[Diversity and Predictive Functional of Caragana jubata Bacterial Community in Rhizosphere and Non-rhizosphere Soil at Different Altitudes].

Caragana jubata, as the main dominant plant in the alpine and subalpine regions of northern China, is an important component of the local ecosystem. However, few studies have paid attention to its impact on the soil ecosystem and its response to environmental changes. Thus, in this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate diversity and predictive function of rhizosphere and bulk soil bacteria communities of C.jubata from different altitudes. The results indicated that 43 phyla, 112 classes, 251 orders, 324 families, and 542 genera were obtained from the soil. The dominant phyla in all sample sites were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria. There were significant differences in bacterial diversity index and community structure between the rhizosphere and bulk soil at the same altitude, whereas the differences across altitudes were insignificant. PICRUSt analysis showed that the functional gene families were mainly related to 29 sub-functions, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and the abundance of metabolism was highest. There were significant correlations between the relative abundances of genes involved in the level Ⅱ metabolic pathway of bacteria and phylum-level taxa, such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The predicted functional compositions of soil bacteria also showed a significantly positive correlation with the dissimilarity in bacterial community structure, indicating that there was a strong relationship between bacterial community structure and functional genes. This study preliminarily discussed the characteristics and functional prediction analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of C.jubata at different altitudinal gradients, which provided data support for the ecological effects of constructive plants and their responses to environmental changes in high altitude areas.

Prenatal stress modulates HPA axis homeostasis of offspring through dentate TERT independently of glucocorticoids receptor.

In response to stressful events, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated, and consequently glucocorticoids are released by the adrenal gland into the blood circulation. A large body of research has illustrated that excessive glucocorticoids in the hippocampus exerts negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis through glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is critical for the homeostasis of the HPA axis. Maternal prenatal stress causes dysfunction of the HPA axis feedback mechanism in their offspring in adulthood. Here we report that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene knockout causes hyperactivity of the HPA axis without hippocampal GR deficiency. We found that the level of TERT in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus during the developmental stage determines the responses of the HPA axis to stressful events in adulthood through modulating the excitability of the dentate granular cells (DGCs) rather than the expression of GR. Our study also suggests that the prenatal high level of glucocorticoids exposure-induced hypomethylation at Chr13:73764526 in the first exon of mouse Tert gene accounted for TERT deficiency in the DG and HPA axis abnormality in the adult offspring. This study reveals a novel GR-independent mechanism underlying prenatal stress-associated HPA axis impairment, providing a new angle for understanding the mechanisms for maintaining HPA axis homeostasis.

[Differences in Bacterial Community Structure in Rhizosphere Soil of Three Caragana Species and Its Driving Factors in a Common Garden Experiment].

The soil bacterial diversity and community structures in rhizosphere soil of Caragana microphylla, Caragana liouana, and Caragana roborovskyi in a common garden experiment were measured using the high-throughput sequencing technique, with the aim of investigating the factors driving the variation in the bacterial community structure. The results indicated that 42 phyla, 55 classes, 123 orders, 244 families, and 558 genera were obtained from the rhizosphere soil. The dominant phyla in all sample sites were Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria (relative abundance>1%). At the genus level, Phenylobacterium, Ensifer, and Chitinophaga were dominant. Two-way analysis of variance showed that species had a significant effect on the Shannon index and Simpson index of rhizosphere soil bacteria of the three Caragana species, whereas the Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index were significantly affected by the interaction of provenances and species. There was a significant difference among the three species in the composition of bacterial communities, and the cluster analysis indicated that the composition of the soil bacterial community significantly differed among provenances in C. liouana and C. roborovskyi. Based on the redundancy analysis, mean annual precipitation and altitude were the dominant factors influencing the rhizosphere soil bacterial community structure. Overall, the present results indicated that there were intraspecific and interspecific differences in the diversity and community structures of rhizosphere soil bacteria, and the bacterial community structure was mainly affected by the provenance climate. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the adaptation strategies and ecological restoration of the three Caragana species.

Calling large indels in 1047 Arabidopsis with IndelEnsembler.

Large indels greatly impact the observable phenotypes in different organisms including plants and human. Hence, extracting large indels with high precision and sensitivity is important. Here, we developed IndelEnsembler to detect large indels in 1047 Arabidopsis whole-genome sequencing data. IndelEnsembler identified 34 093 deletions, 12 913 tandem duplications and 9773 insertions. Our large indel dataset was more comprehensive and accurate compared with the previous dataset of AthCNV (1). We captured nearly twice of the ground truth deletions and on average 27% more ground truth duplications compared with AthCNV, though our dataset has less number of large indels compared with AthCNV. Our large indels were positively correlated with transposon elements across the Arabidopsis genome. The non-homologous recombination events were the major formation mechanism of deletions in Arabidopsis genome. The Neighbor joining (NJ) tree constructed based on IndelEnsembler's deletions clearly divided the geographic subgroups of 1047 Arabidopsis. More importantly, our large indels represent a previously unassessed source of genetic variation. Approximately 49% of the deletions have low linkage disequilibrium (LD) with surrounding single nucleotide polymorphisms. Some of them could affect trait performance. For instance, using deletion-based genome-wide association study (DEL-GWAS), the accessions containing a 182-bp deletion in AT1G11520 had delayed flowering time and all accessions in north Sweden had the 182-bp deletion. We also found the accessions with 65-bp deletion in the first exon of AT4G00650 (FRI) flowered earlier than those without it. These two deletions cannot be detected in AthCNV and, interestingly, they do not co-occur in any Arabidopsis thaliana accession. By SNP-GWAS, surrounding SNPs of these two deletions do not correlate with flowering time. This example demonstrated that existing large indel datasets miss phenotypic variations and our large indel dataset filled in the gap.

