Ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation and postpartum outcomes following caesarean delivery: a multicentre cohort study.

Disparities relating to postpartum recovery outcomes in different socio-economic and racial ethnic groups are underexplored. We conducted a planned analysis of a large prospective caesarean delivery cohort to explore the relationship between ethnicity, socio-economic status and postpartum recovery. Eligible patients were enrolled and baseline demographic, obstetric and medical history data were collected 18 h and 30 h following delivery. Patients completed postpartum quality of life and recovery measures in person on day 1 (EuroQoL EQ-5D-5L, including global health visual analogue scale; Obstetric Quality of Recovery-10 item score; and pain scores) and by telephone between day 28 and day 32 postpartum (EQ-5D-5L and pain scores). Socio-economic group was determined according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile of each patient's usual place of residence. Data from 1000 patients who underwent caesarean delivery were included. There were more patients of Asian, Black and mixed ethnicity in the more deprived quintiles. Patients of White ethnicities had shorter postpartum duration of hospital stay compared with patients of Asian and Black ethnicities (35 (28-56 [18-513]) h vs. 44 (31-71 [19-465]) h vs. 49 (33-75 [23-189]) h, respectively. In adjusted models at day 30, patients of Asian ethnicity had a significantly greater risk of moderate to severe pain (numerical rating scale ≥ 4) at rest and on movement (odds ratio (95%CI) 2.42 (1.24-4.74) and 2.32 (1.40-3.87)), respectively). There were no differences in readmission rates or incidence of complications between groups. Patients from White ethnic backgrounds experience shorter postpartum duration of stay compared with patients from Asian and Black ethnic groups. Ethnic background impacts pain scores and recovery at day 1 postpartum and following hospital discharge, even after adjusting for socio-economic group. Further work is required to understand the underlying factors driving differences in pain and recovery and to develop strategies to reduce disparities in obstetric patients.

Quality of recovery following childbirth: a prospective, multicentre cohort study.

To better understand outcomes in postpartum patients who receive peripartum anaesthetic interventions, we aimed to assess quality of recovery metrics following childbirth in a UK-based multicentre cohort study. This study was performed during a 2-week period in October 2021 to assess in- and outpatient post-delivery recovery at 1 and 30 days postpartum. The following outcomes were reported: obstetric quality of recovery 10-item measure (ObsQoR-10); EuroQoL (EQ-5D-5L) survey; global health visual analogue scale; postpartum pain scores at rest and movement; length of hospital stay; readmission rates; and self-reported complications. In total, 1638 patients were recruited and responses analysed from 1631 (99.6%) and 1282 patients (80%) at one and 30 days postpartum, respectively. Median (IQR [range]) length of stay postpartum was 39.3 (28.5-61.0 [17.7-513.4]), 40.3 (28.5-59.1 [17.8-220.9]), and 35.9 (27.1-54.1 [17.9-188.4]) h following caesarean, instrumental and vaginal deliveries, respectively. Median (IQR [range]) ObsQoR-10 score was 75 ([62-86] 4-100) on day 1, with the lowest ObsQoR-10 scores (worst recovery) reported by patients undergoing caesarean delivery. Of the 1282 patients, complications within the first 30 days postpartum were reported by 252 (19.7%) of all patients. Readmission to hospital within 30 days of discharge occurred in 69 patients (5.4%), with 49 (3%) for maternal reasons. These data can be used to inform patients regarding expected recovery trajectories; facilitate optimal discharge planning; and identify populations that may benefit most from targeted interventions to improve postpartum recovery experience.

Effect of pre-operative oral paracetamol on gastric residual volume and pH in young children in the context of a 1-hour clear fluid fast: a randomised controlled trial.

