Hippocampus, amygdala, and insula activation in response to romantic relationship dissolution stimuli: A case-case-control fMRI study on emerging adult students.

BACKGROUND: Romantic relationship dissolutions (RRDs) are associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Functional magnetic resonance imaging in RRD studies indicate overlapping neural activation similar to posttraumatic stress disorder. These studies combine real and hypothetical rejection, and lack contextual information and control and/or comparison groups exposed to non-RRD or DSM-5 defined traumatic events. AIM: We investigated blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and insula of participants with RRDs compared with other traumatic or non-trauma stressors. METHODS: Emerging adults (mean age = 21.54 years; female = 74.7 %) who experienced an RRD (n = 36), DSM-5 defined trauma (physical and/or sexual assault: n = 15), or a non-RRD or DSM-5 stressor (n = 28) completed PTSS, depression, childhood trauma, lifetime trauma exposure, and attachment measures. We used a general and customised version of the International Affective Picture System to investigate responses to index-trauma-related stimuli. We used mixed linear models to assess between-group differences, and ANOVAs and Spearman's correlations to analyse factors associated with BOLD activation. RESULTS: BOLD activity increased between index-trauma stimuli as compared to neutral stimuli in the hippocampus and amygdala, with no significant difference between the DSM-5 Trauma and RRD groups. Childhood adversity, sexual orientation, and attachment style were associated with BOLD activation changes. Breakup characteristics (e.g., initiator status) were associated with increased BOLD activation in the hippocampus and amygdala, in the RRD group. CONCLUSION: RRDs should be considered as potentially traumatic events. Breakup characteristics are risk factors for experiencing RRDs as traumatic. LIMITATION: Future studies should consider more diverse representation across sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

Weekly telephone mood monitoring is associated with decreased suicidality and improved sleep quality in a clinical sample.

Sleep disturbances and suicidality are common presentations of mood and anxiety disorders. If not closely monitored post-discharge, patients may be at an increased risk of symptom worsening and completed suicide. We explored the associations between telephone mood monitoring, suicidality, and sleep quality in a clinical sample. Fifty inpatients (mean age = 39.49, SD = 11.17; female = 74%) with a mood and/or anxiety disorder were telephonically monitored weekly post-discharge for16 weeks for depression and mania. Suicidality and sleep quality were assessed at intake (pre-discharge), and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 post-discharge. ANOVA indicated that suicidality significantly decreased, and sleep quality improved over 16 weeks. Linear regression analysis indicated that depression severity at week 1 post-discharge significantly predicted suicidality and sleep quality at week 16. Mania severity at week 1 post-discharge predicted sleep quality, but not suicidality, at week 16. Participants generally had positive experiences of the monitoring and perceived it as helpful. Monitoring of mood state, suicidality, and sleep quality post-discharge may allow for early detection of relapse when initiated at 1-week post-discharge. This is a potentially cost-effective intervention and may relieve the burden on the mental healthcare system, especially when face-to-face consultations are not possible.

Self-identification, mode of diagnosis and treatment, and perceptions of relationships with medical providers of South African Xhosa-speaking traditional healers.

There is widespread use of traditional medicine in treating common mental disorders in South Africa. We aimed to (i) explore the self-identification of traditional healers (THs; how they refer to themselves, e.g., as healer, spiritualist, sangoma, etc.); (ii) determine if different types of THs treat different conditions (physical/psychological) or use different modes of diagnosis and treatment; (iii) identify factors that influence the willingness of THs to refer patients to biomedical hospitals; and (iv) compare TH practices between two provinces. Participants included Xhosa-speaking THs (mean age = 54.10, SD = 13.57 years) from the Western (n = 50) and Eastern (n = 68) Cape provinces. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding self-identification, mode of diagnosis/treatment, relationship with biomedical hospitals, type of condition(s) treated, and a Patient Health Questionnaire. There were significant associations between the type of TH (as self-identified) and (i) mode of diagnosis, (ii) mode of treatment, and (iii) type of condition(s) treated. Spiritualists, male THs, and THs who had previously been hospitalised for a mental disorder were more likely to treat mental disorders. THs who had previously been hospitalised for mental disorders were more likely to report a willingness to refer patients to biomedical hospitals. Findings highlight the complex practices of Xhosa-speaking THs. Collaboration between THs and mental health care professionals could be facilitated by focusing on male THs, spiritualists, and THs who have previously been hospitalised for mental illness. Future research should provide clearer operational definitions of the type of TH included.

