Development and validation of a green and sustainable procedure for the preparation of Perilla frutescens extracts.

A procedure combining supercritical CO2 and ultrasound-assisted (USC-CO2) extraction was developed to obtain rosmarinic acid (RA)-rich extracts from Perilla frutescens. Based on extraction yields and efficiencies, USC-CO2 was considered the best extraction method among the methods studied for obtaining RA from P. frutescens. The constant extraction rate period and the falling extraction rate period for USC-CO2 extraction of P. frutescens were 45 and 96 min long, respectively, and they were significantly shorter than those of traditional SC-CO2 (TSC-CO2) extraction. Furthermore, mass transfer coefficients were derived using the Sovová model for the fluid and solid phases from USC-CO2 extraction, with values of 9.752 × 10-3 and 4.203 × 10-3 min-1, respectively, which were obviously higher than those for TSC-CO2 extraction. Consequently, the theoretical solubilities of RA in the supercritical solvents used in dynamic USC-CO2 and TSC-CO2 extractions were estimated and found to be well correlated using three density-based models.

A green approach for the extraction and characterization of oridonin and ursolic and oleanolic acids from Rabdosia rubescens and its kinetic behavior.

An ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (USC-CO2) procedure was developed for the extraction of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and oridonin from Rabdosia rubescens, with yields that were 9.84-10.46 and 15.43-21.10% higher than those of the conventional SC-CO2 and heat-reflux extractions, respectively. USC-CO2 uses a shorter extraction time (1.83-2.09 times) and less organic solvent (3.39-173.25 times) to operate at a lower extraction temperature (5-16 °C). The dominant component in the extract was oridonin, which may indicate that the kinetic behavior in the extraction system is predominated by that of oridonin. Furthermore, the USC-CO2 and conventional SC-CO2 dynamic extraction kinetics of oridonin from R. rubescens were well described by the second-order rate and Fick's second law models. The extraction rate constant, energy of activation for diffusion, Biot number and thermodynamic parameters were deduced from the data obtained. These results provide valuable insights into the USC-CO2 and conventional SC-CO2 procedures.

Development and characterization of a green procedure for apigenin extraction from Scutellaria barbata D. Don.

This study compared the use of ultrasound-assisted supercritical CO2 (USC-CO2) extraction to obtain apigenin-rich extracts from Scutellaria barbata D. Don with that of conventional supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction and heat-reflux extraction (HRE), conducted in parallel. This green procedure yielded 20.1% and 31.6% more apigenin than conventional SC-CO2 extraction and HRE, respectively. Moreover, the extraction time required by the USC-CO2 procedure, which used milder conditions, was approximately 1.9 times and 2.4 times shorter than that required by conventional SC-CO2 extraction and HRE, respectively. Furthermore, the theoretical solubility of apigenin in the supercritical fluid system was obtained from the USC-CO2 dynamic extraction curves and was in good agreement with the calculated values for the three empirical density-based models. The second-order kinetics model was further applied to evaluate the kinetics of USC-CO2 extraction. The results demonstrated that the selected model allowed the evaluation of the extraction rate and extent of USC-CO2 extraction.

Regulatory Efficacy of Brown Seaweed Lessonia nigrescens Extract on the Gene Expression Profile and Intestinal Microflora in Type 2 Diabetic Mice.

SCOPE: In this study, the antidiabetic activity of Lessonia nigrescens ethanolic extract (LNE) is investigated in streptozotocin (SZT)-induced type 2 diabetic mice fed with a high-sucrose/high-fat diet. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-DAD and electospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is employed to analyze the major compounds in LNE. The components of the intestinal microflora in type 2 diabetic mice are analyzed by high-throughput next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice are significantly decreased after LNE administration. The histology reveals that LNE could protect the cellular architecture of liver and kidney. LNE treatment significantly increases Bacteroidetes and decreases Firmicutes populations in intestinal microflora. Specifically, It could selectively enrich the amounts of beneficial bacteria, Barnesiella, as well as reduce the abundances of Clostridium and Alistipes. The increased gene and protein expression levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in the liver are observed in LNE treatment groups, while the expressions of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are significantly downregulated. CONCLUSION: The above findings suggest that LNE could be considered as a functional food for reducing blood glucose and regulating intestinal microflora.

Hepatoprotective effects of raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil and its major constituents.

