Permanent genetic resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 February 2013-31 March 2013.

This article documents the addition of 142 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources database. Loci were developed for the following species: Agriophyllum squarrosum, Amazilia cyanocephala, Batillaria attramentaria, Fungal strain CTeY1 (Ascomycota), Gadopsis marmoratus, Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata, Liriomyza sativae, Lupinus polyphyllus, Metschnikowia reukaufii, Puccinia striiformis and Xylocopa grisescens. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Amazilia beryllina, Amazilia candida, Amazilia rutila, Amazilia tzacatl, Amazilia violiceps, Amazilia yucatanensis, Campylopterus curvipennis, Cynanthus sordidus, Hylocharis leucotis, Juniperus brevifolia, Juniperus cedrus, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus thurifera, Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza chinensis, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Liriomyza trifolii.

Costing a pilot complex community-based childhood obesity intervention.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity has significant impact on future health and economic consequences. Evidence of effectiveness of interventions is developing, although little is known about costs. Therefore, the direct costs to health care and other public sector agencies of a pilot community-based childhood obesity treatment programme were estimated. METHODS: The present study comprised a retrospective review of resource use of an intervention drawing resources from local government and primary care sectors and delivered across multiple settings. Ninety-six children, aged 8-16 years old; body mass index (BMI) >98th centile; mean BMI SD 3.1 and low quality of life scores attended a 12-month programme delivered by nonhealth professionals. Direct costs to health care and other public sector agencies were assessed. RESULTS: Total programme direct costs were £82,380 (€94,736, $123,569) in the base case or £120,474 (€138,546, $180,713) when venues were treated as real additional costs, and varied only slightly with the number of participants in the programme. Costs per participant were £858 (€987, $1287) in the base case or £1255 (€1443, $1883) when venues were treated as additional costs. Costs per participant were sensitive to the number of participants, varying between £691 (€795, $1037) and £2026 (€2330, $3039) when venue costs were zero and between £1009 (€1160, $1514) and £2978 (€3425, $4467) with venue costs added. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to provide a community-based service at reasonable cost, and probably less than for health professional delivered services. Further work is required to assess the possible effects of the programme on wider service resource use, on users' costs and on programme effectiveness.

Virulence Characterization of International Collections of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.

Wheat stripe rust (yellow rust [Yr]), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an economically important disease of wheat worldwide. Virulence information on P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations is important to implement effective disease control with resistant cultivars. In total, 235 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from Algeria, Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Hungary, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and Uzbekistan were tested on 20 single Yr-gene lines and the 20 wheat genotypes that are used to differentiate P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races in the United States. The 235 isolates were identified as 129 virulence patterns on the single-gene lines and 169 virulence patterns on the U.S. differentials. Virulences to YrA, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, YrUkn, Yr28, Yr31, YrExp2, Lemhi (Yr21), Paha (YrPa1, YrPa2, YrPa3), Druchamp (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), Produra (YrPr1, YrPr2), Stephens (Yr3a, YrS, YrSte), Lee (Yr7, Yr22, Yr23), Fielder (Yr6, Yr20), Tyee (YrTye), Tres (YrTr1, YrTr2), Express (YrExp1, YrExp2), Clement (Yr9, YrCle), and Compair (Yr8, Yr19) were detected in all countries. At least 80% of the isolates were virulent on YrA, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr17, YrUkn, Yr31, YrExp2, Yr21, Stephens (Yr3a, YrS, YrSte), Lee (Yr7, Yr22, Yr23), and Fielder (Yr6, Yr20). Virulences to Yr1, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27, Yr28, Heines VII (Yr2, YrHVII), Paha (YrPa1, YrPa2, YrPa3), Druchamp (Yr3a, YrD, YrDru), Produra (YrPr1, YrPr2), Yamhill (Yr2, Yr4a, YrYam), Tyee (YrTye), Tres (YrTr1, YrTr2), Hyak (Yr17, YrTye), Express (YrExp1, YrExp2), Clement (Yr9, YrCle), and Compair (Yr8, Yr19) were moderately frequent (>20 to <80%). Virulence to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, YrSP, and Moro (Yr10, YrMor) was low (≤20%). Virulence to Moro was absent in Algeria, Australia, Canada, Kenya, Russia, Spain, Turkey, and China, but 5% of the Chinese isolates were virulent to Yr10. None of the isolates from Algeria, Canada, China, Kenya, Russia, and Spain was virulent to Yr24; none of the isolates from Algeria, Australia, Canada, Nepal, Russia, and Spain was virulent to Yr32; none of the isolates from Australia, Canada, Chile, Hungary, Kenya, Kenya, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, and Spain was virulent to YrSP; and none of the isolates from any country was virulent to Yr5 and Yr15. Although the frequencies of virulence factors were different, most of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from these countries shared common virulence factors. The virulences and their frequencies and distributions should be useful in breeding stripe-rust-resistant wheat cultivars and understanding the pathogen migration and evolution.

