Immune cell early activation, apoptotic kinetic, and T-cell functional impairment in domestic pigs after ASFV CADC_HN09 strain infection.

African swine fever (ASF) caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a fatal and highly contagious disease of domestic pigs characterized by rapid disease progression and death within 2 weeks. How the immune cells respond to acute ASFV infection and contribute to the immunopathogenesis of ASFV has not been completely understood. In this study, we examined the activation, apoptosis, and functional changes of distinct immune cells in domestic pigs following acute infection with the ASFV CADC_HN09 strain using multicolor flow cytometry. We found that ASFV infection induced broad apoptosis of DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pigs over time. The expression of MHC class II molecule (SLA-DR/DQ) on monocytes and conventional DCs as well as CD21 expression on B cells were downregulated after ASFV infection, implying a potential impairment of antigen presentation and humoral response. Further examination of CD69 and ex vivo expression of IFN-γ on immune cells showed that T cells were transiently activated and expressed IFN-γ as early as 5 days post-infection. However, the capability of T cells to produce cytokines was significantly impaired in the infected pigs when stimulated with mitogen. These results suggest that the adaptive cellular immunity to ASFV might be initiated but later overridden by ASFV-induced immunosuppression. Our study clarified the cell types that were affected by ASFV infection and contributed to lymphopenia, improving our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ASFV.

Removal of Remazol turquoise Blue G-133 from aqueous solution using modified waste newspaper fiber.

Waste newspaper fiber (WNF) was separated and modified via grafting quaternary ammonium salt to obtain an adsorbent, which removes Remazol turquoise Blue G-133 (RTB G-133) from aqueous solutions. SEM and IR were used to analyze the morphology and chemical groups of the modified waste newspaper fiber (MWNF). Batch adsorption studies were conducted with varying adsorbent dosages, solution pH, and contact time. Adsorption isotherms and models were fitted. The SEM photographs show the surface of MWNF is smoother in comparison with that of WNF. The IR analysis indicates that the quaternary ammonium salt was successfully grafted onto the cellulose skeleton in WNF and the chemical interaction played an important role in adsorption. Results show that the equilibrium adsorption capacity can be reached within 360 min, and that the maximum adsorption capacity was 260 mg g(-1). The adsorption of RTB G-133 on MWNF was a spontaneous endothermic process and well fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The results show that MWNF is promising for dye wastewater treatment.