Raspberry seed is a massive byproduct of raspberry juice and wine but usually discarded. The present study employed a microwave-assisted method for extraction of raspberry seed oil (RSO). The results revealed that omega-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid) were the major constituents in RSO. Cellular antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were investigated in HepG2 cells treated with RSO. Induction of the synthesis of several antioxidants in H2O2-exposed HepG2 cells was found. RSO increased the enzyme activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx in H2O2-exposed HepG2. Furthermore, RSO inhibited the phosphorylation of upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Taken together, the possible mechanisms to increase antioxidant enzyme activities in HepG2 may through the suppression of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Raspberry seed oil exhibited good effects on the activities of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes and seems to protect the liver from oxidative stress through the inhibition of MAPKs.

Evaluation of occupation hot exposure in industrial workplaces in a subtropical country.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study has been to evaluate the occupational heat exposure of 12 workers at 5 plants in a subtropical country. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The heat stresses and strain on workers in 5 plants were assessed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7243 index (wet bulb globe temperature - WBGT) and the ISO 7933 index (maximum allowable exposure time - Dlim). RESULTS: Results indicated that 42% of the subjects (5 workers) surpassed the WBGT limits. According to the Dlim, 42% of the subjects could not continue working in the hot environments. The relationships between the various heat stress indices and the WBGT index were also correlated. However, further studies from different heat environments and more subjects should be performed. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitive dependence of skin temperature on meteorological and physiological indices for each subject was clearly observed. Obviously, the heart rate response to metabolic rate was much greater than that caused by environmental heat alone. The exponential relationship between workers' duration-limited exposure time, predicted by various estimated criteria, and WBGT were also found. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(3):379-395.

Production of oridonin-rich extracts from Rabdosia rubescens using hyphenated ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.

BACKGROUND: Among active components in Rabdosia rubescens, oridonin has been considered a key component and the most valuable compound because it has a wide range of activities beneficial to human health. To produce a high-quality oridonin extract, an alternative hyphenated procedure involving an ultrasound-assisted and supercritical carbon dioxide (HSC-CO2 ) extraction method to extract oridonin from R. rubescens was developed in this study. Fictitious solubilities of oridonin in supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2 ) with ultrasound assistance were measured by using the dynamic method at temperatures ranging from 305.15 K to 342.15 K over a pressure range of 11.5 to 33.5 MPa. RESULTS: Fictitious solubilities of oridonin at different temperatures and pressures were over the range of 2.13 × 10-6 to 10.09 × 10-6 (mole fraction) and correlated well with the density-based models, including the Bartle model, the Chrastil model, the Kumar and Johnston model and the Mendez-Santiago and Teja model, with overall average absolute relative deviations (AARDs) of 6.29%, 4.39%, 3.12% and 5.07%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Oridonin exhibits retrograde solubility behaviour in the supercritical state. Fictitious solubility data were further determined and obtained a good fit with four semi-empirical models. Simultaneously, the values of the total heat of solution, vaporisation and solvation of oridonin were estimated. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Extraction of α-humulene-enriched oil from clove using ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and studies of its fictitious solubility.

Clove buds are used as a spice and food flavoring. In this study, clove oil and α-humulene was extracted from cloves using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with and without ultrasound assistance (USC-CO2 and SC-CO2, respectively) at different temperatures (32-50°C) and pressures (9.0-25.0MPa). The results of these extractions were compared with those of heat reflux extraction and steam distillation methods conducted in parallel. The extracts obtained using these four techniques were analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results demonstrated that the USC-CO2 extraction procedure may extract clove oil and α-humulene from clove buds with better yields and shorter extraction times than conventional extraction techniques while utilizing less severe operating parameters. Furthermore, the experimental fictitious solubility data obtained using the dynamic method were well correlated with density-based models, including the Chrastil model, the Bartle model and the Kumar and Johnston model.

Determination of Oleanolic and Ursolic Acids in Hedyotis diffusa Using Hyphenated Ultrasound-Assisted Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Chromatography.

Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) were extracted from Hedyotis diffusa using a hyphenated procedure of ultrasound-assisted and supercritical carbon dioxide (HSC-CO2) extraction at different temperatures, pressures, cosolvent percentages, and SC-CO2 flow rates. The results indicated that these parameters significantly affected the extraction yield. The maximal yields of OA (0.917 mg/g of dry plant) and UA (3.540 mg/g of dry plant) were obtained at a dynamic extraction time of 110 min, a static extraction time of 15 min, 28.2 MPa, and 56°C with a 12.5% (v/v) cosolvent (ethanol/water = 82/18, v/v) and SC-CO2 flowing at 2.3 mL/min (STP). The extracted yields were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the OA and UA. The present findings revealed that H. diffusa is a potential source of OA and UA. In addition, using the hyphenated procedure for extraction is a promising and alternative process for recovering OA and UA from H. diffusa at high concentrations.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide.