High gastric residual volume and low pH are associated with increased mortality following pulmonary aspiration in animal studies. The use of pre-operative oral paracetamol has not been investigated in younger children and infants in the context of a prescriptive 1-h clear fluid fast aimed at reducing the risk of pulmonary aspiration while improving patient experience. Children aged 1 month up to a weight of 25 kg and scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to receive a prescribed 3.6 ml.kg-1 drink of water alone (water group) or 3 ml.kg-1 water and oral Infant Calpol® syrup (24 mg.ml-1 concentration, equivalent volume 0.6 ml.kg-1 , paracetamol group) 1 h before the induction of anaesthesia. Following induction, a nasogastric tube was used to aspirate gastric contents and the volume and pH were recorded. Ninety-seven children, median (IQR [range]) age 24 (12-45 [1-96]) months and weight 12.4 (9.7-16.0 [2.9-27.0]) kg, were analysed. Median time from drink to induction was 54 (45-60 [21-113]) min. There was no significant difference in gastric residual volume (p = 1) or pH (p = 0.99) between the water and the paracetamol groups. Sub-group analysis revealed no significant difference in gastric residual volume or pH for 29 children who weighed < 10 kg compared with > 10 kg. Using a prescriptive fluid regime of 3 ml.kg-1 of water, the addition of oral paracetamol syrup did not significantly alter gastric residual volume or pH in the context of a 1-h fast in infants and young children.

Characterization of DNA polymorphisms in Caryocar brasiliense (Camb.) in populations with and without thorn at the endocarp by RAPD markers

Caryocar brasiliense (pequi), is one of the main species at the biome of the Brazilian savannah due to its use in culinary, popular medicine, industry in general, and iron and steel industry. At São José do Xingu (MT), a tree of C. brasiliense without thorn at the endocarp was found, which enables the improvement of C. brasiliense not only for consumption but also to the high appreciation it already has. To detect the existing differences between the pequi with and without the thorn at the endocarp, RADP markers were used. The generated polymorphisms were cloned and sequenced in order to identify the sequences that are responsible for the fenotypical alteration. It was observed that the pequi without thorn is genetically isolated from the other populations of pequi with thorn at the endocarp, proving that this characteristic is related to the genetic divergence of the species. Analysis in BLASTn evidenced the similarity of the Dof1 genes of Zea mays to its gene of phosphinotricin acetyl transferase. In the analysis of BLASTx, the similarity was verified to the proteins responsible for the deficiency in ferric reductase 4, and catalase.

Pequi, Caryocar brasiliense, é uma das espécies de destaqueno bioma do cerrado brasileiro, devido a sua utilização na medicina, na culinária popular, indústria em geral, e na do ferro e do aço. Na região de São José do Xingu (MT), uma árvore de pequi sem espinho no endocarpo foi encontrado e isso permite melhorar pequi não só para o consumo, aproveitando a alta apreciação que já possui. Para detectar as diferenças existentes entre o genoma de pequi com e sem espinho no endocarpo, marcadores moleculares RAPD foram utilizados. Os polimorfismos gerados foram clonados e sequenciados, a fim de identificar as sequências responsáveis pela alteração fenotípica. Observou-se que o pequi sem espinho é geneticamente isolado de outras populações de pequi com espinho no endocarpo, provando que essa característica está relacionada com a divergência genética da espécie. Análise em Blastn evidenciou a similaridade dos genes Dof1 e com o gene da fosfinotricina-acetiltransferase de Z. mays. Na análise da BLASTx, a similaridade foi verificada com as proteínas responsáveis pela deficiência de ferro 4 redutase e catalase.

Characterization of DNA polymorphisms in Caryocar brasiliense in populations with and without thorn at the endocarp by RAPD markers.

Caryocar brasiliense (pequi), is one of the main species at the biome of the Brazilian savannah due to its use in culinary, popular medicine, industry in general, and iron and steel industry. At São José do Xingu (MT), a tree of C. brasiliense without thorn at the endocarp was found, which enables the improvement of C. brasiliense not only for consumption but also to the high appreciation it already has. To detect the existing differences between the pequi with and without the thorn at the endocarp, RADP markers were used. The generated polymorphisms were cloned and sequenced in order to identify the sequences that are responsible for the fenotypical alteration. It was observed that the pequi without thorn is genetically isolated from the other populations of pequi with thorn at the endocarp, proving that this characteristic is related to the genetic divergence of the species. Analysis in BLASTn evidenced the similarity of the Dof1 genes of Zea mays to its gene of phosphinotricin acetyl transferase. In the analysis of BLASTx, the similarity was verified to the proteins responsible for the deficiency in ferric reductase 4, and catalase.