Mapping genes Lr53 and Yr35 on the short arm of chromosome 6B of common wheat with microsatellite markers and studies of their association with Lr36.

The rust resistance genes Lr53 and Yr35, transferred to common wheat from Triticum dicoccoides, were reported previously to be completely linked on chromosome 6B. Four F (3) families were produced from a cross between a line carrying Lr53 and Yr35 (98M71) and the leaf rust and stripe rust susceptible genotype Avocet "S" and were rust tested using Puccinina triticina pathotype 53-1,(6),(7),10,11 and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotype 110 E143 A+. The homozygous resistant lines produced infection types of ";1-" and ";N" to these pathotypes, respectively. The Chi-squared tests indicated goodness-of-fit of the data for one leaf rust gene and one stripe rust gene segregation. Linkage analysis using this population demonstrated recombination of 3% between the genes. Microsatellite markers located on the short arm of chromosome 6B were used to map the genes, with the markers cfd1 and gwm508 being mapped approximately 1.1 and 4.5 cM, respectively, proximal to Lr53. Additional studies of the relationship between Lr36, also located on the short arm of chromosome 6B, and Lr53 indicated that the two genes were independent.

Fine scale genetic and physical mapping using interstitial deletion mutants of Lr34 /Yr18: a disease resistance locus effective against multiple pathogens in wheat.

The Lr34/Yr18 locus has contributed to durable, non-race specific resistance against leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici) in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Lr34/Yr18 also cosegregates with resistance to powdery mildew (Pm38) and a leaf tip necrosis phenotype (Ltn1). Using a high resolution mapping family from a cross between near-isogenic lines in the "Thatcher" background we demonstrated that Lr34/Yr18 also cosegregated with stem rust resistance in the field. Lr34/Yr18 probably interacts with unlinked genes to provide enhanced stem rust resistance in "Thatcher". In view of the relatively low levels of DNA polymorphism reported in the Lr34/Yr18 region, gamma irradiation of the single chromosome substitution line, Lalbahadur(Parula7D) that carries Lr34/Yr18 was used to generate several mutant lines. Characterisation of the mutants revealed a range of highly informative genotypes, which included variable size deletions and an overlapping set of interstitial deletions. The mutants enabled a large number of wheat EST derived markers to be mapped and define a relatively small physical region on chromosome 7DS that carried Lr34/Yr18. Fine scale genetic mapping confirmed the physical mapping and identified a genetic interval of less than 0.5 cM, which contained Lr34/Yr18. Both rice and Brachypodium genome sequences provided useful information for fine mapping of ESTs in wheat. Gene order was more conserved between wheat and Brachypodium than with rice but these smaller grass genomes did not reveal sequence information that could be used to identify a candidate gene for rust resistance in wheat. We predict that Lr34/Yr18 is located within a large insertion in wheat not found at syntenic positions in Brachypodium and rice.

WATCH IT: a community based programme for obese children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The WATCH IT programme was developed to address the needs of obese children from disadvantaged communities in Leeds and has been running since January 2004. Results of the pilot phase, prior to a randomised controlled trial, are presented. METHODS: A process evaluation to assess success of implementation was conducted in December 2004. User views (parent and child) were obtained by semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Change in BMI SD score was calculated for children attending between January 2004 and November 2005. RESULTS: A total of 94 children (49 girls, 45 boys), mean age (SD) 12.2 (2.0) years attended. They were moderately to severely obese (mean BMI SDS 3.09 (0.45), with low quality of life and self-image scores. There was a significant reduction in overweight at 6 months (DeltaBMI SD -0.07), especially for teenagers (DeltaBMI SD -0.13) and girls (DeltaBMI SD -0.07). The programme was successfully implemented. By December 2004 mean attendance was 2.1 (0.7) clinics per month, and sports sessions 3.3 (1.7) sessions per month. Fourteen children dropped out and non-attendance was low (only 7.5% sessions missed in 12 months). Qualitative research indicated significant appreciation of the service, with reported increase in self-confidence and friendships, and reduction in self-harm. CONCLUSION: WATCH IT offers a model for a community based service for obese children. The programme suggests that effective care can be delivered by health trainers supervised by health professionals, and so potentially provides a cost effective programme within children's communities. These findings are encouraging, and need to be substantiated by extension to other locations and evaluation by randomised controlled trial.

