Measurements of Thermal Resistance Across Buried Interfaces with Frequency-Domain Thermoreflectance and Microscale Confinement.

Confined geometries are used to increase measurement sensitivity to thermal boundary resistance at buried SiO2 interfaces with frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR). We show that radial confinement of the transducer film and additional underlying material layers prevents heat from spreading and increases the thermal penetration depth of the thermal wave. Parametric analyses are performed with finite element methods and used to examine the extent to which the thermal penetration depth increases as a function of a material's effective thermal resistance and the degree of material confinement relative to the pump beam diameter. To our surprise, results suggest that the measurement technique is not always the most sensitive to the largest thermal resistor in a multilayer material. We also find that increasing the degree to which a material is confined improves measurement sensitivity to the thermal resistance across material interfaces that are buried 10s of µm to mm below the surface. These results are used to design experimental measurements of etched, 200 nm thick SiO2 films deposited on Al2O3 substrates, and offer an opportunity for thermal scientists and engineers to characterize the thermal resistance across a broader range of material interfaces within electronic device architectures that have historically been difficult to access via experiment.

Unwrapping a full temporal cycle in time domain thermoreflectance for enhanced measurement sensitivity in thermally insulating materials.

Time delayed pump-probe measurement techniques, such as Time Domain Thermoreflectance (TDTR), have opened up a wealth of opportunities for metrology at ultra-fast timescales and nanometer length scales. For nanoscale thermal transport measurements, typical thermal lifetimes used to measure thermal conductivity and thermal boundary conductance span from sub-picosecond to ∼6 nanoseconds. In this work, we demonstrate a simple rearrangement and validation of a configuration that allows access to the entire 12.5 ns time delay available in the standard pulse train. By reconfiguring a traditional TDTR system so that the pump and probe arrive concurrently when the delay stage reaches its midpoint, followed by unwrapping the temporal scan, we obtain a dataset that is bounded only by the oscillator repetition rate. Sensitivity analysis along with conducted measurements shows that great increases in measurement sensitivity are available with this approach, particularly for thin films with low thermal conductivities.

Theoretical Paradigm for Thermal Rectification via Phonon Filtering and Spectral Confinement.

Significant thermal rectification has the potential to revolutionize approaches to controlled heat flow and enable breakthrough technologies such as phononic computing. We demonstrate a framework based on phonon population confinement and filtering that has potential to reach rectifications that are an order of magnitude larger than previous literature. With the use of a straightforward modification of the phonon gas model, we illustrate theoretical thermal rectification in a thin film of diamond (1-10 nm) graded to dimensions >1 µm of between 25% and 250%. Utilizing this mechanism for thermal rectification sets the stage for significant development in thermal devices.

High resolution steady-state measurements of thermal contact resistance across thermal interface material junctions.

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are meant to reduce the interfacial thermal resistance (RT) across bare metal contacts in commercial electronics packaging systems. However, there is little scientific consensus governing material design for optimized thermal performance. This is principally due to the inability to separate the effects of the intrinsic material thermal properties from the magnitude of heat flow crossing the TIM-substrate junction (RC). To date, efforts to isolate these effects using standard thermal interface material characterization techniques have not been successful. In this work, we develop an infrared thermography-based steady-state heat meter bar apparatus with a novel in situ thickness measurement system having 0.5 nm sensitivity. These in situ thickness measurements allow us to simultaneously determine RT and RC independently across current state-of-the-art TIMs with ±5% uncertainty. In this work, thermal pastes with bond line thicknesses ranging between 5 and 50 µm are used to illustrate the capability of the apparatus to measure extremely thin materials that are expected to achieve relatively low values of RT. Results suggest that the contribution of the thermal contact resistance to the total thermal resistance can range from 5% to 80% for these materials. This finding highlights the need for appropriate metrology and independent measurements of RC and RT to better optimize thermal interface materials for a number of important electronics applications.

Effect of graphene layer thickness and mechanical compliance on interfacial heat flow and thermal conduction in solid-liquid phase change materials.

Solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) are attractive candidates for thermal energy storage and electronics cooling applications but have limited applicability in state-of-the-art technologies due to their low intrinsic thermal conductivities. Recent efforts to incorporate graphene and multilayer graphene into PCMs have led to the development of thermal energy storage materials with remarkable values of bulk thermal conductivity. However, the full potential of graphene as a filler material for the thermal enhancement of PCMs remains unrealized, largely due to an incomplete understanding of the physical mechanisms that govern thermal transport within graphene-based nanocomposites. In this work, we show that the number of graphene layers (n) within an individual graphene nanoparticle has a significant effect on the bulk thermal conductivity of an organic PCM. Results indicate that the bulk thermal conductivity of PCMs can be tuned by over an order of magnitude simply by adjusting the number of graphene layers (n) from n = 3 to 44. Using scanning electron microscopy in tandem with nanoscale analytical techniques, the physical mechanisms that govern heat flow within a graphene nanocomposite PCM are found to be nearly independent of the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the graphene nanoparticle itself and are instead found to be dependent on the mechanical compliance of the graphene nanoparticles. These findings are critical for the design and development of PCMs that are capable of cooling next-generation electronics and storing heat effectively in medium-to-large-scale energy systems, including solar-thermal power plants and building heating and cooling systems.