Functional Neuroimaging of Adult-to-Adult Romantic Attachment Separation, Rejection, and Loss: A Systematic Review.

Romantic attachment rejection (RAR) is a highly prevalent phenomenon among young adults. Rejection by a romantic attachment figure can be a painful and incapacitating experience with lasting negative mental health sequelae, yet the underlying neurobiology of RAR is not well characterized. We systematically reviewed functional neuroimaging studies of adult RAR. Four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that measured participants' responses to real or imagined RAR and met inclusion criteria were evaluated. These included studies were published between 2004 and 2018. Brain activity in adult participants with an RAR appears to be influenced by the stimulus used to elicit a reaction as well as by attachment styles. Brain regions that show a significant change in activation following a rejection stimulus include cortical regions (cingulate, insular, orbitofrontal, and prefrontal), and subcortical regions (angular gyrus, hippocampus, striatum, tegmental area, and temporal pole) and correspond to (i) pain, distress, and memory retrieval; (ii) reward, romantic love, and dopaminergic circuits; and (iii) emotion regulation and behavioural adaptation. Further neuroimaging studies of adult RAR, as moderated by stimulus and attachment style, are needed to better understand the underlying neurobiology of RAR.

Distant mood monitoring for depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Broadening our knowledge of the longitudinal course of mood symptoms is cardinal to providing effective long-term treatments. Research indicates that patients with mental illness are willing to engage in the use of telemonitoring and mobile technology to assess and monitor their mood states. However, without the provision of distant support, adverse outcomes and events may be difficult to prevent and manage through self-monitoring. Understanding patient perspectives is important to achieving the best balance of self-monitoring, patient empowerment, and distant supporter involvement. METHODS: This systematic review synthesises quantitative and qualitative evidence of the effectiveness and feasibility of daily/weekly/monthly remote mood monitoring that includes distant support in participants with mood disorders. Inclusion criteria comprised mood monitoring of mood disorder patients as main intervention, study design, method of monitoring, and presence of psychotherapy and psychoeducation. Effectiveness was defined by the change in depression and/or mania scores. Feasibility was determined on participant feedback and completion/attrition rates. Studies were assessed for quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool version 2018. RESULTS: Nine studies of acceptable quality met the inclusion criteria. Distant mood monitoring was effective in improving depression scores but not mania scores. Feasibility, as measured through compliance and completion rates and participant feedback, varied. CONCLUSION: Distant mood monitoring with support may be a useful, acceptable, and feasible intervention for diverse groups of patients in terms of age and ethnicity. Further, it may be effective in improving symptoms of depression, increasing treatment adherence, and facilitating the prevention and management of adverse outcomes. As a task-shifting intervention, distant mood monitoring may help to alleviate the burden on mental health providers in developing countries.

Association between trauma exposure and mood trajectories in patients with mood disorders.

BACKGROUND: Trauma exposure is associated with the development of mood disorders and their phenotypic presentation. Cross-sectional associations between trauma exposure and mood disorders are well documented. Data on the association of trauma with longitudinal mood trajectories are lacking. We investigated the association between trauma exposure and weekly mood trajectories. METHOD: Mood disorder patients (N = 107; female = 81; mean age = 37.04 years), assessed for trauma exposure at baseline using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Life Events Checklist (LEC), completed weekly telephonic mood assessments using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) and Altman Self-Rating Mania scale (ASRM) over a 16 week period commencing at one week post-discharge from hospital. Associations between trauma exposure, severity of mood symptoms and mood trajectories were analysed using Pearson's correlations, LS Mean scores, F-statistics, and RMANOVA. RESULTS: Trauma exposure was persistently associated, albeit with some fluctuation in the strength of the association, with depressive symptomatology. Emotional abuse showed the most persistent association over time. Sexual abuse was minimally associated with depressive symptomatology. The severity of childhood trauma exposure was positively correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Lifetime traumatic events were significantly associated with mania scores, however there was no association between childhood trauma exposure and mania symptoms. CONCLUSION: Identification of both a history of childhood abuse and neglect and lifetime traumatic event exposure is important in the assessment and management of patients with mood disorders, as trauma can exert a persistent impact on depression trajectories and on symptom severity.

