RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: SARS CoV-2 is an epidemic viral infection that can cause mild to severe lung involvement. Newly apprehended knowledge on thoracic imaging abnormalities and the growing clinical experience on the evolution of this disease make the radiographic follow-up of hospitalized patients relevant. The value of consecutive bedside lung ultrasonography in the follow-up of hospitalized patients with SARS CoV-2 pneumonia and its correlation with other clinical and laboratory markers needs to be evaluated. METHODS: We assessed 39 patients [age: 64 y(60.1-68.7)] with confirmed SARS CoV-2 pneumonia. A total of 24 patients were hospitalized until the follow-up test, 9 were discharged early and 6 required a transfer to critical care unit. Two ultrasound scans of the lung were performed on day 1 and 4 of patients' hospitalization. Primary endpoint was the magnitude of association between a global lung ultrasound score (LUS) and clinical and laboratory markers. Secondary endpoint was the association between the evolution of LUS with the corresponded changes in clinical and laboratory outcomes during hospitalization period. RESULTS: LUS score on admission was higher among the deteriorating patients and significantly (P=0.038-0.0001) correlated (Spearman's rho) with the levels of C-reactive protein (0.58), lymphocytes (-0.33), SpO2 (-0.48) and oxygen supplementation (0.48) upon admission. The increase in LUS score between the two scans was significantly correlated (0.544, P=0.006) with longer hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Lung ultrasound assessment can be a useful as an imaging modality for SARS CoV-2 patients. Larger studies are needed to further investigate the predictive role of LUS in the duration and the outcome of the hospitalization of these patients.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pneumonia , Hospitalização , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Prognóstico , SARS-CoV-2 , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major burden on healthcare and economic systems across the globe. Even though a majority of the population develops only minor symptoms upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, a significant number are hospitalized at intensive care units (ICU) requiring critical care. While insights into the early stages of the disease are rapidly expanding, the dynamic immunological processes occurring in critically ill patients throughout their recovery at ICU are far less understood. Here, we have analysed whole blood samples serially collected from 40 surviving COVID-19 patients throughout their recovery in ICU using high-dimensional cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) and cytokine multiplexing. Based on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), we defined four sequential immunotypes during recovery that correlated to various clinical parameters, including the level of respiratory support at concomitant sampling times. We identified classical monocytes as the first immune cell type to recover by restoration of HLA-DR-positivity and the reduction of immunosuppressive CD163 + monocytes, followed by the recovery of CD8 + and CD4 + T cell and non-classical monocyte populations. The identified immunotypes also correlated to aberrant cytokine and acute-phase reactant levels. Finally, integrative analysis of cytokines and immune cell profiles showed a shift from an initially dysregulated immune response to a more coordinated immunogenic interplay, highlighting the importance of longitudinal sampling to understand the pathophysiology underlying recovery from severe COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19/imunologia , Estado Terminal , Contagem de Leucócitos , SARS-CoV-2 , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análise , Antígenos CD/análise , COVID-19/sangue , Convalescença , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Antígenos HLA-DR/análise , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monócitos , Neutrófilos , Pandemias , Prognóstico , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Boar taint is an unpleasant taste and odor that can occur in entire male pigs and is caused by androstenone, skatole, and to a lesser extent indole accumulating in fat tissue. In the present observational study, we evaluated an extensive list of such potential risk factors which influence boar taint: social hierarchy and puberty attainment, housing, health, preslaughter conditions, season, feed, carcass composition, slaughter weight or age, and breed. Details on these factors were collected by interviews with the participating farmers, observations on each farm by trained observers and farmers, as well as slaughterhouse data. Twenty-two farms (in West- and East-Flanders, ranging from 160 to 600 sows, selected on suitability) raising entire male pigs were included in the study to evaluate the link between boar taint and potential risk factors related to the farm and slaughter batch (114 slaughter batches and 16â¯791 entire male pigs in total). Average olfactory boar taint prevalence was 1.8⯱â¯0.8%. Boar taint prevalence varied also within farms up to a maximum range between slaughter batches of 9.1% which suggests an effect of factors varying between slaughter batches such as season or other variables varying between slaughter batches. Less aggressive behavior at the end of fattening as well as lower skin lesion scores at fattening as well as at slaughter could be associated with less boar taint. The same might be said for sexual behavior, though less convincingly from this study. Measures that reduce aggression and stress have therefore have the potential to lower boar taint prevalence. The same might be said for sexual behavior, though less convincingly from this study. Furthermore, boar taint prevalence was generally higher in winter than in summer, which is relevant from a planning perspective for the slaughterhouses to seek alternative markets. Finally, increased CP gave significantly lower boar taint prevalences. This may to some extent be explained by the negative association between boar taint and lean meat percentage, as increased dietary CP levels promote the carcass lean meat percentages which can then be associated with lower boar taint levels.
