzoru restrykcyjnego.

A total of 128 clinical isolates of C. jejuni and 17 clinical isolates of C. coli were characterized by their plasmid profiles, susceptibility to six antimicrobial agents and the Lior biotypes. We also analyzed seven isolates from three C. jejuni family outbreaks and three isolates from one C. coli family outbreak. Plasmids were found in 47 C. jejuni (36.7%) and 3 C. coli (17.6%) isolates. The sizes of plasmids detected ranged from about 3.3 to 89 kb. The majority of Campylobacter isolates (n = 33) had a single plasmid, 11 and three isolates of C. jejuni had two and three plasmids, respectively. The most frequently isolated plasmids ranged from 37 to 48 kb (n = 26). The single plasmids were discriminated on the basis of their BglII patterns. The majority of 45 kb (n = 12) plasmids had the indistinguishable pattern. The significant association (p < 0.0001) between tetracycline resistance and plasmid carriage was observed. All except one (hippuric-negative C. jejuni isolate) C jejuni isolates were biotyped using the Lior biotyping scheme. Three biotypes of C. jejuni and 2 biotypes of C. coli were identified among the isolates; 60.2% were C. jejuni I, 38.2% C. jejuni II, 0.8% C. jejuni III, 70.6% C. coli I and 29.4% C. coli II. In this study the least discriminatory subtyping method was biotyping (D = 0.505). C. jejuni isolates were the most resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (64.1%) followed by tetracycline (23.4%) and ampicillin (13.3%). Fifteen isolates of C. coli were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (88.2%), three to ampicillin and one to tetracycline. All of the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found in all quinolone-resistant isolates. Thirty seven isolates (28.9%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Six C. jejuni (4.7%) and one C. coli isolates showed resistance to more than three drugs. The fact that the most of the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates tested were biotype I and possessed no plasmid limited the usefulness of biotyping and plasmid analysis as epidemiological markers. The results of susceptibility testing of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates showed high percentage of resistance to quinolones.

[Evaluation of genotypic and phenotypic methods for the differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli clinical isolates from Poland. II. PFGE, ERIC-PCR, PCR-flaA-RFLP and MLST]. / Ocena przydatnosci wybranych metod genotypowych I fenotypowych do wewnatrzgatunkowego róznicowania paleczek Campylobacter jejuni oraz Campylobacter coli izolowanych od ludzi. II. przydatnosc metod PFGE, ERIC-PCR, PCR-fla-A-RFLP i MLST.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in many developed countries. We compared pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the flagellin gene (PCR-flaA-RFLP) for distinguishing 128 C. jejuni isolates and 17 C. coli clinical isolates isolated between 2006 and 2007 in Poland. We also analysed seven isolates from three C. jejuni family outbreaks and three isolates from one C. coli family outbreak. These isolates were also analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PFGE and PCR-flaA-RFLP were performed as described by CAMPYNET. The methods were evaluated and compared on the basis of their abilities to identify outbreaks isolates and discriminate between unrelated isolates (with D index). PFGE was found to be the most discriminatory method (D = 0.999), followed by ERIC-PCR (D = 0.997) and PCR-flaA-RFLP (D = 0.912). PFGE and ERIC-PCR clearly divided C. jejuni and C. coli into two clusters. PFGE, ERIC-PCR and PCR-flaA-RFLP distinguished 117, 107 and 18 distinct profiles, respectively, among 128 C. jejuni isolates. Among 17 C. coli isolates, 15 PFGE and ERIC-PCR, and 7 PCR-flaA-RFLP profiles were found. All the methods identified the outbreaks strains. MLST analysis showed that C. jejuni isolates obtained from three outbreaks belonged to three new 3847, 3848 and 3849 STs. We found isolates with the indistinguishable patterns in each method which were obtained from humans from the same region and related in time that potentially represent common-source outbreaks. We also found isolates with the indistinguishable patterns in each method that were obtained from humans from different part of Poland. This is the first report of using MLST, ERIC-PCR and PCR-flaA-RFLP methods to distinguish C. jejuni and C. coli clinical isolates in Poland. Our results demonstrate that all typing methods evaluated in this study are highly discriminatory and useful to investigate Campylobacter outbreaks in Poland. Our results also show that the genetic diversity of polish C. jejuni and C. coli isolates is very high.

Molecular characterization of human clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O8 in Poland: emergence and dissemination of three highly related clones.

Thirty-three clinical isolates of the highly pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O8 were collected from sporadic cases in Poland from January 2004 to July 2008. The isolates carried major virulence markers and were strongly clonal. This is the first report of the emergence and dissemination of highly related clones of Y. enterocolitica 1B/O8 in Europe.