Human errors in manual techniques for ABO/D grouping are associated with potentially lethal outcomes.

AIMS/OBJECTIVES: To review if ABO/D grouping errors are more likely to occur with manual intervention compared to automation. BACKGROUND: Human errors in manual pre-transfusion testing may result in ABO/D-incompatible transfusions and catastrophic outcomes. Accurate ABO/D grouping is a critical part of pre-transfusion testing. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of reports made to Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) between January 2004 and December 2016 where ABO/D grouping errors led to the transfusion of an incorrect blood component to review if errors are more likely to occur with manual intervention compared to automation. RESULTS: In 148 of 158 (93%) ABO/D grouping errors, manual intervention took place. In the remaining 10, causes were not reported. No errors occurred with full automation. Interpretation errors occurred in 86 of 148 (58%) and 42 of 148 (28%) transcription errors, and in 20 of 148, wrong or no samples were selected. Of 148 errors, 21 (14%) resulted in ABO-incompatible transfusion, with one death in 2004 due to an interpretation error in a manual ABO group. In 30 of 148 (20%), D-positive red cells were given to D-negative recipients, where three women of child-bearing potential became sensitised and developed anti-D. ABO grouping errors have reduced from 18 of 539 (3%) of total reports analysed in 2004 (3·3%) to 3 of 3091 (0·10%) in 2016. CONCLUSIONS: Where manual testing cannot be avoided, results should be confirmed using automated techniques as soon as possible, and a back-up process should be available 24/7. SHOT data confirm that manual interventions are prone to human error, especially in transcription and interpretation, and demonstrate a continuing need for appropriate serological knowledge and understanding by transfusion laboratory staff to underpin safety provided by automation and information technology (IT).

Solvodynamic Printing As A High Resolution Printing Method.

Printing techniques are becoming increasingly prevalent in modern manufacturing. However, its biggest drawback is the limit in printing resolution. In this paper, we present solvodynamic printing as a novel printing system which aims to improve print resolution by incorporating an additional immiscible carrier solvent into the ink delivery system. The resolution is improved due to the solvent-solvent interactions between the ink and the carrier solvent which alter the contact angle of the ink on the substrate and limit the printed feature size. We demonstrate the proof of concept of solvodynamic printing by printing silver nanoparticle inks on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate. Silver nanoparticle tracks with widths of 35.2 ± 7.0 µm were achieved using a 300 µm nozzle. This is equivalent to 11.7 ± 2.3% of the nozzle diameter. The result shows great potential in solvodynamic printing as not many modern printing techniques can achieve such nozzle to feature size ratios.

Shortage of paediatric radiologists acting as an expert witness: position statement from the British Society of Paediatric Radiology (BSPR) National Working Group on Imaging in Suspected Physical Abuse (SPA).

One of the most challenging areas of radiological imaging in children is the diagnosis of physical abuse. There is a dearth of paediatric radiologists willing to act as expert witnesses, particularly in the family courts. There are a number of reasons why radiologists may not be interested or willing to put themselves forward to work as expert witnesses in this field. A group of imaging experts recently formed the "British Society of Paediatric Radiology (BSPR) Working Group on Imaging in Suspected Physical Abuse (SPA)". The group comprises radiologists and neuroradiologists with current or previous experience of providing expert witness reports to the court in cases of SPA. The group met in January 2019 to explore pragmatic solutions to the chronic inefficiencies in both medical and legal practices and the challenges that arise from working in a legal arena with different structures, goals, and assessment criteria. Key issues concerned organisational inefficiencies, variable support from National Health Service Trusts and the Royal College of Radiologists to conduct this work, and the risk/benefit of involvement. This work is important for the patient, parents, and society in general, and highly rewarding for clinical practitioners who are involved, but there are several issues with current practices that discourage active participation. With several members of the group either retired or close to retirement, the shortage of experts is becoming a pressing issue within the UK, which requires an engaged multidisciplinary group to come up with creative solutions. Here, the group provide a consensus opinion highlighting the current barriers and potential facilitators to increasing the number of radiologists willing to provide opinions to the court.

Wireless Sensor Networks for monitoring underwater sediment transport.