Analysis of the intercaste transcriptional profile of Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) by mRNA differential display.

In colonies of Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 workers can be found with four ganglion nerve cells, a morphological characteristic of the queen. It is hypothesized that these workers, called intercastes, or phenocopies, are phenotypically-like workers, but genotypically identical to queens due to this specific trait. Workers with the same number of ganglion as queens seem to be intercastes between queens and workers. Our objective was to analyze the mRNA pro files of workers, queens, and intercastes of M. scutellaris through DDRT-PCR. Three hundred (300) pupae with white eyes were collected and externally identified according to the number of abdominal nerve ganglions: workers (5 ganglions), queens (4 ganglions) and intercastes (4 ganglions). The analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts that were present only in workers, but absent in intercastes and queens, confirming the hypothesis, by demonstrating the environmental effect on the queen genotype that generated phenotype-like workers.

[Physiologic, morphologic and behavioural responses of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) related to the consume of different varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris]. / Respostas fisiológicas, morfológicas e comportamentais de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) associadas ao consumo de diferentes variedades de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris).

This study was developed aiming to verify physiological, morphological and behavioral responses of two different Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) populations to different beans varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Fabaceae). Female longevity, fertility and oviposition preference site, as well as size and levels of fluctuating asymmetry for males and females were described. Zabrotes subfasciatus displayed physiological plasticity in response to the diet, which was considered an important adaptive ability to maintain the insect generalist habit for food consumption and oviposition sites. The populations studied had different responses to the same treatments, indicating genetic, physiological and behavioral variation on their plastic potential. The Hopkins principle, which determines the influence of previous female experience in the choice of oviposition sites, was not confirmed. The occurrence of fluctuating asymmetry in males and females was variable, probably as a consequence of genomic factors determining this trait.

Respostas fisiológicas, morfológicas e comportamentais de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) associadas ao consumo de diferentes variedades de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) / Physiologic, morphologic and behavioural responses of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) related to the consume of different varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris

Este estudo foi desenvolvido visando verificar respostas fisiológicas, morfológicas e comportamentais em duas diferentes populações de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) confinadas a diferentes variedades de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Fabaceae). Avaliaram-se a longevidade, fertilidade e preferência de fêmeas por sítios de oviposição, bem como o tamanho e os níveis de assimetria flutuante de machos e fêmeas. Foram observadas respostas fisiológicas plásticas relacionadas ao tipo de dieta, sendo consideradas importantes habilidades adaptativas para manutenção do hábito generalista do inseto no consumo e uso de sítios para oviposição. As populações estudadas apresentaram respostas distintas a tratamentos similares, o que indica variações genéticas, fisiológicas e comportamentais no seu potencial plástico. O princípio de Hopkins, que mostra a influência da experiência prévia na escolha de sítios para oviposição, não foi confirmado. A ocorrência de assimetria flutuante é variável em machos e fêmeas, o que evidencia a influência de fatores genômicos na determinação desse caráter.

This study was developed aiming to verify physiological, morphological and behavioral responses of two different Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) populations to different beans varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Fabaceae). Female longevity, fertility and oviposition preference site, as well as size and levels of fluctuating asymmetry for males and females were described. Zabrotes subfasciatus displayed physiological plasticity in response to the diet, which was considered an important adaptive ability to maintain the insect generalist habit for food consumption and oviposition sites. The populations studied had different responses to the same treatments, indicating genetic, physiological and behavioral variation on their plastic potential. The Hopkins principle, which determines the influence of previous female experience in the choice of oviposition sites, was not confirmed. The occurrence of fluctuating asymmetry in males and females was variable, probably as a consequence of genomic factors determining this trait.

