Measurement of Physical Activity Among Hospitalized Older Adults Living With Dementia.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to describe physical activity and the factors associated with physical activity among older adults living with dementia on medical units in acute care settings. Measures included accelerometry data from the MotionWatch 8, behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia, use of psychotropic medications, subjective reports of activities of daily living and other types of physical activity (e.g., walking to the bathroom, participating in therapy), delirium severity, and medications. The majority of the 204 participants were White (70%) and female (62%), with a mean age of 83 years. Over 24 hours of assessment, participants engaged in 15 (SD = 46) minutes of vigorous activity, 43 (SD = 54) minutes of moderate activity, 2 hours 50 (SD = 2) minutes of low-level activity, and 20 (SD = 3) hours of sedentary activity. Subjective walking activities, toileting, evidence of disinhibition, delirium severity, agitation, and use of psychotropic medications were associated with increased physical activity based on the MotionWatch 8. The findings provide information for rehabilitation nurses regarding factors associated with physical activity among patients with dementia admitted to acute care settings as well as some of the challenges associated with measurement of physical activity. Future research needs to continue to explore the impact of behavioral symptoms associated with dementia on physical activity and increase participation in activities that are functionally relevant.

Behavioral Assessment With the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised Is Safe and Feasible in Critically Ill Patients With Disorders of Consciousness.

OBJECTIVES: Accurate classification of disorders of consciousness (DoC) is key in developing rehabilitation plans after brain injury. The Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (CRS-R) is a sensitive measure of consciousness validated in the rehabilitation phase of care. We tested the feasibility, safety, and impact of CRS-R-guided rehabilitation in the ICU for patients with DoC after acute hemorrhagic stroke. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: This single-center study was conducted in the neurocritical care unit at the University of Maryland Medical Center. PATIENTS: We analyzed records from consecutive patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), who underwent serial CRS-R assessments during ICU admission from April 1, 2018, to December 31, 2021, where CRS-R less than 8 is vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS); CRS-R greater than or equal to 8 is a minimally conscious state (MCS). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Outcomes included adverse events during CRS-R evaluations and associations between CRS-R and discharge disposition, therapy-based function, and mobility. We examined the utility of CRS-R compared with other therapist clinical assessment tools in predicting discharge disposition. Seventy-six patients (22 SAH, 54 ICH, median age = 59, 50% female) underwent 276 CRS-R sessions without adverse events. Discharge to acute rehabilitation occurred in 4.4% versus 41.9% of patients with a final CRS-R less than 8 and CRS-R greater than or equal to 8, respectively (odds ratio [OR] 13.4; 95% CI, 2.7-66.1; p < 0.001). Patients with MCS on final CRS-R completed more therapy sessions during hospitalization and had improved mobility and functional performance. Compared with other therapy assessment tools, the CRS-R had the best performance in predicting discharge disposition (area under the curve: 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Early neurorehabilitation guided by CRS-R appears to be feasible and safe in the ICU following hemorrhagic stroke complicated by DoC and may enhance access to inpatient rehabilitation, with the potential for lasting benefit on recovery. Further research is needed to assess generalizability and understand the impact on long-term outcomes.

A Descriptive Study Using Rasch Analysis and Hypothesis Testing to Evaluate the Psychometric Properties of the UMOVE Mobility Screen Tested With Hospitalized Older Adults.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the UMOVE Mobility Screen in older adults living with dementia using a Rasch analysis and hypothesis testing. The UMOVE Mobility Screen (UMOVE) focuses on nine activities: following commands, muscle strength, and basic functional mobility tasks. Trained evaluators completed assessments on 244 patients, the majority of whom were female (62%), and White (71%). Based on Rasch Analysis, there was evidence of good item and person reliability (indexes > 0.80), good INFIT statistics, and only one item fitting the model based on OUTFIT statistics. Validity was supported based on hypothesis testing. There was no evidence of Differential Item Functioning between races and genders. Item mapping raised concerns about the spread of the items across the full spectrum of mobility assessed in the UMOVE Mobility Screen. Future testing should consider adding some easier and some more difficult items.

Implementation of the UMove Mobility Program to Promote Safe Patient Mobility and Reduce Falls in the Hospital Setting.

The purpose of the current quality improvement (QI) project was to implement the UMove Early Mobility Program to engage patients in safe out of bed (OOB) activities and reduce falls, specifically focusing on toileting-related falls, during the hospital stay. Eight nursing units implemented the UMove program, including the UMove Mobility Screen (UMove MS), to select strategies to reduce toileting-related falls while increasing mobility. De-identified, unit-based data were collected from hospital reports. Nursing had a 95% documentation compliance rate for the UMove MS, and OOB activities and ambulation were documented at 50% and 57%, respectively. There was no statistical difference found in reducing toileting-related falls or sustaining increased OOB activities across the 15-month QI project. Toileting-related falls approached significance with a rate reduction from 1.77 pre-implementation to 0.23 at 6 months and no toileting-related falls at 12 months. Despite no significant findings, there is evidence that clinical changes occurred with nurses assessing and promoting mobility, while implementing strategies to reduce toileting-related falls. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 17(1), 19-29.].

Differences in Medication Use by Gender and Race in Hospitalized Persons Living with Dementia.