Assuntos
Maturidade Sexual , Escatol , Animais , Fazendas , Feminino , Masculino , Carne/análise , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , SuínosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The peak of the global COVID-19 pandemic has not yet been reached, and many countries face the prospect of a second wave of infections before effective vaccinations will be available. After an initial phase of viral replication, some patients develop a second illness phase in which the host thrombotic and inflammatory responses seem to drive complications. Severe COVID-19 disease is linked to high mortality, hyperinflammation, and a remarkably high incidence of thrombotic events. We hypothesize a crucial pathophysiological role for the contact pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein-bradykinin pathway. Therefore, drugs that modulate this excessive thromboinflammatory response should be investigated in severe COVID-19. METHODS: In this adaptive, open-label multicenter randomized clinical trial, we compare low molecular weight heparins at 50 IU anti-Xa/kg twice daily-or 75 IU anti-Xa twice daily for intensive care (ICU) patients-in combination with aprotinin to standard thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In the case of hyperinflammation, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra will be added on top of the drugs in the interventional arm. In a pilot phase, the effect of the intervention on thrombotic markers (D-dimer) will be assessed. In the full trial, the primary outcome is defined as the effect of the interventional drugs on clinical status as defined by the WHO ordinal scale for clinical improvement. DISCUSSION: In this trial, we target the thromboinflammatory response at multiple levels. We intensify the dose of low molecular weight heparins to reduce thrombotic complications. Aprotinin is a potent kallikrein pathway inhibitor that reduces fibrinolysis, activation of the contact pathway of coagulation, and local inflammatory response. Additionally, aprotinin has shown in vitro inhibitory effects on SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry. Because the excessive thromboinflammatory response is one of the most adverse prognostic factors in COVID-19, we will add anakinra, a recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, to the regimen in case of severely increased inflammatory parameters. This way, we hope to modulate the systemic response to SARS-CoV-2 and avoid disease progressions with a potentially fatal outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The EU Clinical Trials Register 2020-001739-28 . Registered on April 10, 2020.
Assuntos
COVID-19/complicações , Inflamação/etiologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Tromboembolia Venosa/etiologia , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Aprotinina/administração & dosagem , Aprotinina/uso terapêutico , Bélgica/epidemiologia , Bradicinina/efeitos dos fármacos , Bradicinina/metabolismo , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/virologia , Cuidados Críticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/administração & dosagem , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Incidência , Inflamação/epidemiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/administração & dosagem , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/uso terapêutico , Calicreínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Calicreínas/metabolismo , Masculino , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Tromboembolia Venosa/epidemiologia , Tromboembolia Venosa/metabolismo , Tromboembolia Venosa/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Immunocastration (vaccination against boar taint) is an alternative method to prevent boar taint without the need for surgical castration. This study investigates the evolution of boar taint compounds in serum and fat, serum steroid compounds as well as behavior in immunocastrated pigs from 3 sire lines: 15 stress positive Belgian Piétrain (BP), 20 stress negative French Piétrain (FP), and 20 stress negative Canadian Duroc (CD). Hormone and boar taint compounds in serum were determined at 4 time points; boar taint compounds in fat were determined at 3 time points. Behavior, skin lesions, animal and pen fouling were also recorded before the first vaccination (
Assuntos
Agressão/efeitos dos fármacos , Anticoncepção Imunológica/veterinária , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Odorantes/análise , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Sus scrofa/fisiologia , Tecido Adiposo/química , Androstenos/metabolismo , Animais , Bélgica , Masculino , Escatol/metabolismo , Sus scrofa/sangue , Vacinação/veterináriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In the EPaNIC RCT (N=4640), postponing the administration of parenteral nutrition (PN) to beyond 1 week in the intensive care unit (ICU) (late-PN) reduced the number of ICU-acquired infections and the costs for antimicrobial drugs compared with initiation of PN within 24-48 hours of admission (early-PN). In a secondary analysis, we hypothesize that late-PN reduces the odds to acquire an invasive fungal infection (IFI) in the ICU. METHODS: The impact of late-PN (N=2328) versus early-PN (N=2312) on acquired IFI and on the likelihood to acquire an IFI over time was assessed in univariable and multivariable analyses. Subsequently, we performed multivariable analyses to assess the effect of the mean total daily administered calories from admission until day 3, day 5, and day 7 on the likelihood over time of acquiring an IFI. RESULTS: Fewer late-PN patients acquired an IFI compared with early-PN patients (77/2328 versus 112/2312) (p 0.008). After adjusting for risk factors, the odds to acquire an IFI and the likelihood of acquiring an IFI at any time were lower in late-PN (adjusted odds ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.48-0.90, p 0.009; adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) 0.70, 95% CI 0.52-0.93, p 0.02). Larger caloric amounts from admission until day 7 were associated with a higher likelihood to acquire an IFI over time (HRadj 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16, p 0.009). CONCLUSION: Postponing PN to beyond 1 week and smaller caloric amounts until day 7 in the ICU reduced ICU-acquired IFIs and the likelihood to develop an IFI over time.
Assuntos
Estado Terminal/terapia , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/etiologia , Nutrição Parenteral/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Humanos , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/economia , Infecções Fúngicas Invasivas/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
One of the challenges in the production of entire male pigs is the occurrence of boar taint. We separately tested the effect of 3 management strategies to reduce boar taint on respectively 2, 3, and 6 Flemish pig farms: 1) adapted feeding strategies, 2) presence of gilts in the compartment, and 3) varying lairage duration at the slaughterhouse. A commercialized feed concept resulted in a significant reduction of olfactory boar taint prevalence when fed for 2â¯weeks (T2W) compared to control (T-CON) (Pâ¯=â¯0.030). For T2W and when fed for 3â¯weeks (T3W), androstenone (AND) (Pâ¯=â¯0.002 for T2W, Pâ¯=â¯0.029 for T3W) and skatole (SKA) (Pâ¯<â¯0.001 for T2W and T3W) were significantly reduced compared to T-CON. Olfactory boar taint prevalence was significantly reduced when feeding 5% dried chicory roots (FI5%) (Pâ¯=â¯0.032), but not for 3% dried chicory roots (FI3%) (Pâ¯=â¯0.958). SKA concentration was significantly lower when feeding FI5% (Pâ¯<â¯0.001) and when feeding FI3% (Pâ¯=â¯0.034). Rearing entire male pigs separately from gilts and increasing lairage duration from <1â¯h to >3â¯h did not significantly affect boar taint.
Assuntos
Carne/análise , Escatol/análise , Suínos , Matadouros , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bélgica , Fazendas , Masculino , Prevalência , Olfato , Suínos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Thiouracil (TU), synthesized for its thyroid-regulating capacities and alternatively misused in livestock for its weight-gaining effects, is acknowledged to have an endogenous origin. Discrimination between low-level abuse and endogenous occurrence is challenging and unexplored in an experimental setting. Therefore, cows (n = 16) and calves (n = 18) were subjected to a rapeseed-supplemented diet or treated with synthetic TU. Significant higher urinary TU levels were recorded after TU administration (Assuntos
Bovinos/metabolismo
, Substâncias de Crescimento/análise
, Músculo Esquelético/química
, Tiouracila/análise
, Glândula Tireoide/química
, Ração Animal/análise
, Animais
, Brassicaceae/metabolismo
, Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento
, Feminino
, Substâncias de Crescimento/administração & dosagem
, Substâncias de Crescimento/metabolismo
, Substâncias de Crescimento/urina
, Masculino
, Carne/análise
, Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo
, Tiouracila/administração & dosagem
, Tiouracila/metabolismo
, Tiouracila/urina
, Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo
, Urina/química
RESUMO
There is a commitment by the European pig sector to ban surgical castration of male piglets in the European Union in 2018. One alternative to castration is to raise entire male pigs, with an increased risk of boar taint. A field study was performed to: (1) evaluate inter- and intra-farm variation in boar taint prevalence, (2) investigate factors measured at slaughter influencing boar taint and (3) evaluate the relationship between sensorial scoring by a trained panel and the concentration of boar taint components. From 34 farms, neck fat samples were collected from all entire male pigs in at least two slaughter batches per farm (78 batches; 9167 animals). In addition to olfactory boar taint analysis, data were also collected on fresh skin lesions (score 0 to 3) at the slaughter line, slaughter weight, lean meat percentage, duration of transport, time spent in lairage, total delivery duration, day length, shortening of days and outdoor mean temperature. Using the hot iron method, neck fat samples were scored (eight-point scale) for boar taint. Average boar taint prevalence (score ≥3) was 5.6±2.5% and the mean difference between the maximum and minimum prevalence per farm was 4.3±3.2%. Androstenone (AND), skatole (SKA) and indole concentrations were measured for a subset (n=254) of the samples. According to binomial univariate mixed models, entire male pigs with a higher skin lesion score had higher odds of having boar taint (P=0.031), as did fatter entire male pigs (P<0.001). In the binomial multivariate mixed model lean meat percentage (P<0.001) and outdoor mean temperature (P=0.005) remained as only significant factors. Based on our results, we can conclude that these statistically significant at least partially influence the prevalence of boar taint. According to the binomial univariate mixed models SKA concentration in liquid fat seems a better predictor for boar taint than AND. There were no significant synergetic effects between boar taint compounds.