Modulatory effects of Tabebuia impetiginosa (Lamiales, Bignoniaceae) on doxorubicin-induced somatic mutation and recombination in Drosophila melanogaster.

The wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in D. melanogaster was used to study genotoxicity of the medicinal plant Tabebuia impetiginosa. Lapachol (naphthoquinone) and ß-lapachone (quinone) are the two main chemical constituents of T. impetiginosa. These compounds have several biological properties. They induce apoptosis by generating oxygen-reactive species, thereby inhibiting topoisomerases (I and II) or inducing other enzymes dependent on NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, thus affecting cell cycle checkpoints. The SMART was used in the standard (ST) version, which has normal levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, to check the direct action of this compound, and in the high bioactivation (HB) version, which has a high constitutive level of CYP enzymes, to check for indirect action in three different T. impetiginosa concentrations (10%, 20% or 40% w/w). It was observed that T. impetiginosa alone did not modify the spontaneous frequencies of mutant spots in either cross. The negative results observed prompted us to study this phytotherapeuticum in association with the reference mutagen doxorubicin (DXR). In co-treated series, T. impetiginosa was toxic in both crosses at higher concentration, whereas in the HB cross, it induced a considerable potentiating effect (from ~24.0 to ~95.0%) on DXR genotoxity. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the possible risks associated with the exposure of living organisms to this complex mixture.

Modulatory effects of Tabebuia impetiginosa (Lamiales, Bignoniaceae) on doxorubicin-induced somatic mutation and recombination in Drosophila melanogaster

The wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in D. melanogaster was used to study genotoxicity of the medicinal plant Tabebuia impetiginosa. Lapachol (naphthoquinone) and β-lapachone (quinone) are the two main chemical constituents of T. impetiginosa. These compounds have several biological properties. They induce apoptosis by generating oxygen-reactive species, thereby inhibiting topoisomerases (I and II) or inducing other enzymes dependent on NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, thus affecting cell cycle checkpoints. The SMART was used in the standard (ST) version, which has normal levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, to check the direct action of this compound, and in the high bioactivation (HB) version, which has a high constitutive level of CYP enzymes, to check for indirect action in three different T. impetiginosa concentrations (10 percent, 20 percent or 40 percent w/w). It was observed that T. impetiginosa alone did not modify the spontaneous frequencies of mutant spots in either cross. The negative results observed prompted us to study this phytotherapeuticum in association with the reference mutagen doxorubicin (DXR). In co-treated series, T. impetiginosa was toxic in both crosses at higher concentration, whereas in the HB cross, it induced a considerable potentiating effect (from ~24.0 to ~95.0 percent) on DXR genotoxity. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the possible risks associated with the exposure of living organisms to this complex mixture.

Analysis of the intercaste transcriptional profile of Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) by mRNA differential display

In colonies of Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 workers can be found with four ganglion nerve cells, a morphological characteristic of the queen. It is hypothesized that these workers, called intercastes, or phenocopies, are phenotypically-like workers, but genotypically identical to queens due to this specific trait. Workers with the same number of ganglion as queens seem to be intercastes between queens and workers. Our objective was to analyze the mRNA pro files of workers, queens, and intercastes of M. scutellaris through DDRT-PCR. Three hundred (300) pupae with white eyes were collected and externally identified according to the number of abdominal nerve ganglions: workers (5 ganglions), queens (4 ganglions) and intercastes (4 ganglions). The analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts that were present only in workers, but absent in intercastes and queens, confirming the hypothesis, by demonstrating the environmental effect on the queen genotype that generated phenotype-like workers.

Building health: an epidemiological study of "sick building syndrome" in the Whitehall II study.