High-resolution mapping and mutation analysis separate the rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 on the short arm of rye chromosome 1.

The stem, leaf and stripe rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9, located on the short arm of rye chromosome 1, have been widely used in wheat by means of wheat-rye translocation chromosomes. Previous studies have suggested that these resistance specificities are encoded by either closely-linked genes, or by a single gene capable of recognizing all three rust species. To investigate these issues, two 1BL.1RS wheat lines, one with and one without Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9, were used as parents for a high-resolution F2 mapping family. Thirty-six recombinants were identified between two PCR markers 2.3 cM apart that flanked the resistance locus. In one recombinant, Lr26 was separated from Sr31 and Yr9. Mutation studies recovered mutants that separated all three rust resistance genes. Thus, together, the recombination and mutation studies suggest that Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 are separate closely-linked genes. An additional 16 DNA markers were mapped in this region. Multiple RFLP markers, identified using part of the barley Mla powdery mildew resistance gene as probe, co-segregated with Sr31 and Yr9. One deletion mutant that had lost Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 retained all Mla markers, suggesting that the family of genes on 1RS identified by the Mla probe does not contain the Sr31, Lr26 or Yr9 genes. The genetic stocks and DNA markers generated from this study should facilitate the future cloning of Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9.

Yr32 for resistance to stripe (yellow) rust present in the wheat cultivar Carstens V.

Stripe or yellow rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease in many wheat-growing regions of the world. A number of major genes providing resistance to stripe rust have been used in breeding, including one gene that is present in the differential tester Carstens V. The objective of this study was to locate and map a stripe rust resistance gene transferred from Carstens V to Avocet S and to use molecular tools to locate a number of genes segregating in the cross Savannah/Senat. One of the genes present in Senat was predicted to be a gene that is present in Carstens V. For this latter purpose, stripe rust response data from both seedling and field tests on a doubled haploid population consisting of 77 lines were compared to an available molecular map for the same lines using a non-parametric quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. Results obtained in Denmark suggested that a strong component of resistance with the specificity of Carstens V was located in chromosome arm 2AL, and this was consistent with chromosome location work undertaken in Australia. Since this gene segregated independently of Yr1, the only other stripe rust resistance gene known to be located in this chromosome arm, it was designated Yr32. Further QTLs originating from Senat were located in chromosomes 1BL, 4D, and 7DS and from Savannah on 5B, but it was not possible to characterize them as unique resistance genes in any definitive way. Yr32 was detected in several wheats, including the North American differential tester Tres.

Resistance gene-analog polymorphism markers co-segregating with the YR5 gene for resistance to wheat stripe rust.

The Yr5 gene confers resistance to all races of the stripe rust pathogen ( Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) of wheat in the United States. To develop molecular markers for Yr5, a BC(7):F(3) population was developed by backcrossing the Yr5 donor ' Triticum spelta album' (TSA) with the recurrent parent 'Avocet Susceptible' (AVS). Seedlings of the Yr5 near-isogenic lines (AVS/6* Yr5), AVS, TSA, and the BC(7):F(3) lines were tested with North American races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici under controlled greenhouse conditions. The single gene was confirmed by a 1:2:1 segregation ratio for homozygous-resistant, heterozygous and homozygous-susceptible BC(7):F(3) lines. Genomic DNA was extracted from the parents (the Yr5 near-isogenic line and AVS) and 202 BC(7):F(3) lines. The resistance gene-analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers. The parents and the homozygous-resistant and homozygous-susceptible BC(7):F(3) bulks were used to identify putative RGAP markers for Yr5. Association of the markers with Yr5 was determined using segregation analysis with DNA from the individual BC(7):F(3) lines. Of 16 RGAP markers confirmed by segregation analysis with 109 BC(7):F(3) lines, and nine of the markers confirmed with an additional 93 BC(7):F(3) lines, three markers co-segregated with the resistance allele and three markers co-segregated with the susceptibility allele at the Yr5 locus. The other four markers were tightly linked to the locus. Analysis of a set of Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic lines with three markers that co-segregated with, or were linked to, the susceptibility allele confirmed that the Yr5 locus is on chromosome 2B. Of five RGAP markers that were cloned and sequenced, markers Xwgp-17 and Xwgp-18 that co-segregated with the Yr5 locus were co-dominant and had 98% homology with each other in both DNA and translated amino-acid sequences. The two markers had 97% homology with a resistance gene-like sequence from Aegilops ventricosa and had significant homology with many known plant resistance genes, resistance gene analogs and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from wheat and other plant species. The markers Xwgp-17 and Xwgp-18 also had significant homology with the NB-ARC domain that is in several genes for plant resistance to diseases, nematode cell death and human apoptotic signaling. These markers should be useful to clone Yr5 and combine Yr5 with other genes for durable and superior resistance for the control of stripe rust.