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/química , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Carne/análise , Olfato , Sus scrofa/fisiologia , Matadouros , Androstenos/análise , Animais , Bélgica , Indóis/análise , Masculino , Escatol/análiseAssuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Neoplasias Retais/genética , Síndromes de Usher/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adulto , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas/genética , Neoplasias Retais/complicações , Síndromes de Usher/complicaçõesRESUMO
African populations use traditional medicines in their initial attempt to treat a range of diseases. Nevertheless, accurate knowledge of the composition of these drugs remains a challenge in terms of ensuring the health of population and in order to advance towards improved traditional medicines (ITMs). In this paper chromatographic methods were developed for qualitative and quantitative analyses of a per os antimalarial ITM containing Garcinia kola. The identified analytical markers were used to establish TLC and HPLC fingerprints. G. kola seeds were analysed by HPLC to confirm the identity of the extract used by the Congolese manufacturer in the ITM. The main compounds (GB1, GB2, GB-1a and Kolaflavanone) were isolated by preparative TLC and identified by UPLC-MS and NMR. For the quantification of the major compound GB1, a simple and rapid experimental design was applied to develop an LC method, and then its validation was demonstrated using the total error strategy with the accuracy profile as a decision tool. The accurate results were observed within 0.14-0.45mg/mL range of GB1 expressed as naringenin. The extracts used in several batches of the analysed oral solutions contained GB1 (expressed as naringenin) within 2.04-2.43%. Both the fingerprints and the validated LC-DAD were found suitable for the quality control of G. kola-based raw material and finished products, respectively.
Assuntos
Antimaláricos/análise , Biflavonoides/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Garcinia kola/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antimaláricos/isolamento & purificação , Biflavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Flavanonas/análise , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Societal pressure to ban surgical castration of male piglets is rising due to animal welfare concerns, thus other methods to prevent boar taint need to be explored. Genetic selection against boar taint appears to be a long-term sustainable alternative. However, as boar taint is linked to reproductive hormones, it is important to consider possible negative side effects such as delayed sexual maturity or changes in behaviour. We reported earlier that the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) marker can be used to reduce boar taint levels in fat of boars. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether MC4R marker-assisted selection for lower boar taint prevalence affects plasma levels of boar taint compounds and testosterone; sexual maturity; behaviour; skin lesions; and lameness in boars and gilts. Using an intervention study with a 2×2 design, 264 boars and gilts differing on position 893 of the MC4R gene (AA v. GG) were compared. The MC4R polymorphism did not affect the plasma concentration of either androstenone or testosterone at different time points, whereas the concentration of skatole was significantly lower (P=0.003) and the concentration of indole tended to be lower (P=0.074) in GG compared with AA boars. A higher percentage of gilts of the GG genotype were in puberty at slaughter age compared with AA gilts (P<0.001). The age of the boars at sexual maturity (as indicated by the first positive preputial smear test) did not differ between AA and GG boars. In contrast, weight of GG boars at sexual maturity tended to be lower (P=0.065). During the period from 6 weeks of age to slaughter, boars and gilts of the GG genotype showed more playing behaviour (P=0.015) and less passive and feeding behaviour (P=0.003). They showed more skin lesions on their back and caudal area (P=0.022), and tended to show more skin lesions on their head and anterior area (P=0.093) compared with AA animals. In conclusion, the polymorphism in the MC4R gene can be used as a marker without negative effects on reproduction characteristics in boars and gilts. Genetic selection towards a lower prevalence of boar taint will lead to more active pigs with more skin lesions. Management strategies may therefore be necessary to reduce skin lesions in the selected animals.