OBJECTIVES: Sick building syndrome (SBS) is described as a group of symptoms attributed to the physical environment of specific buildings. Isolating particular environmental features responsible for the symptoms has proved difficult. This study explores the role and significance of the physical and psychosocial work environment in explaining SBS. METHODS: Cross sectional data on the physical environment of a selection of buildings were added to individual data from the Whitehall II study--an ongoing health survey of office based civil servants. A self-report questionnaire was used to capture 10 symptoms of the SBS and psychosocial work stress. In total, 4052 participants aged 42-62 years working in 44 buildings were included in this study. RESULTS: No significant relation was found between most aspects of the physical work environment and symptom prevalence, adjusted for age, sex, and employment grade. Positive (non-significant) relations were found only with airborne bacteria, inhalable dust, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, and having some control over the local physical environment. Greater effects were found with features of the psychosocial work environment including high job demands and low support. Only psychosocial work characteristics and control over the physical environment were independently associated with symptoms in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms.

Differentially displayed expressed sequence tags in Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) development.

We have compared gene expression, using the Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDRT-PCR) technique, by means of mRNA profile in Melipona scutellaris during ontogenetic postembryonic development, in adult worker, and in both Natural and Juvenile Hormone III-induced adult queen. Six, out of the nine ESTs described here, presented differentially expressed in the phases L1 or L2, or even in both of them, suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of Melipona scutellaris are regulated in these stages. The combination HT11G-AP05 revealed in L1 and L2 a product which matches to thioredoxin reductase protein domain in the Clostridium sporogenes, an important protein during cellular oxidoreduction processes. This study represents the first molecular evidence of differential gene expression profiles toward a description of the genetic developmental traits in the genus Melipona.

Differentially displayed expressed sequence tags in Melipona scutellaris (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) development

Nesse estudo nós usamos a técnica de Differential Display Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction (DDRT-PCR) para comparamos o perfil de mRNA em Melipona scutellaris durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético pós-embrionário e em operárias adultas, rainha natural e induzida pelo Hormônio Juvenil III. Fragmentos diferencialmente expressos foram detectados usando as seguintes combinações de primers: HT11G-AP05; HT11C-AP05; HT11G-OPF12; HT11G-OPA16. Dos 9 ESTs descrito nesse trabalho, 6 tiveram expressão diferencial nas fases de larva L1 e L2, sugerindo serem mecanismos chave no regulação do desenvolvimento larval em Melipona. A combinação HT11G-AP05 revelou em L1 e L2 um produto com similaridade à proteína tioredoxina redutase de Clostridium sporogenes, uma proteína importante durante os processos de oxidoredução. Esse estudo representa as primeiras evidências moleculares do perfil de expressão durante o desenvolvimento ontogenético em abelhas do gênero Melipona.

Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees / Anatomia comparada dos órgãos do aparelho reprodutor masculino de 51 espécies de abelhas

A anatomia dos órgãos internos do aparelho reprodutor de machos (ARM) adultos e pupas foi comparada em 51 espécies de abelhas, incluindo representantes de seis famílias. Foram obtidos quatro tipos diferentes de ARM. O tipo I está presente em machos das famílias mais basais (Colletidae,Andrenidae e Halictidae) e é caracterizado por três túbulos seminíferos por testículo, o qual é quasetotalmente envolvido pela membrana escrotal. O tipo II é um tipo intermediário entre os tipos I e III e estápresente em Mellitidae e Megachilidae, como também em alguns Apidae estudados, sendo caracterizado por possuir dutos deferentes pós-vesiculares fora da membrana escrotal e possuir três ou quatro túbulos seminíferos por testículo, exceto Apis mellifera L., a qual possui secundariamente um número aumentado de túbulos. O tipo III foi achado somente nos Apidae estudados e é caracterizado por apresentar os testículos e dutos genitais (exceto o duto deferente pós-vesicular) encapsulados separadamente, as glândulas acessórias são bem desenvolvidas e o duto ejaculador é calibroso, apresentando fissuras em sua parede externa, as quais podem ocorrer também no tipo II. O tipo IV está presente exclusivamente na tribo Meliponini e é caracterizado pela ausência de glândulas acessórias.

