[The Boulduc dynasty, apothecaries in Paris in XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries]. / La dynastie des Boulduc apothicaires à Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles.

The Parisian Boulduc family had four apothecaries among its members from the XVIIth to the XVIIIth centuries : Pierre, Simon, Gilles-François and Jean-François. Two of them were members of the Académie royale des sciences but all held important offices in the Parisian apothecary Community or in the Royal apothecaries Society. One of Pierre's five sons, Simon, was a member of the Académie royale des sciences, one other, Louis, went to Canada and became King of France Public Prosecutor at the Québec Provostship. He got married there and his eight children were probably at the foundation of the Bolduc dynasty (they modified their name) living in Québec. Victim of intrigues and accused of embezzlements Louis came back to France where he died. Simon's son, Gilles-François, was like his father a member of the Académie royale des sciences and his own son Jean-François was the King's first apothecary. Simon Boulduc's main scientific work is presented in this first article.

[Nicolas Houel and Michel Dusseau, apothecaries of the XVIth century in Paris]. / Nicolas Houel at Michel Dusseau, apothicaires à Paris au XVIe siècle.

These two apothecaries of the XVIth century of Pharmacy in Paris were outstanding personalities. Nicolas Houel founded a charity in the south of Paris at Saint-Marcel suburb: The House of Christian Charity. It was a philanthropic organization composed of a chapel, an orphanage, a hospital, an apothecary's shop and a medicinal plants garden called Le Jardin des apothicaires. This institution is at the origin of the future Paris Pharmacy College (1777) and of the Paris School of Pharmacy (1803). This apothecary was also an artist, a poet, the author of artistic and scientific works. He wrote three pharmaceutical books between 1571 and 1573. The first one Pharmaceutices libri duo is about laxative and purgative medicines in accordance with Mésué's concepts, the second is a Plague Treatise and the third a Theriac and Mithridat Treatise. Michel Dusseau is the author of the first pharmaceutical book written in French prose. It was published in Lyon in 1561: l'Enchirid ou Manipul des miropoles. The life of Michel Dusseau had remained quite unknown but we recently managed to identify four generations of Dusseaus: Christofle, the ancestor, who lived in the XVth century and was not an apothecary, Michel a juror of the Paris apothecaries community and the author of the Enchirid, Pierre, Michel's son, also an apothecary, and lastly, Pierre's children who were the 4th generation. L'Enchirid is a "Manual for myrrh sellers ", a galenic pharmacy book divided into three parts. The first part shows how to prepare medicines, the second deals with pharmaceutical operations, the third is dedicated to the preparations of galenic forms. This book was well appreciated by French apothecaries in the XVIth-XVIIth centuries but sank into oblivion because of obsolescence.

[The Lardieres, a parisian apothecaries family in XVIth and XVIIth centuries]. / Les Lardiere, une dynastie d'apothicaires parisiens des XVIe et XVIIe siecles.

The parisian Lardiere family had three apothecaries among its members, from the mid-XVIth century to the mid-XVIIth century. Dominique I, the grandfather, Jehan his son and Dominique II, the grandson, lived at the corner of rues-Sainte-Croix and Vieille-du-Temple in the old Paris center. Dominique I and Jehan founded an association and worked together in their apothecary's shop. After death inventories and heirs, share-out revealed interesting information about the ruling prices in Paris in those days.

[Messance Montrouge and her three husbands all apothecaries]. / Trois mariages et deux enterrements au XVIIe siecle. Messance Montrouge et ses trois epoux apothicaires: Jehan Gamare, Gilles Renoir et Pierre Guymier.

The Gamare family, of Norman origin, had six apothecaries among its members, from the end of the XVIth to the end of the XVIIth centuries. Two professors at the Faculte de medecine de Paris were also members of the Gamare family. Three granddaughters of Jehan Gamare and Messance Montrouge married apothecaries: Marie-Anne got married to Claude Vadurel, Louise-Henriette to Marc-Antoine Pellet and Anne-Claude to Claude-Francois Peaget, whose daughter married the poet Crebillon.