Assuntos
Polimorfismo Genético , Receptor Tipo 4 de Melanocortina/genética , Suínos/fisiologia , Androstenos/sangue , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal , Feminino , Genótipo , Indóis/sangue , Masculino , Receptor Tipo 4 de Melanocortina/metabolismo , Reprodução , Maturidade Sexual , Escatol/sangue , Suínos/genética , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
Boar taint is an off-odour occurring while heating meat or fat from boars. A method detecting the three compounds (androstenone, skatole and indole) simultaneously in blood would offer substantial advantages since it would allow monitoring the impact of rearing strategies. Therefore, a UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap-MS analysis method is optimized and validated for the quantification of these compounds in plasma or serum. Sample pre-treatment involved an extraction with diethylether followed by a centrifugal filtration (30 kDa). Limits of detection and quantification varied between 0.5 and 1 µg L(-1) and 2 and 3 µg L(-1) for the three compounds, respectively. Besides, an excellent repeatability (RSD < 7.6%), within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD<10.5%), recovery (87-97%) and linearity (R(2)>0.99) were recorded. Correlations between serum/plasma and fat levels of the boar taint compounds were positive for skatole (r(serum) = 0.39 and r(plasma) = 0.84) and androstenone (r(serum) = 0.73-0.78 and r(plasma) = 0.32-0.80).
Assuntos
Androstenos/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Indóis/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Odorantes/análise , Escatol/sangue , Suínos/sangue , Animais , Masculino , Carne/análiseRESUMO
The Asp298Asn polymorphism of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) in pigs is known to affect economically important traits such as growth rate and backfat thickness. We have assessed the possible use of this polymorphism as a molecular marker to perform genetic selection toward lower boar taint levels without compromising growth performance and carcass and meat quality in commercial boars and gilts. Homozygous boars and gilts of the AA genotype and GG genotype were compared in an intervention study with a 2 × 2 design to assess main effects and possible interactions between sex and genotype. The concentrations of the 3 boar taint compounds androstenone ( = 0.044), skatole ( = 0.049), and indole ( = 0.006) were significantly higher in fat of AA boars compared to GG boars. However, no effect on the sensory analysis of the fat samples could be observed. Between 20 and 115 kg BW, AA pigs showed higher ADFI than GG pigs ( < 0.001). An interaction between genotype and sex was observed for ADG ( = 0.044): AA boars had a significantly higher ADG than GG boars but there was no significant difference between the gilts. Daily lean meat gain tended to be higher in boars compared to gilts ( = 0.051), independent of genotype. Similarly, boars showed higher G:F compared to gilts ( < 0.001), without effect of genotype. Genotype and sex affected several carcass quality parameters but there was no interaction. Pigs of the AA genotype displayed a lower dressing percentage ( = 0.005), lower ham width ( = 0.024), lower muscle thickness ( = 0.011), and higher fat thickness ( < 0.001), resulting in a lower lean meat percentage ( < 0.001) in comparison with GG pigs. Gilts had a significantly higher dressing percentage ( < 0.001), higher muscle thickness ( < 0.001), higher ham width ( < 0.001), and lower ham angle ( < 0.001) compared to boars. Other than the boar taint compounds, meat quality was not affected by genotype. Pork of gilts was darker ( = 0.014) and less exudative during cooking ( < 0.001) and contained more intramuscular fat ( = 0.013). These results indicate that genetic selection against boar taint is possible using this marker. This will also result in lower feed intake and ADG and, consequently, better carcass quality.