Characterisation of Triticum vavilovii-derived stripe rust resistance using genetic, cytogenetic and molecular analyses and its marker-assisted selection.

Stripe rust resistance was identified in Triticum vavilovii( T. vaviloviiAus22498)-derived Russian wheat aphid (RWA)-resistant germplasm. Inheritance studies indicated monogenic control of resistance. The resistance gene was tentatively designated as Yrvav and was located on chromosome 1B by monosomic analysis. A close association (1.5+/-0.9% recombination) of Yrvav with a T. vavilovii-derived gliadin allele ( Gli-B1vav) placed it in chromosome arm 1BS. Yrvavwas allelic with Yr10. Tests with Yr10 avirulent and virulent pathotypes showed that Yrvav and Yr10 possess identical pathogenic specificity. Yrvav and Yr10 showed close genetic associations with alternate alleles at the Xpsp3000(microsatellite marker), Gli-B1 and Rg1 loci. Based on these observations Yrvav was named as Yr10vav. The close association between Xpsp3000 and Gli-B1 was also confirmed. The Yr10vav-linked Xpsp3000 allele (285 bp) was not present in 65 Australian cultivars, whereas seven Australian wheats lacking Yr10 carried the same Xpsp3000 allele (260 bp) as Yr10carrying wheat cultivar Moro. Xpsp3000 and/or Gli-B1 could be used in marker-assisted selection for pyramiding Yr10vavor Yr10 with other stripe rust resistance genes. Yr10vav was inherited independently of the T. vavilovii-derived RWA resistance.

Development of resistance gene analog polymorphism markers for the Yr9 gene resistance to wheat stripe rust.

The Yr9 gene, which confers resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (P. s. tritici) and originated from rye, is present in many wheat cultivars. To develop molecular markers for Yr9, a Yr9 near-isogenic line, near-isogenic lines with nine other Yr genes, and the recurrent wheat parent 'Avocet Susceptible' were evaluated for resistance in the seedling stage to North American P s. tritici races under controlled temperature in the greenhouse. The resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) technique was used to identify molecular markers for Yr9. The BC7:F, and BC7:F3 progeny, which were developed by backcrossing the Yr9 donor wheat cultivar Clement with 'Avocet Susceptible', were evaluated for resistance to stripe rust races. Genomic DNA was extracted from 203 BC7:F2 plants and used for cosegregation analysis. Of 16 RGAP markers confirmed by cosegregation analysis, 4 were coincident with Yr9 and 12 were closely linked to Yr9 with a genetic distance ranging from 1 to 18 cM. Analyses of nullitetrasomic 'Chinese Spring' lines with the codominant RGAP marker Xwgp13 confirmed that the markers and Yr9 were located on chromosome 1B. Six wheat cultivars reported to have 1B/1R wheat-rye translocations and, presumably, Yr9, and two rye cultivars were inoculated with four races of P. s. tritici and tested with 9 of the 16 RGAP markers. Results of these tests indicate that 'Clement', 'Aurora', 'Lovrin 10', 'Lovrin 13', and 'Riebesel 47/51' have Yr9 and that 'Weique' does not have Yr9. The genetic information and molecular markers obtained from this study should be useful in cloning Yr9, in identifying germplasm that may have Yr9, and in using marker-assisted selection for combining Yr9 with other stripe rust resistance genes.

Incontinence. The role of the domiciliary nurse.

The domiciliary nurse is a fundamental member of the health care team. The Royal District Nursing Service (RDNS), Melbourne, employs 700 nurses and visits about 33,000 people per year. Many similarities exist between domiciliary care and general practice. This paper focuses on a low technological approach to continence, and it features one specific method of treatment: bladder training.