Monitoring of the coastline and coastal processes, in particular sediment movement, is vital to ensure that erosion response is appropriate given the dynamic nature of coastal systems. This should take place regularly over long periods and it is important that data are collected from submerged portions of the littoral zone, as well as the visible beach. This highlights two limitations in existing coastal monitoring techniques: 1. they require largely manual operation and 2. are limited to the visible beach, which results in an incomplete picture of what is happening in the coastal zone. Due to the current difficulties in gathering data beneath the sea surface, this paper reviews wireless sensor network (WSN) technology as a means to overcome these limitations. Analysis showed that WSNs are a promising technology for coastal monitoring, not only in terms of overcoming limitations, but also in terms of cost, safety, and the size of areas they are able to monitor. Previous work using WSNs in this environment is somewhat limited, especially as most current methods are largely limited to the visible beach, and do not consider submerged areas of the coastal zone. From consideration of the physical environment, geological and geographical processes, and informed by advances in technology, research gaps are identified, discussed and evaluated to provide strategies for implementation of WSNs to monitor sediment transport.

The mitochondrial genome of Tetrahymena rostrata.

Tetrahymena rostrata is a ciliated protist which can parasitize the gray field slug, Deroceras reticulatum. Here, we report the sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mt genome) of a strain of T. rostrata that was isolated from the egg of D. reticulatum. Whole cell genomic DNA was sequenced using Illumina® MiSeq and the mitochondrial DNA sequence reads were extracted and assembled. The resulting 47,235 bp assembly contained rRNAs, tRNAs, and 45 protein coding DNA sequences of which 21 encoded proteins of unknown function. Phylogenetic analysis showed T. rostrata clustered with Tetrahymena thermophila, Tetrahymena pigmentosa, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Tetrahymena paravorax, and Tetrahymena malaccensis.

The perceived effectiveness of traditional and faith healing in the treatment of mental illness: a systematic review of qualitative studies.

PURPOSE: This work complements a quantitative review by Nortje et al. (Lancet Psychiatry 3(2):154-170, 2016) by exploring the qualitative literature in regard to the perceived effectiveness of traditional and faith healing of mental disorders. METHOD: Qualitative studies focusing specifically on traditional and/or faith healing practices for mental illness were retrieved from eight databases. Data were extracted  into basic coding sheets to facilitate the assessment of the quality of eligible papers using the COREQ. RESULTS: Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Despite methodological limitations, there was evidence from the papers that stakeholders perceived traditional and/or faith healing to be effective in treating mental illness, especially when used in combination with biomedical treatment. CONCLUSION: Patients will continue to seek treatment from traditional and/or faith healers for mental illness if they perceive it to be effective regardless of alternative biomedical evidence. This provides opportunities for collaboration to address resource scarcity in low to middle income countries.

Participants' perspectives of weekly telephonic mood monitoring in South Africa: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Mood and anxiety disorders have a high lifetime prevalence, and their chronicity adds to the management burden of already scarce and strained mental health care resources, particularly in developing countries. Non-professional-assisted interventions and technology (such as weekly telephonic mood monitoring) could assist in the early identification of symptoms of relapse and hospitalization prevention. The present study aimed to determine participants' perspectives and the feasibility of weekly telephonic mood monitoring in order to inform the development of the full study. METHOD: Semi-structured telephonic interviews (n = 37; 89.2% female; mean age = 33.1 years) were conducted as part of the full-scale feasibility study (N = 61; named the Bipolar Disorder Mood Monitoring (BDMM) Study). The BDMM Study was conducted to determine the viability of weekly telephonic mood monitoring, spanning 26 weeks and starting 1 week post-discharge. Frequency and descriptive statistical analyses (using SPSS version 24) were undertaken, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: This article presents the findings from the semi-structured interview section of the BDMM Study. Participants generally expressed positive experiences and perceptions of weekly telephonic mood monitoring, stating that they would advise others to also take part in weekly telephonic mood monitoring. Nonetheless, some participants did make suggestions for improvement of mood monitoring while others expressed negative experiences of weekly telephonic mood monitoring. CONCLUSION: The results of the semi-structured interviews of the BDMM Study indicated that participants perceived weekly telephonic mood monitoring to be helpful in lightening the burden of mood and anxiety disorders (e.g., having someone to talk to, providing insight into their disorders). Not only did it help them, but they also perceived mood monitoring to be potentially helpful to future participants. However, weekly mood monitoring was also burdensome in itself (including being too time consuming and having to answer questions when feeling down). Importantly, the findings highlighted that participants' and researchers' perceptions and experiences may not be congruent (especially in terms of therapeutic misconception). The current findings may inform researchers' future approach to study design and participant relationships.