This study evaluated ultrasound-assisted supercritical carbon dioxide (USC-CO2) extraction for determining the extraction yields of oils and the contents of eugenol, ß-caryophyllene, eugenyl acetate and α-humulene from clove buds. Compared to traditional SC-CO2 extraction, USC-CO2 extraction might provide a 13.5% increase in the extraction yield for the oil while utilizing less severe operating parameters, such as temperature, pressure, CO2 flow rate and the time consumed by the process. Our results were comparable to those obtained using the heat reflux extraction method, though the yield was improved by 20.8% using USC-CO2. In kinetic studies, the USC-CO2 extraction of clove oil followed second-order kinetics. The activation energy for the oil extraction was 76.56kJ/mol. The USC-CO2 procedure facilitated the use of mild extraction conditions, improved extraction efficiency and the quality of products and is a potential method for industry.

Development of a hyphenated procedure of heat-reflux and ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by RP-HPLC separation for the determination of three flavonoids content in Scutellaria barbata D. Don.

A hyphenated procedure of heat-reflux and ultrasound-assisted extraction (HUAE), and an accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method were developed for the determination of apigenin, baicalin and luteolin content in Scutellaria barbara D. Don. The suitable HUAE conditions for the extraction of target compounds from the herb were identified as an ultrasonic frequency of 40kHz, power of 185W, duty cycle of 75% (intermittent sonication), mean particle size of 0.355mm, extraction temperature of 50°C, ratio of solvent to raw material of 12:1 (mL/g), ethanol concentration of 60% (v/v), extraction time of 30min and three cycles. Compared with a traditional heat-reflux extraction method, the proposed method reduced the extraction time, extraction temperature and solvent consumption. Also, this HUAE method achieved superior apigenin, baicalin and luteolin yields. Furthermore, the developed HUAE-HPLC method was applied successfully for the simultaneous evaluation of three bioactive compounds in five samples of S. barbara D. Don obtained from different geographical regions. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined HUAE-HPLC process is feasible in the future commercialized manufacture of this highly valuable Chinese herbal medicine.

Development and validation of a modified ultrasound-assisted extraction method and a HPLC method for the quantitative determination of two triterpenic acids in Hedyotis diffusa.

In the present study, the oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) contents ofHedyotis diffusa and H. corymbosa were determined by a rapid, selective and accurate method combining modified ultrasound-assisted extraction (MUAE) and HPLC. Compared with traditional extraction methods, MUAE reduced the extraction time, the extraction temperature and the solvent consumption and maximized the extraction yields of OA and UA. Furthermore, the combined MUAE-HPLC method was applied to quantitate OA and UA in plant samples and exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility and stability. The mean recovery studies (one extraction cycle) for OA and UA were between 91.3 and 91.7% with RSD values less than 4.5%. The pioneer method was further applied to quantitate OA and UA in six samples of H. diffusa and five samples of H. corymbosa. The results showed that the OA and UA content in the samples from different sources were significantly different. This report is valuable for the application of H. diffusa and H. corymbosa obtained from different regions in clinical research and pharmacology.

Optimisation of an ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by RP-HPLC separation for the simultaneous determination of oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and oridonin content in Rabdosia rubescens.

INTRODUCTION: Rabdosia rubescens is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine and contains diterpenoids, triterpenoids and various other compounds. Among these components, oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid have gained considerable interest concerning anti-cancer activities. However, there is no suitable currently available method for the simultaneous evaluation of these three bioactive compounds in R. rubescens. OBJECTIVE: To develop an optimised ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method and an efficient HPLC method for the simultaneous evaluation of the three bioactive compounds in R. rubescens. METHODOLOGY: Various parameters that can potentially affect the UAE process were investigated and optimised. HPLC operating conditions were also optimised, and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C(18) -column with an acetonitrile-water gradient as the mobile phase. RESULTS: Validation of the HPLC technique developed showed that the method has good linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy. The combined UAE-HPLC method was applied to quantitate the amount of oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in the plant sample and exhibited good repeatability (RSD (%) < 3.9), reproducibility (RSD (%) < 5.9), stability (RE (%) < 1.4) and recovery (mean (%) > 92.4). Furthermore, the combined UAE-HPLC method was applied successfully to the extraction and determination of oridonin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid content in samples obtained from different geographical regions, which is the first time that this comparison has been investigated. CONCLUSION: The combined UAE-HPLC process is a fast, convenient and appropriate method for the quantitative analysis of these three compounds in R. rubescens.