[Molecular investigation of relatedness of Campylobacter coli isolated from child with campylobacteriosis and healthy, household dog]. / Zastosowanie metod genotypowych w dochodzeniu pokrewienstwa izolatów paleczek Campylobacter coli wyhodowanych od chorego dziecka oraz od psa.

Thermotolerant species of Campylobacter (mainly C. jejuni and C. coli) are among the most frequently isolated bacterial agents of gastroenteritis in many developed countries. C. coli is less prevalent than C. jejuni. The main reservoir of C. coli is swine, however this pathogen may also be found in poultry, cattle and pets. Genotypic methods have successfully been applied to the subtyping of Campylobacter species in epidemiological investigation. In the present study we report a case of isolation of C. coli from 5-month old child and 2-year old heathy dog (Yorkshire Terrier). C. coli isolates were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with SmaI and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) for establishing genetic relationships of the strains. The molecular fingerprints of these isolates were compared with the patterns of four C. coli epidemiologically unrelated isolates obtained from humans with diarrhea from the same region. The child and the dog shared the same strain, which were indistinguishable by PFGE and ERIC-PCR. This may argue for the transmission of C. coli between household dog and human. Our results may also support previous findings that direct contact with infected pets may play an important role in the development of campylobacteriosis in humans.

[Campylobacter spp. as a leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis in selected region of Poland]. / Paleczki Campylobacter jako dominujacy etiologiczny czynnik bakteryjnego zakazenia przewodu pokarmowego ludzi na przykladzie wybranego regionu Polski.

The results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by Regional Laboratory of Sanitary Epidemiological Station in Bielsko-Biala (PSSE Bielsko-Biala), Silesia voivodeship in Poland are presented. From August 2006 to July 2009, stool samples from diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. as well as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and verotoxigenic (VTEC) E. coli. The most frequently isolated species of Campylobacter spp. was C. jejuni. Most of the Campylobacter spp. were isolated from children under the age of 2. The seasonal peak of campylobacteriosis was observed between July and December. All isolates of Campylobacter sp. were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin. It was observed that 71.4% C. jejuni isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The comparison of the results obtained during the period of 2006-2009 shows that percentage of campylobacteriosis has increased. In the first year of studies (from August 2006 to July 2007), Campylobacter spp. were reported in 45.4% of 183 bacterial etiologic agents of gastroenteritis, isolated from 819 persons; in the second year (August 2007-July 2008) there were 46.6% of 176 bacterial etiologic agents isolated from 844 persons; and in the last year of study (August 2008-July 2009), Campylobacter spp. were reported in 51.5% of 196 bacterial etiologic agents isolated from 859 persons. The percentage of salmonellosis cases decreased by about 20% from 45.4 to 23% during that frametime.

[Antimicrobial susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from humans in Poland during 2004-2009]. / Ocena wrazliwosci na wybrane antybiotyki paleczek Yersinia enterocolitica i Yersinia pseudotuberculosis izolowanych z próbek materialu klinicznego w Polsce w latach 2004-2009.

The number of yersiniosis has increased in the last few years in Poland, especially an increase of Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 1B/O:8 infections was observed. From 2004 to 2009 265 of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3, 108 of Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8, 8 of Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 and 4 of Y. pseudotuberculosis clinical isolates were collected. To obtain basic data for resistance monitoring purpose 385 Yersinia strains were tested by standard disc diffusion method for their susceptibilities to 12 antimicrobial agents. In addition beta-lactamase (enzyme A) inhibition assays were undertaken with ticarcillin and clavulanic acid and beta-lactamase (enzyme B) induction tests were perfonned with imipenem as the inducer for 135 strains. The present study demonstrated a high susceptibility of clinical strains to most of the tested antibiotics with the exception of ampicillin, ticarcillin and streptomycin. No strains were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and tetracyclin. Less than 10% isolates were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (except--all Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 strains were resistant), sulfonamide, trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. Four isolates of Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 and one Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9 was multidrug resistant (MDR). Detection of enzyme A by disc diffusion in all tested strains, with the exception of the three Y. pseudotubeculosis I isolates, was highly reliable but results of enzyme B detection by the disc diffusion test were, especially for Y. enterocolitica 1B/O:8, faced with the difficulties.

[Campylobacteriosis in Poland in 2006]. / Kampylobakterioza w 2006 roku.

This is the first annual epidemiological report on campylobacteriosis in Poland. The total number of 157 campylabacteriosis cases were reported in 2006 in Poland. The incidence rate was 0.41 per 100 000 population. No death was reported. About 56% of patients were hospitalized. Despite the fact that since 2003, the reporting of campylobacteriosis has been mandatory in Poland, data about Campylobacter infections are restricted to some regions of the country. This is mostly due to the limited number of laboratories performing the diagnosis of Campylobacter. The species of Campylobacter was determined in 129 cases (82%): 105 cases (67%) were caused by C. jejuni infection and 24 by C. coli. In 2006 three outbreaks were reported in Poland, all were considered family outbreaks. Two of these were caused by C. jejuni and one by C. coli.