Are sound abatement measures necessary in the cytology reading room? A study of auditory distraction.

OBJECTIVE: Listening to music and other auditory material during microscopy work is common practice among cytologists. While many cytologists would claim several benefits of such activity, research in other fields suggests that it might adversely affect diagnostic performance. Using a cross-modal distraction paradigm, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of auditory stimulation on the visual interpretation of cell images. METHODS: Following initial training, 34 participants undertook cell interpretation tests under four auditory conditions (liked music, disliked music, speech and silence) in a counterbalanced repeated-measures study. Error rate, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, criterion and response time were measured for each condition. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of auditory stimulation on the accuracy or speed with which cell images were interpreted, mirroring the results of a previous visual distraction study. CONCLUSION: To the extent that the experiment reflects clinical practice, listening to music or other forms of auditory material whilst undertaking microscopy duties is unlikely to be a source of distraction in the cytopathology reading room. From a cognitive perspective, the results are consistent with the notion that high focal-task engagement may have blocked any attentional capture the sound may otherwise have produced.

Fundamental movement skills in adolescents: Secular trends from 2003 to 2010 and associations with physical activity and BMI.

The aim of this study was to examine the secular trends in fundamental movement skills (FMS) among 15- to 16-year-old adolescents at 2 assessment points scheduled in 2003 and 2010 and to investigate the associations between FMS, physical activity (PA), and body mass index (BMI). In 2003, self-reported PA, weight and height, and objective FMS scores were collected from 2390 students, and in 2010, similar data were generated from a second sample of 1346 students. FMS were assessed during both assessment phases using 3 identical objective FMS tests that were figure 8 dribbling, jumping laterally, and coordination track tests. This study indicated that the sum index of FMS did not change among the boys and the girls between 2 data collection points. However, findings demonstrated a secular decline in coordination test scores in both gender groups between 2 measurement points but an improvement in girls' object control skills between 2003 and 2010. The results also showed that FMS had a significant main effect on BMI in both gender groups, whereas the main effect of PA on BMI was not significant for either gender group. Results also demonstrated that there was no significant interaction effect between FMS and PA on BMI in either of the girls' or the boys' groups.

Consistency of effects of tropical-forest disturbance on species composition and richness relative to use of indicator taxa.

Lawton et al. (1998) found, in a highly cited study, that the species richness of 8 taxa each responds differently to anthropogenic disturbance in Cameroon forests. Recent developments in conservation science suggest that net number of species is an insensitive measure of change and that understanding which species are affected by disturbance is more important. It is also recognized that all disturbance types are not equal in their effect on species and that grouping species according to function rather than taxonomy is more informative of responses of biodiversity to change. In a reanalysis of most of the original Cameroon data set (canopy and ground ants, termites, canopy beetles, nematodes, and butterflies), we focused on changes in species and functional composition rather than richness and used a more inclusive measure of forest disturbance based on 4 component drivers of change: years since disturbance, tree cover, soil compaction, and degree of tree removal. Effects of disturbance on compositional change were largely concordant between taxa. Contrary to Lawton et al.'s findings, species richness for most groups did not decline with disturbance level, providing support for the view that trends in species richness at local scales do not reflect the resilience of ecosystems to disturbance. Disturbance affected species composition more strongly than species richness for butterflies, canopy beetles, and litter ants. For these groups, disturbance caused species replacements rather than just species loss. Only termites showed effects of disturbance on species richness but not composition, indicating species loss without replacement. Although disturbance generally caused changes in composition, the strength of this relationship depended on the disturbance driver. Butterflies, litter ants, and nematodes were correlated with amount of tree cover, canopy beetles were most strongly correlated with time since disturbance, and termites were most strongly correlated with degree of soil disturbance. There were moderately divergent responses to disturbance between functional feeding groups. Disturbance was most strongly correlated with compositional differences of herbivores within beetles and nematodes and humus feeders within termites. Our results suggest that consideration of the impact of different forms of disturbance on species and functional composition, rather than on net numbers of species, is important when assessing the impacts of disturbance on biodiversity.