Assuntos
Carne/análise , Receptor Tipo 4 de Melanocortina/genética , Escatol/química , Androstenos/metabolismo , Animais , Cruzamento , Culinária , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Genótipo , Masculino , Seleção Genética , Escatol/metabolismo , Suínos/genética , Suínos/fisiologiaAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Coma/etiologia , Hiperamonemia/etiologia , Paraproteinemias/complicações , Idoso , Ácidos Borônicos/administração & dosagem , Bortezomib , Coma/sangue , Terapia Combinada , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperamonemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperamonemia/terapia , Paraproteinemias/diagnóstico , Paraproteinemias/tratamento farmacológico , Plasmaferese , Púrpura Trombocitopênica Trombótica/diagnóstico , Pirazinas/administração & dosagem , Respiração ArtificialRESUMO
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Equine joint infection is a life-threatening disorder, and confirmation of the diagnosis can be difficult. Synovial fluid biomarkers may assist the discrimination between infectious and noninfectious joint disease. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates whether the immunological detection of total and enzymatically active myeloperoxidase (MPO) assists the diagnosis of joint infection in horses. METHODS: The following 4 sample groups were included: healthy; osteochondritis dissecans (OCD); traumatic synovitis; and culture-confirmed infected joints. Synovial fluid was analysed for total MPO by a horse-specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for active MPO using the specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) technique. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the antibody specificity. RESULTS: Synovial fluid from infected joints contained significantly more total and active MPO than samples from healthy joints, joints affected by OCD and joints with traumatic synovitis. Cut-off values were set at 5000 and 350 ng/ml for total and active MPO, respectively, with fair sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios for infection. Correlation coefficients were reported between the total as well as the active MPO levels and the routine synovial fluid parameters, i.e. the white blood cell count, the neutrophil count and the total protein level. No correlation was observed between MPO and either the age of the horse or the joint affected. Western blotting confirmed the antibody specificity for equine MPO. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Synovial fluid MPO was identified as a very promising biomarker to augment the discrimination of infectious vs. noninfectious joint disease in horses. Both ELISA and SIEFED techniques can be used for its specific and rapid detection. The analysis of synovial fluid MPO can be used as a complementary test to aid in the discrimination between infectious and noninfectious joint disease, especially when the white blood cell counts and the total protein level are inconclusive.
Assuntos
Infecções Bacterianas/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Artropatias/veterinária , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Líquido Sinovial/enzimologia , Animais , Infecções Bacterianas/diagnóstico , Infecções Bacterianas/enzimologia , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/enzimologia , Cavalos , Artropatias/diagnóstico , Artropatias/enzimologia , Masculino , Osteocondrite Dissecante/diagnóstico , Osteocondrite Dissecante/enzimologia , Osteocondrite Dissecante/veterinária , Peroxidase/genética , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Sinovite/diagnóstico , Sinovite/enzimologia , Sinovite/veterináriaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the rotenoid content of leaf extracts of the white (TVW) and purple (TVP) varieties of Tephrosia vogelii, both collected in North-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo and to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal efficacy on the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The high performance liquid chromatography analysis of rotenoid compounds from those extracts revealed that the contents of rotenone and deguelin were respectively higher in the leaves of TVW (0.044% and 1.13%) than in TVP (0.014% and 0.66%). Batches of 20 live adult ticks were immersed for 15 min in six different doses of each plant extract (0.625; 1.25; 2.5; 5; 10 and 20mg/mL of distilled water) and in the solution of Milbitraz(®) (12.5%m/v emulsifiable concentrate of amitraz) as a positive control. Additionally 9.5% ethanol and distilled water control groups were included. Tick mortalities were recorded every 24h for 5 days. The results indicated that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the acaricidal effect of Milbitraz(®) and the plant material used at a dose of at least 2.5 or 5mg/mL for TVW and TVP respectively. However, the dose response relationship determined at the fifth day after treatment showed a similar acaricidal effect for the two plant varieties with similar lethal dose 50 (LD(50)) of 0.83 and 0.81 mg/mL for TVW and TVP respectively. It is concluded that T. vogelii leaves may be used for the control of R. appendiculatus in areas where synthetic acaricides are either not available or affordable. However, T. vogelii extract should be sprayed in order to limit the potential risks of ecotoxicity linked to rotenoid compounds.