Effects of UV irradiation on humic acid removal by ozonation, Fenton and Fe°/air treatment: THMFP and biotoxicity evaluation.

Effects of UV irradiation on humic acid (HA) removal by Fe(0)/air, ozonation and Fenton oxidation were investigated. The trihalomethane forming potential (THMFP) and toxicity of treated solutions were also evaluated. The experimental conditions were ozone of 21 mg min(-1), H(2)O(2) of 8 × 10(-4)M, Fe(0) of 20 g L(-1), air flow of 5 L min(-1), and UVC of 9 W. Results indicated that Fe(0)/air rapidly removed HA color (>99%) and COD (90%) within 9 min. 51-81% of color and 43-50% of COD were removed by ozonation and Fenton oxidation after 60 min. Both UV enhanced ozone and Fenton oxidation removed HA, but the Fe(0)/air process did not. Spectrum results showed all processes effectively diminished UV-vis spectra, except for ozonation. The THMFP of Fe(0)/air-treated solution (114 µg L(-1)) was much lower than those of Fenton- (226 µg L(-1)) and ozonation-treated solutions (499 µg L(-1)). Fe(0)/air with UV irradiation obviously increased the THMFP of treated solution (502 µg L(-1)). The toxicity results obtained from Vibrio fischeri light inhibition test indicated that the toxicity of Fe(0)/air-treated solution (5%) was much lower than that of ozonation- (33%) and Fenton-treated solutions (31%). Chlorination increased the solution toxicity. The correlation between biotoxicity and chloroform in the chlorinated solution was insignificant.

Effects of dissolved oxygen on dye removal by zero-valent iron.

Effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations on dye removal by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) were investigated. The Vibrio fischeri light inhibition test was employed to evaluate toxicity of decolorized solution. Three dyes, Acid Orange 7 (AO7, monoazo), Reactive Red 120 (RR120, diazo), and Acid Blue 9 (AB9, triphenylmethane), were selected as model dyes. The dye concentration and Fe(0) dose used were 100 mg L(-1) and 30 g L(-1), respectively. Under anoxic condition, the order for dye decolorization was AO7>RR120>AB9. An increase in the dissolved oxygen concentrations enhanced decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of the three dyes. An increase in gas flow rates also improved dye and COD removals by Fe(0). At dissolved oxygen of 6 mg L(-1), more than 99% of each dye was decolorized within 12 min and high COD removals were obtained (97% for AO7, 87% for RR120, and 93% for AB9). The toxicity of decolorized dye solutions was low (I(5)<40%). An increase in DO concentrations obviously reduced the toxicity. When DO above 2 mg L(-1) was applied, low iron ion concentration (13.6 mg L(-1)) was obtained in the decolorized AO7 solution.

Treatment and toxicity evaluation of methylene blue using electrochemical oxidation, fly ash adsorption and combined electrochemical oxidation-fly ash adsorption.

Treatment of a basic dye, methylene blue, by electrochemical oxidation, fly ash adsorption, and combined electrochemical oxidation-fly ash adsorption was compared. Methylene blue at 100 mgL(-1) was used in this study. The toxicity was also monitored by the Vibrio fischeri light inhibition test. When electrochemical oxidation was used, 99% color and 84% COD were removed from the methylene blue solution in 20 min at a current density of 428 Am(-2), NaCl of 1000 mgL(-1), and pH(0) of 7. However, the decolorized solution showed high toxicity (100% light inhibition). For fly ash adsorption, a high dose of fly ash (>20,000 mgL(-1)) was needed to remove methylene blue, and the Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption behavior well. In the combined electrochemical oxidation-fly ash adsorption treatment, the addition of 4000 mgL(-1) fly ash effectively reduced intermediate toxicity and decreased the COD of the electrochemical oxidation-treated methylene blue solution. The results indicated that the combined process effectively removed color, COD, and intermediate toxicity of the methylene blue solution.

Characterizing PAH emission concentrations in ambient air during a large-scale joss paper open-burning event.