[Campylobacter jejuni infection in patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case report]. / Przypadek izolacji paleczek Campylobacter jejuni od pacjenta z zespolem Guillain-Barré.

The Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute inflammatory polineuropathy; it's frequency is established at the level of 1,3 cases/ 100 000 persons/ year. The main etiological factors concerned with the GBS occurrence are: Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barre virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The authors present a case of the 15 years old boy with the clinical features of acute motor axonal polineuropathy and confirmed C. jejuni infection. Identification of C. jejuni isolate was based on colony morphology on CCDA plate (OXOID), characteristic motility, catalase, oxidase, hippurate hydrolysis and acetate hydrolysis. The identity of C. jejuni was also confirmed by a specific PCR. According to the authors' knowledge this is the first case of a patient with GBS with confirmed C. jejuni infection reported from Poland.

Comparison of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from humans and chicken carcasses in Poland.

Campylobacter-associated gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity worldwide, and some evidence suggests that poultry is an important source of this foodborne infection in humans. This study was conducted to analyze the prevalence and genetic background of resistance of 149 Campylobacter jejuni and 54 Campylobacter coli strains isolated from broiler chicken carcasses and from stool samples of infected children in Poland from 2003 through 2005. Nearly all isolates were susceptible to macrolides and aminoglycosides. The highest resistance in both human and chicken strains was observed for ciprofloxacin (more than 40%), followed by ampicillin (13 to 21%), and tetracycline (8 to 29%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline rose significantly between 2003 and 2005. Slight differences in resistance between human and chicken isolates indicate that although chicken meat is not the only source of Campylobacter infection in our population, it can be involved in the transmission of drug-resistant Campylobacter strains to humans.

[Epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by Sanitary Epidemiological Station in Bielsko-Biala, Silesia, in Poland]. / Epidemiologiczna analiza zakazen wywollnych przez paleczki Campylobacter sp. wykrytych przez Stacjie Sanitarno-Epidemiologiczna w Bielsku-Bialej.

The results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by Regional Laboratory of Sanitary Epidemiological Station in Bielsko-Biala (PSSE Bielsko-Biala), Silesia voivodeship in Poland are presented. From August 2005 to July 2006, stool samples from 723 diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of Campylobacter as well as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli. From stool samples of 163 patients 170 bacterial etiological agents were isolated. The most frequently detected bacterial etiological agents were Salmonella spp. n=79 (46%) and Campylobacter spp. n=70 (41%). The other bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples were EPEC n=17 (10%), Yersinia enterocolitica n=3 (2%) and E. coli 0157 (VT+) n=1. The most frequently isolated species of Campylobacter spp. was C. jejuni--87%. In 7 out of 70 cases, Campylobacter spp. were isolated together with S. Enteritidis (n=2), E. coli EPEC (n=4) and verotoxic E. coli O157 (n=1). Patients' ages ranged from 0 to 78 years. Most (59%) of the Campylobacter spp. were isolated from children under the age of 2. The seasonal peak of campylobacteriosis was observed between July and November and in May.

[Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter sp strains isolated from humans in 2005 to 2006 in Bielsko-Biala Region, Poland]. / Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki i chemioterapeutyki szczepów paleczek Campylobacter sp izolowanych od ludzi w latach 2005-2006 w regionie Bielsko-Bialskim.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are frequent causes of bacterial gastroeneritis in humans worldwide. Campylobacteriois is usually a self-limiting disease and therapy with antibiotics is required in severe clinical infections. The objective [corrected] of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from humans with diarrhea during 2005-2006 in Bielsko-Biala region in Poland. The MICs of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin and ampicillin were determined by the E-test method. It was observed that 23 % and 6% C. jejuni isolates were resistant to two and three antibiotics, respectively. All isolates of Campylobacter sp. were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin. From the 69 C. jejuni strains 58% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 23% to tetracycline and 17% to ampicillin. From the 8 C. coli strains all were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 62,5% to ampicillin and 12,5% to tetracycline.

Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli clinical isolates from Poland.

We tested 102 Campylobacter jejuni and 6 Campylobacter coli clinical isolates from Poland. All were susceptible to erythromycin. Among the tested C. jejuni isolates 55.9% and 13.7% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, respectively. Replacement of Thr86 with Ile in GyrA and a plasmid-borne tet(O) gene were the main resistance mechanisms for fluoroquinolones and tetracycline, respectively.