The anatomy of the internal organs of the male reproductive apparatus (MRA) of adults and pupae was compared among 51 species of bees, including representatives of six families. Fourdifferent types of MRA were found. The type I is present in males of the less derived families (Colletidae, Andrenidae, and Halictidae) and is characterized by three seminiferous tubules per testis, which are almost completely enveloped by the scrotal membrane. The type II is an intermediary between types III and I and is present in Melittidae and Megachilidae, as well as in some Apidae studied, being characterized by post-vesicular deferent ducts outside the scrotal membrane and by three or fourseminiferous tubules per testis, except for Apis mellifera L., which has a secondarily increased number of tubules. Type III was only found in the Apidae studied and is characterized by separately encapsulated testes and genital ducts (except for the post-vesicular deferent duct). Accessory glands are well developed, and the ejaculatory duct is thickened with fissures in its wall, which may also occur in the type II. Type IV is present exclusively in the tribe Meliponini, and is characterized by the absence of accessory glands.

Preservation of native Brazilian bees: a question of historical and ecological conscience

Brazil has the greatest stingless bee diversity of the world. The majority of these species construct their nest inside tree hollows. Meliponini is the most important factor in pollination of those trees which need cross-fertilization and may account for as much as 90 per cent of all pollinators in some ecosystems. Unfortunately those bees are suffering a proccess of dregation that is even faster than of the forests which they inhabit. They are suffering the effects of an uncontrolled use of pesticides and insecticides that are leading to a decrease in their natural populations, in addition to an unprofessional exploration of their products by honey extractors ("meleiros"). We believe that to preserve those bees would be at least a way to preserve the basis of the food chain. In this asticle we also describe some of the history of bee keeping and exploration since colonial times to present-day Brazil.

Biology of Amazonian Anopheline mosquitoes. XVI. Evidence of multiple insemination (Poliandry) in Anopheles nuneztovari Gabaldon, 1940 (Diptera:culicidae)

Com base nos resultados da segregaçäo dos alelos de isoenzimas de esterase ESTI*F ESTI*S; EST2*F; ESTI2*S; EST6*M, EST6*s, foi registrada a ocorrência de multipla inseminaçäo efetiva (poliabdria) em populaçöes naturais de Anopheles nuneztovari. Foram estudadas 40 fêmeas captuiradas na natureza, e 8 descendentes por progênie, resultando em um total de 320 individuos analisados. Os resultados evidenciaram que a multipla inseminaçäo ocorre em pelo menos 15% das fêmeas, porém, como nas demais espécies de mosquitos, a monandria (monogamia) é mais frequente (85%). Os seis casos de multipla inseminaçäo constatados para A. nuneztovari, provavelmente, resultam de sucessivas cópulas, ocorridas no espaço de 48 horas, igualmente ao descrito para Culex pipiens L

Effects of feeding level on growth, composition of gain, carcass quality and mature body size in steers at ages up to six years.

Tissue gain and efficiency and carcass characteristics of seventy-eight Angus steers were compared on three feed intake regimens and serially slaughtered at 6 months to 6 years. The regimens were: (A) continuous ad ad libitum feeding, (B) restricted to gain about 0.45 kg daily and (C) restricted as in B until 6 months before slaughter then fed ad libitum. Steers, regardless of feeding regimen, made their greatest gains up to 12 months of age and became less efficient after that time. Steers fed ad libitum had the highest percentage of fat but the lowest percentage of lean and bone when compared with steers fed for restricted gain. Carcasses of the steers fed ad libitum contained more lean and fat at each slaughter age. Average daily gain, feed efficiency and percentage of lean and bone decreased with age; and feed intake, slaughter grade, dressing percent, taste panel desirability and percent of fat tended to increase with age. All steers reached their maximum growth in height at withers, depth of chest and length of body at about 3 years. Steers that were restricted up to 6 months before slaughter showed compensatory growth during their ad libitum feeding period and during the first 12 months of the study; protein and fat were produced most efficiently by this growth. It would appear that it is possible to modify fat deposition by changing feed intake level.