Abnormal expression profile of plasma-derived exosomal microRNAs in patients with treatment-resistant depression.

Whether microRNAs (miRNAs) from plasma exosomes might be dysregulated in patients with depression, especially treatment-resistant depression (TRD), remains unclear, based on study of which novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets could be discovered. To this end, a small sample study was performed by isolation of plasma exosomes from patients with TRD diagnosed by Hamilton scale. In this study, 4 peripheral plasma samples from patients with TRD and 4 healthy controls were collected for extraction of plasma exosomes. Exosomal miRNAs were analyzed by miRNA sequencing, followed by image collection, expression difference analysis, target gene GO enrichment analysis, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Compared with the healthy controls, 2 miRNAs in the plasma exosomes of patients with TRD showed significant differences in expression, among which has-miR-335-5p were significantly upregulated and has-miR-1292-3p were significantly downregulated. Go and KEGG analysis showed that dysregulated miRNAs affect postsynaptic density and axonogenesis as well as the signaling pathway of axon formation and cell growths. The identification of these miRNAs and their target genes may provide novel biomarkers for improving diagnosis accuracy and treatment effectiveness of TRD.

Integrating network pharmacology and experimental evidence to decipher the cardioprotective mechanism of Yiqihuoxue decoction in rats after myocardial infarction.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: "Qi deficiency and blood stasis" syndrome is one of the most common syndromes treated with Traditional Chinese Medicine among ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients in clinic. As a Chinese herbal formula with the function of tonifying Qi and activating blood, Yiqihuoxue Decoction (YQHX) has been frequently proven to be effective in the clinical treatment of IHD. AIM OF THE STUDY: The cardioprotective mechanisms of YQHX in treating ischemic heart disease were investigated, with emphasis on the key targets and pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the present study, the potential targets of compounds identified in YQHX were predicted using PharmMapper, Symmap, and STITCH databases, and a "herb-compound-target" network was constructed using Cytoscape. Subsequently, the GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses were analyzed using the DAVID database. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed using STRING to obtain the key target information. Besides, we used a myocardial ischemia rat model to investigate the cardioprotective effects of YQHX. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting were used to observe apoptotic bodies and confirm protein expressions of key candidate targets, respectively. RESULTS: Network pharmacology showed that a total of 141 potential targets were obtained from these databases. The functional analysis results revealed that the targets of YQHX were largely associated with apoptosis, and the PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways might represent key functional pathways. The hub genes of network include ALB, TP53, AKT1, TNF, VEGFA, EGFR, MAPK1, CASP3, JUN, FN1, MMP9, and MAPK8. In vivo, YQHX significantly improved cardiac function and suppressed apoptosis in ischemic rat myocardium. Furthermore, YQHX could significantly upregulate Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, and inhibit JNK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: Based on network pharmacology and experimental evidence, this study proves that the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of YQHX depend on multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway. In particular, YQHX exerts anti-apoptotic effects potentially by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and JNK-MAPK pathways.

ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection

In December 2019 and January 2020, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, and has already posed a serious threat to public health. ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) has been shown to be one of the major receptors that mediate the entry of 2019-nCoV into human cells, which also happens in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Several researches have indicated that some patients have abnormal renal function or even kidney damage in addition to injury in respiratory system, and the related mechanism is unknown. This arouses our interest in whether coronavirus infection will affect the urinary and male reproductive systems. Here in this study, we used the online datasets to analyze ACE2 expression in different human organs. The results indicate that ACE2 highly expresses in renal tubular cells, Leydig cells and cells in seminiferous ducts in testis. Therefore, virus might directly bind to such ACE2 positive cells and damage the kidney and testicular tissue of patients. Our results indicate that renal function evaluation and special care should be performed in 2019-nCoV patients during clinical work, because of the kidney damage caused by virus and antiviral drugs with certain renal toxicity. In addition, due to the potential pathogenicity of the virus to testicular tissues, clinicians should pay attention to the risk of testicular lesions in patients during hospitalization and later clinical follow-up, especially the assessment and appropriate intervention in young patients fertility.

ACP5: Its Structure, Distribution, Regulation and Novel Functions.

