RESUMO
We report the design and performance of a transportable laser system at 1543 nm, together with its application as the source for a demonstration of optical carrier frequency transmission over 118 km of an installed dark fiber network. The laser system is based around an optical reference cavity featuring an elastic mounting that bonds the cavity to its support, enabling the cavity to be transported without additional clamping. The cavity exhibits passive fractional frequency insensitivity to vibration along the optical axis of 2.0×10(-11) m(-1) s(2). With active fiber noise cancellation, the optical carrier frequency transmission achieves a fractional frequency instability, measured at the user end, of 2.6×10(-16) at 1 s, averaging down to below 3×10(-18) after 20,000 s. The fractional frequency accuracy of the transfer is better than 3×10(-18). This level of performance is sufficient for comparison of state-of-the-art optical frequency standards and is achieved in an urban fiber environment.
RESUMO
Private voluntary social welfare organizations (PVSOs) are operating under increasingly competitive conditions. "Strategic Planning" (SP) is a management tool designed to meet those conditions. In an exploratory study of 154 PVSOs the authors examined management's reasons for adopting strategic planning, the attention given to external analysis, and the degree of change and satisfaction achieved. PVSOs use SP because they are required/urged to do so by external agencies. External analysis received the least attention. One-half of the organizations achieved major change which was associated with high levels of satisfaction. Widespread stakeholder participation and the use of consensus strategies detracted from both major change and high satisfaction outcomes.