Short-term Air Pollution Levels and Blood Pressure in Older Women.

BACKGROUND: Evidence of associations between daily variation in air pollution and blood pressure (BP) is varied and few prior longitudinal studies adjusted for calendar time. METHODS: We studied 143,658 postmenopausal women 50 to 79 years of age from the Women's Health Initiative (1993-2005). We estimated daily atmospheric particulate matter (PM) (in three size fractions: PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations at participants' residential addresses using validated lognormal kriging models. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the association between air pollution concentrations and repeated measures of systolic and diastolic BP (SBP, DBP) adjusting for confounders and calendar time. RESULTS: Short-term PM2.5 and NO2 were each positively associated with DBP {0.10 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04, 0.15]; 0.13 mmHg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.18), respectively} for interquartile range changes in lag 3-5 day PM2.5 and NO2. Short-term NO2 was negatively associated with SBP [-0.21 mmHg (95%CI: -0.30, -0.13)]. In two-pollutant models, the NO2-DBP association was slightly stronger, but for PM2.5 was attenuated to null, compared with single-pollutant models. Associations between short-term NO2 and DBP were more pronounced among those with higher body mass index, lower neighborhood socioeconomic position, and diabetes. When long-term (annual) and lag 3-5 day PM2.5 were in the same model, associations with long-term PM2.5 were stronger than for lag 3-5 day. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that short-term PM2.5 and NO2 levels were associated with increased DBP, although two-pollutant model results suggest NO2 was more likely responsible for observed associations. Long-term PM2.5 effects were larger than short-term.

Patterns of Lipid Lowering Therapy among Children Ages 8-20 Years.

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric guidelines in 2008 and 2011 recommended lipid lowering therapy in children ≥ 8 years of age with high-risk cardiovascular conditions, such as familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Our objective was to describe the patterns and predictors of lipid lowering therapy initiation in commercially insured children between 2005 and 2010. STUDY DESIGN: Using commercial health plan data on children ages 8-20 years from 2004-2010, we estimated rates of lipid lowering therapy initiation overall and stratified by age. Using a nested case-control design, we used multivariable logistic regression to identify temporal, demographic, clinical, and health utilization characteristics associated with lipid lowering therapy initiation. RESULTS: Among >13 million children, 665 initiated lipid lowering therapy for an incidence rate 2.6/100,000 person-years (PY). Incidence rates were highest in 2005 (4.1/100,000 PY) and 2008 (3.9/100,000 PY), with no discernable secular trend. Rates of lipid lowering therapy initiation were significantly greater in children ≥ 15 years of age (OR 2.9 [95% CI 5.2-13.0]), males (2.1 [1.7-2.4]), and those with a diagnosis of FH (165.2 [129.0-211.6]), other dyslipidemia (175.5 [143.2-215.3]), diabetes type I (7.7 [4.7-12.4]), diabetes type II (13.6 [8.5-21.7]), hypertension (8.1 [4.9-13.3]), obesity (7.8 [4.7-12.7]), and ≥ 5 outpatient visits (1.5 [1.2-1.7]), and children with dispensing of ≥ 2 nonlipid lowering therapy prescriptions were less likely to initiate lipid lowering therapy (0.2 [0.2-0.3]). CONCLUSIONS: Despite new guidelines, lipid lowering therapy initiation in children is low and has not increased through 2010. Although diagnosis of FH and other dyslipidemias was associated with higher probability of lipid lowering therapy initiation, our findings suggest lipid lowering therapy is underutilized in this population given the prevalence of these disorders.

Polución por material particulado fino (PM 2.5) incrementa las hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardiaca / Small particle air pollution (PM2.5) leads to an in crease in hospitalization rate for congestive heart failure

Antecedentes: Estudios recientes han reportado una asociación entre la contaminación ambiental por material particulado (PM) y el riesgo de hospitalizaciones de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC). La región metropolitana de nuestro país constituye un área geográfica en la cual la contaminación es especialmente relevante, asociándose a incrementos periódicos en la morbimortalidad por causa respiratoria. Sin embargo el efecto de la polución por PM en la morbilidad de pacientes con IC no ha sido evaluado en forma sistemática. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el PM fino y las hospitalizaciones por IC descompensada en hospitales pertenecientes al registro ICARO del área metropolitana. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo. Entre enero 2002 a diciembre de 2008 se recolectaron las fichas médicas de 529 pacientes residentes de Santiago hospitalizados por IC descompensada. Las variables meteorológicas y de contaminación fueron obtenidas de la red MACAM. Para estudiar la asociación entre las hospitalizaciones y los niveles de contaminación (PM10 y PM2,5), se aplicó un diseño de Casos cruzados estratificado por tiempo (Time-stratified Case-crossover), controlando por temperatura y punto de rocío. El impacto de los niveles de contaminación en el número de hospitalizaciones se evaluó asumiendo una latencia en el efecto de la polución de 0 a 10 días. Resultados: La edad media de la población en estudio fue de 73.8 años. La etiología más frecuente fue isquémica (27 por ciento) e hipertensiva (27 por ciento). Un 73.2 por ciento de los pacientes eran hipertensos y 32.6 por ciento tenían antecedentes de diabetes mellitus. Se observó un aumento en la admisión por IC descompensada en pacientes de ambos sexos, menores de 74 años, con desde un 22.7 por ciento (p=0.03) por cada incremento en 10 ug/m3 de PM2.5 calculado con media móvil, cuatro días después de la exposición hasta un 44.8 por ciento (p=0.006) a 10 días de la exposición. Los pacientes con antecedentes de ...

Background: Recent studies have reported an increase risk of hospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) in association with air pollution by small particles. The Metropolitan region in Chile is characterized by high pollution indexes which are related to increased mortality from respiratory diseases. No systematic evaluation of the effect of particle pollution upon morbidity in patients with CHF is available. Aim. To evaluate the association between fine particle pollution and hospitalization rate for decompensated CHF in hospitals participating in the ICARO registry of CHF in the Metropolitan area of Santiago. Methods. In a prospective design the clinical records of 529 patients who were hospitalized for decompensated CHF from Jan 2002 to Dec 2008 were analyzed Meteorological and pollution indexes were obtained from de MACAM monitoring network. A time stratified case cross-over design was used to study the association between hospitalization rate and pollution indexes (PM10 and PM25. Data was controlled for temperature and "punto de rocío" . A 0 to 10 day latency period was estimated to evaluate the influence of pollution on hospitalization rate. Results. The mean age of patients was 73.8 years. Etiologies for CHF included ischemic heart disease (27 percent) and hypertensive heart disease (27 percent). 73.2 percent of patients were hypertensives and 32.6 percent had evidence of DM. Hospitalization rate for CHF in men or women > 74 years of age increased from 22.7 percent 4 days after exposure to 44.8 percent 10 days after exposure (p=0.006). Diabetic patients were more susceptible to hospitalization with an 18 percent increased rate for each 10ug/m3 PM2.5 concentration at 8 days after exposure. Male and female hypertensive patients <74 years of age were also susceptible with a 28 percent (2.1 to 43/5 percent, CI) increase in hospitalization rate at 5 days after exposure. Conclusion: Patients with CHF who are diabetics or hy...