BACKGROUND: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5) is an evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional protein that is involved in generations of reactive oxygen species, normal bone development, osteoblast regulation and macrophage function, affecting a series of pathways, as well as reflecting bone resorption and osteoclast activity. METHODS: Literature searches, systematic reviews and assessments about the structure, distribution, regulation and novel functions of ACP5 were performed in this review from PubMed and Medline databases. RESULTS: Studies demonstrate that RANKL can increase the expression of ACP5 through NFATc1 and c-Fos to accelerate osteoclastogenesis, which also can be regulated by many regulators. Based on the aforementioned information, it is shown that ACP5, together with the phosphatase activity, can medicate the progression and development of human genetic diseases and cancer. CONCLUSION: As a novel target, ACP5 plays a critical role in preventing, monitoring and treating various kinds of tumors, as well as accelerating the development of a promising therapeutic strategy for human genetic diseases. However, the explicit mechanism between ACP5 and cancer is not so clear. It is necessary and significant for us to pay more in-depth attention.

MiR-106a-5p inhibits the cell migration and invasion of renal cell carcinoma through targeting PAK5.

MicroRNA-106a-5p (MiR-106a-5p), a small non-coding RNA, has been reported to be downregulated in astrocytoma, osteosarcoma and colorectal cancer. However, the expression levels and biological function in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have not been studied yet. In this study, we found that the miR-106a-5p was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines, and that overexpression of miR-106a-5p led to decreased cell metastasis ability in a xenograft model. Inhibition of miR-106a-5p in RCC cell lines altered the cell migration, invasion and wound healing abilities. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that miR-106a-5p directly bound to the 3'-UTR of the PAK5 mRNA and mediated a decrease in the protein expression of PAK5. We further proved that PAK5 protein levels were negatively correlated with the miR-106a-5p expression in both patient samples and xenograft model. In epigenetics, methylation specific PCR experiments indicated that the upstream gene promoter of miR-106a-5p was hypermethylated in RCC, which might be responsible for its downregulation. Our findings suggested that miR-106a-5p might be a potential gene therapy target for the treatment of RCC metastasis.

PAK5-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal proliferation is significantly associated with the promotion of malignant tumor. Growing evidence suggest that the signal pathways of p21cdc42/rac1-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) have been found in various tumor progression, however, the role of PAK5 in breast cancer remains largely unclear. METHODS: We evaluated PAK5 and p65 staining in breast cancer tissues (BCTs) and paired non-cancerous tissues (NTs) using tissue microarray (TMA) technology. The functions of PAK5 were studied in vitro and in vivo. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry were performed to determine proliferation of breast cancer cells. Phosphorylation assay and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were employed to identify the regulation mechanism of p65 by PAK5. The activation of Cyclin D1 promoter was measured with luciferase reporter assay. Xenograft models in nude mice were established to explore the roles of PAK5 in breast cancer growth. RESULTS: In this study, we show that PAK5 is highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and the increased PAK5 is significantly associated with breast cancer progression. Overexpression of PAK5 promotes the proliferation and cell-cycle progression by increasing the expression of Cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PAK5 can promote the phosphorylation and the nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). Furthermore, p65 can directly bind to the promoter of Cyclin D1 and mediate an increase in its protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings suggest that PAK5 may serve as a potential prognosis marker and therapeutic target for human breast cancer.

Rap2a serves as a potential prognostic indicator of renal cell carcinoma and promotes its migration and invasion through up-regulating p-Akt.

Rap2a, a member of the small GTPase superfamily, belongs to Ras superfamily, and its function in cancer progression is still poorly understood. Our previous study indicated that the ectopic expression of Rap2a enhanced the migration and invasion ability of lung cancer cells. However, its expression and molecular mechanism on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have not been characterized. This study explored the clinical significance and biological function of Rap2a in human RCC. The clinical relevance of Rap2a in RCC was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using tissue microarray. Our data showed that Rap2a expression was dramatically increased in RCC tissues compared with normal renal tissues. The ectopic expression of Rap2a enhanced the migration and invasive ability of cancer cells. In contrast, downregulation of Rap2a inhibited cell invasion. Rap2a had no effect on the proliferation of RCC cell lines. Meanwhile, Rap2a can regulate the phosphorylation level of Akt in vitro. In vivo studies also showed that Rap2a positively regulated metastasis of renal cancer cells and the expression of p-Akt. These findings indicate that Rap2a promotes RCC metastasis and may serve as a candidate RCC prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target.

Egr-1 suppresses breast cancer cells proliferation by arresting cell cycle progression via down-regulating CyclinDs.

Egr-1 is an important nuclear transcription factor in the early growth response gene family (Egr family). Egr-1 was reportedly involved in the tumorigenesis of diverse tumors. However, there was a paucity of data regarding the role of Egr-1 in the breast cancer. Herein, we investigated the expression of Egr-1 in breast tissues and breast cancer cell lines BT549 and Bcap37. Immunohistochemistry showed that Egr-1 was down-regulated in breast cancer tissues versus the normal paracancerous tissues. Overexpression of Egr-1 could arrest the progression of cell cycle in breast cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assay revealed Egr-1 could bind to the promoters of CyclinD1, CyclinD2 and CyclinD3. Together, these results suggested that Egr-1 could affect the cell cycle of breast cancer cells and defined the mechanism for the cells by inhibiting the process of G0/G1 phase. Our findings provide new insight into Egr-1 in breast cancer.