Large-scale open burning of joss paper is an important ritual practice for deity worshipping during Buddhist and Taoist festivals. Since Buddhism and Taoism are two of the most popular religions in Chinese societies and some Asian countries, the impact of joss paper burning on the air quality needs further investigation. This study explores the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air during one of the most important festivals, in which large-scale burning of joss paper occurs in temples and in people's houses. The PAH concentrations were measured simultaneously at a temple site and a background site during both the festival and non-festive (ordinary) periods. Each ambient sample was extracted by the Soxhlet analytical method (for both particle-bound and gas-phase) and analyzed with gas chromatography. Experimental results indicate that the total PAH concentration during the festival period is approximately 4.2 times higher than that during the ordinary period (5384 ng m(-3) vs. 1275 ng m(-3)). This study also employed statistical methods including diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the possible PAH emission sources. Joss paper burning and vehicular emissions are identified as the principal sources of airborne PAHs during the large-scale open-burning event. The results of this work provide useful information for public awareness concerning PAH emission from the open burning of joss paper.

Monitoring of PAHs in air by collection on XAD-2 adsorbent then microwave-assisted thermal desorption coupled with headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.

Microwave-assisted thermal desorption (MAD) coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been studied for in-situ, one-step, sample preparation for PAHs collected on XAD-2 adsorbent, before gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The PAHs on XAD-2 were desorbed into the extraction solution, evaporated into the headspace by use of microwave irradiation, and absorbed directly on a solid-phase microextraction fiber in the headspace. After desorption from the SPME fiber in the hot GC injection port, PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Conditions affecting extraction efficiency, for example extraction solution, addition of salt, stirring speed, SPME fiber coating, sampling temperature, microwave power and irradiation time, and desorption conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that extraction of 275 mg XAD-2, containing 10-200 ng PAHs, with 10-mL ethylene glycol-1 mol L(-1) NaCl solution, 7:3, by irradiation with 120 W for 40 min (the same as the extraction time), and collection with a PDMS-DVB fiber at 35 degrees C, resulted in the best extraction efficiency. Recovery was more than 80% and RSD was less than 14%. Optimum desorption was achieved by heating at 290 degrees C for 5 min. Detection limits varied from 0.02 to 1.0 ng for different PAHs. A real sample was obtained by using XAD-2 to collect smoke from indoor burning of joss sticks. The amounts of PAHs measured varied from 0.795 to 2.53 ng. The method is a simple and rapid procedure for determination of PAHs on XAD-2 absorbent, and is free from toxic organic solvents.

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples by microwave assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection.

The novel pretreatment technique, microwave-assisted heating coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) has been studied for one-step in situ sample preparation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous samples before gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The PAHs evaporated into headspace with the water by microwave irradiation, and absorbed directly on a SPME fiber in the headspace. After being desorbed from the SPME fiber in the GC injection port, PAHs were analyzed by GC/FID. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency, such as SPME fiber coating, adsorption temperature, microwave power and irradiation time, and desorption conditions were investigated. Experimental results indicated that extraction of 20mL aqueous sample containing PAHs at optional pH, by microwave irradiation with effective power 145W for 30min (the same as the extraction time), and collection with a 65mum PDMS/DVB fiber at 20 degrees C circular cooling water to control sampling temperature, resulted in the best extraction efficiency. Optimum desorption of PAHs from the SPME fiber in the GC hot injection port was achieved at 290 degrees C for 5min. The method was developed using spiked water sample such as field water with a range of 0.1-200mug/L PAHs. Detection limits varied from 0.03 to 1.0mug/L for different PAHs based on S/N=3 and the relative standard deviations for repeatability were <13%. A real sample was collected from the scrubber water of an incineration system. PAHs of two to three rings were measured with concentrations varied from 0.35 to 7.53mug/L. Recovery was more than 88% and R.S.D. was less than 17%. The proposed method is a simple, rapid, and organic solvent-free procedure for determination of PAHs in wastewater.

Determination of chlorophenols in soil samples by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron-capture detection.

Microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction was studied and applied for one-step in-situ sample preparation prior to analysis of chlorophenols (CPs) in soil samples. The CPs in soil sample were extracted into the aqueous solution and then directly onto the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber in headspace under the aid of microwave irradiation. After being desorbed from SPME fiber in the GC injection port, CPs were analyzed with a GC-electron-capture detection system. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as the extraction solutions, the pH in the slurry, the humic acid content in the soil, the power and the irradiation time of microwave as well as the desorption parameters were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the extraction of a 1.0 g soil sample with a 6-ml aqueous solution (pH 2) and a polyacrylate fiber under the medium-power irradiation (132 W) for 9 min achieved the best extraction efficiency of about 90% recovery and less than 10% RSD. Desorption was optimal at 300 degrees C for 3 min. Detection limits were obtained at around 0.1-2.0 microg/kg levels. The proposed method provided a simple, fast, and organic solvent-free procedure to analyze CPs from soil sample matrix.