Chyle leak following right axillary lymph node dissection: A case report and review of current literature.

This report discusses the case of a chyle leak following a right axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. This presented as a sudden change in drainage character from a right axillary surgical drain from serous to milky white shortly after restarting a diet. The diagnosis of chyle leak was confirmed by laboratory testing of the fluid and managed with closed suction drainage. Chyle leak is a rare, but increasingly recognized complication following axillary clearance for breast cancer and melanoma.

Visual distraction in cytopathology: should we be concerned?

OBJECTIVE: Visual distraction in cytopathology has not been investigated previously as a source of diagnostic error, presumably because the viewing field of a conventional light microscope is considered to be large enough to minimise interference from peripheral visual stimuli. Virtual microscopy, which involves the examination of digitised images of pathology specimens on computer screens, is beginning to challenge the central role of light microscopy as a diagnostic tool in cytopathology. The relatively narrow visual angle offered by virtual microscopy makes it conceivable that users of these systems will be more vulnerable to visual interference. Using a variant of a visual distraction paradigm (the Eriksen flanker task), the aim of this study was to determine whether the accuracy and speed of the interpretation of cells on a central target screen are affected by images of cells and text displayed on neighbouring monitors under realistic reading room conditions. METHODS: Following a brief period of training, 31 cytology novices undertook four cell interpretation tests under different conditions of visual distraction. Error rates were measured under each condition. RESULTS: There was no effect of visual distraction on diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: To the extent that the results from cytology novices extend to experienced practitioners, visual distraction is an unlikely source of error in virtual microscopy. Efficient visual selection and spatial attention, coupled with the high perceptual load of target images and the peripheral location of distractors, provide plausible explanations for the observed results.

Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis display a significant synergistic relationship in bacterial vaginosis.

Gardnerella vaginalis plays an important role in bacterial vaginosis (BV,) while the role of genital Mollicutes is less obvious. The diagnosis of BV by use of the current Gram stain Nugent score is also suboptimal for defining the role of Mollicutes that lack a cell wall. Since bacterial load and diversity is an important prerequisite for BV, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays enable these to be assessed. The purpose of this study was to define the role of genital Mollicutes and potential patterns of synergy with G. vaginalis in women with BV. Vaginal swabs from 130 women categorised by Nugent score as BV (n = 28), intermediate (n = 22) and non-BV (n = 80) were tested against four qPCR TaqMan assays targeting G. vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum. Statistical analyses were used to compare bacterial prevalence and load between the three groups of women. Mycoplasma hominis and G. vaginalis co-infection was significantly more common in BV (60.7 %) compared to intermediate (36.4 %) and non-BV (8.8 %) Nugent scores (p < 0.001). Significantly higher loads of M. hominis (p = 0.001) and G. vaginalis (p < 0.001) were detected in women with BV and the respective loads in M. hominis and G. vaginalis co-infections displayed a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001; r = 0.60). No significant associations were seen with the other Mollicutes. The findings strengthen the evidence of a role for M. hominis in BV and a potential synergy with G. vaginalis. This synergy could be an important trigger of the condition and sexual contact the conduit for the transmission of an otherwise commensal bacterium that could initiate it.

Fundamental movement skills and physical fitness as predictors of physical activity: A 6-year follow-up study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which fundamental movement skills and physical fitness scores assessed in early adolescence predict self-reported physical activity assessed 6 years later. The sample comprised 333 (200 girls, 133 boys; M age = 12.41) students. The effects of previous physical activity, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were controlled in the main analyses. Adolescents' fundamental movement skills, physical fitness, self-report physical activity, and BMI were collected at baseline, and their self-report energy expenditure (metabolic equivalents: METs) and intensity of physical activity were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire 6 years later. Results showed that fundamental movement skills predicted METs, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity physical activity levels, whereas fitness predicted METs, moderate, and vigorous physical activity levels. Hierarchical regression analyses also showed that after controlling for previous levels of physical activity, sex, and BMI, the size of the effect of fundamental movement skills and physical fitness on energy expenditure and physical activity intensity was moderate (R(2) change between 0.06 and 0.15), with the effect being stronger for high intensity physical activity.