[Pierre-Jean Robiquet]. / Pierre-Jean Robiquet: (Rennes, 14 janvier 1780 - Paris, 29 avril 1840).

Famous french pharmacist, born in Rennes, professor at the Paris Ecole de pharmacie and fellow of the Academie royale des sciences, Pierre-Jean Robiquet discovered many natural products, among them two alkaloids narcotine (noscapine) and codeine.

[Sugar's sold by apothecaries and grocers in Paris in XVII century]. / La vente du sucre par les apothicaires et les epiciers Parisiens au XVII siecle.

Until the XVIth century Paris apothecaries and grocers sold sugars but from the beginning of the XVIIth century the former leaved the sale to the latter initiating the separation of both trades officialized by a Declaration royale, in 1777.

[Three contracts signed by the apothecary Nicolas Houel in 1586]. / Trois contrats passés avec Nicolas Houel, intendant et gouverneur de la Maison de la charité chrétienne en 1586.

Nicolas Houel famous apothecary founder of the House of the Christian Charity, near Paris, in the 16th Century, welcomed poor children for six years. The author has found two reception contracts and a settlement act to the Foundation signed by Houel in 1586.

[Pierre Frapin, an apothicary supplier of Molière]. / Pierre Frapin, un apothicaire fournisseur de Molière: 23 Septembre 1640 - 5 Novembre 1714).

Moliere's after death inventory showed that there was a debt to the apothecary Pierre Frapin. The author proved that Pierre Frapin lived near Moliere's house in Paris, rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre place du Palais-Royal. The apothecary was avid for money, so it is possible that the opening scene of Le Malade imaginaire was inspired to Moliere by over evaluated bills made out by Frapin.

[Moyse Charas Testament (January 12th 1698)]. / Le testament authentique de Moyse Charas (12 Janvier 1698).

Moyse Charas testament dictated to a notary on January 12th 1698, expresses the last will of a Catholic who had abjured protestantism.

[An irremediable prophylactic method in a 1929 note by E. H. Guitard]. / Une méthode prophylactique radicale.

The wrong reading, by E. H. Guitard, of a medical report written by two officers of the French Navy, in 1777, totally distorted the meaning of this report.

[Admission lists to the Paris hospitals pharmacy internship published by the General Council of Paris Hospitals from 1815 to 1848]. / Les resultats des concours de l'Internat en pharmacie de 1815 à 1848 consignés dans les arrêtés du Conseil général des Hospices civils de Paris aux Archives de l'AP-HP.

Those lists permit to complete the lists of the Paris hospitals pharmacy internship Centenary book of A. Goris.

[The delirious complaint presented to the King and to the deputies of the Assembly of 1614 by the fellows apothecaries from Paris]. / La délirante remontrance présentée au roi et aux députés des Etats-généraux de 1614, par les compagnons apothicaires de Paris.

In this document, the fellows apothecaries complain of the burdonsome costs imposed upon them by the community masters in order for them to be granted their own masterships.

[The bicentenary of the founding of the Free Society of Pharmacists of Paris (20 March 1796)]. / Le bicentenaire de la création de la Société libre des pharmaciens de Paris (20 mars 1796).

From 1777 to 1796, the Paris Pharmacists guild was deeply modified. In 1777, a Royal Declaration created the College of pharmacy which escaped abolition of all guilds, in 1791, thanks to Eustache Livré, a member of the Constituent Assembly. The College's members, with the help of Antoine Fourcroy, founded the Free Paris Pharmacists Society and a Free School of Pharmacy, in 1796. In 1803, the School of Pharmacy and the Paris Pharmacy Society replaced these two establishments.

[Did Lavoisier benefit from the teachings of the apothecary Guillaume-François Rouelle?]. / Lavoisier a-t-il bénéficié de l'enseignement de l'apothicaire Guillaume-François Rouelle?

Following a review of the biography and of the chemical doctrines of G.-F. Rouelle (1703-1770) and having examined the relationship between Rouelle's scientific heritage and the work of Lavoisier, the author's response tends to the negative to the question posed in the title of his article.