The purpose of this study was to describe differences in treatment of White versus Black older adults, males versus females, and those living at home, assisted living, or nursing home communities with regard to the use of psychotropic, pain, and cardiovascular medications. Baseline data from the first 352 participants in the study, implementation of Function-Focused Care for Acute Care Using the Evidence Integration Triangle, were used. Data included age, gender, race, comorbidities, admission diagnosis, and living location prior to hospitalization, the Saint Louis University Mental Status exam, the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index, the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale, the Confusion Assessment Method, and medications prescribed. Generalized linear mixed model analyses were done, controlling for race or gender (depending on which comparison analysis was being done), age, cognitive status, hospital, delirium, and comorbidities. Medication use was significantly higher for White older adults, compared to Black older adults, for antidepressants, anxiolytics, non-opioid pain medications, and opioids and lower for antihypertensives. Females received more anxiolytics than their male counterparts. There were differences in medication use by living location with regard to non-opioid pain medication, antipsychotics, statins, and anticoagulants. The findings provide some current information about differences in medication use across groups of individuals and can help guide future research and hypothesis testing for approaches to minimizing these differences in treatment.

Factors Associated With Function-Focused Care Among Hospitalized Older Adults With Dementia.

BACKGROUND: Function-focused care is an approach used to increase physical activity in hospitalized older adults with dementia. OBJECTIVE: To explore factors associated with participation in function-focused care in this patient population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study using baseline data from the first 294 participants in an ongoing study on testing function-focused care for acute care using the evidence integration triangle. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 83.2 (8.0) years, and the majority were women (64%) and White (69%). Sixteen of the 29 hypothesized paths were significant and explained 25% of the variance in participation in function-focused care. Cognition, quality of care interactions, behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia, physical resilience, comorbidities, tethers, and pain were all indirectly associated with function-focused care through function and/or pain. Tethers, function, and quality of care interactions were all directly associated with function-focused care. The χ2/df was 47.7/7, the normed fit index was 0.88, and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.14. CONCLUSION: For hospitalized patients with dementia, the focus of care should be on treating pain and behavioral symptoms, reducing the use of tethers, and improving the quality of care interactions in order to optimize physical resilience, function, and participation in function-focused care.

Factors Associated With Function-Focused Care Among Hospitalized Older Adults Living With Dementia.

This article reports a study that was designed to describe the incidence of pain among older hospitalized patients with dementia and to evaluate the factors that influence pain among these individuals. It was hypothesized that function, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, delirium, pain treatment, and patient exposure to care interventions would be associated with pain. Patients who performed more functional activities had less delirium. They also experienced higher quality-of-care interactions and were less likely to have pain. The findings from this study support the relationship between function, delirium, and quality-of-care interactions and pain. It suggests that it may be useful to encourage patients with dementia to engage in functional and physical activity to prevent or manage pain. This study serves as a reminder to avoid neutral or negative care interactions among patients with dementia as a strategy to mediate delirium and pain.

Combining exercise, protein supplementation and electric stimulation to mitigate muscle wasting and improve outcomes for survivors of critical illness-The ExPrES study.

BACKGROUND: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with high protein supplementation (HPRO) to preserve muscle mass and function has not been assessed in ICU patients. We compared the effects of combining NMES and HPRO with mobility and strength rehabilitation (NMES+HPRO+PT) to standardized ICU care. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of combined NMES+HPRO+PT in mitigating sarcopenia as evidenced by CT volume and cross-sectional area when compared to usual ICU care. Additionally, we assessed the effects of the combined therapy on select clinical outcomes, including nutritional status, nitrogen balance, delirium and days on mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Participants were randomized by computer generated assignments to receive either NMES+HPRO+PT or standard care. Over 14 days the standardized ICU care group (N = 23) received usual critical care and rehabilitation while the NMES+HPRO+PT group (N = 16) received 30 min neuromuscular electrical stimulation of quadriceps and dorsiflexors twice-daily for 10 days and mean 1.3 ± 0.4 g/kg body weight of high protein supplementation in addition to standard care. Nonresponsive participants received passive exercises and, once responsive, were encouraged to exercise actively. Primary outcome measures were muscle volume and cross-sectional area measured using CT-imaging. Secondary outcomes included nutritional status, nitrogen balance, delirium and days on mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: The NMES+HPRO+PT group (N = 16) lost less lower extremity muscle volume compared to the standard care group (N = 23) and had larger mean combined thigh cross-sectional area. The nitrogen balance remained negative in the standard care group, while positive on days 5, 9, and 14 in the NMES+HPRO+PT group. Standard care group participants experienced more delirium than the NMES+HPRO+PT group. No differences between groups when comparing length of stay or mechanical ventilation days. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation, high protein supplementation and mobility and strength rehabilitation resulted in mitigation of lower extremity muscle loss and less delirium in mechanically ventilated ICU patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02509520. Registered July 28, 2015.

APTA Cross Sections and Academies Recommendations for COVID-19 Core Outcome Measures.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged as a major health concern within the United States in early 2020. Because this is a novel virus, little guidance exists for best practice to evaluate this population within the field of physical therapy. Methods: An expert task force appointed by the leadership of 9 different academies or sections of the American Physical Therapy Association was formed to develop recommendations for a set of core outcome measures for individuals with or recovering from COVID-19. Results: This perspective provides guidance on a best practice recommendation to physical therapists and researchers regarding the use of core outcome measures for individuals with or recovering from COVID-19. The process for the selection of core measures for this population is presented and discussed. Conclusions: Core outcome measures improve the ability to track progress and change across the continuum of care at both the patient and population levels.

The Effect of High Protein and Mobility-Based Rehabilitation on Clinical Outcomes in Survivors of Critical Illness.

BACKGROUND: Protein supplementation and mobility-based rehabilitation programs (MRP) individually improve functional outcomes in survivors of critical illness. We hypothesized that combining MRP therapy with high protein supplementation is associated with greater weaning success from prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) and increased discharge home in this population. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis assessing the effects of an MRP on a cohort of survivors of critical illness. All received usual care (UC) rehabilitation. The MRP group received 3 additional MRP sessions each week for a maximum of 8 weeks. Subjects were prescribed nutrition and classified as receiving high protein (HPRO) or low protein (LPRO), based on a recommended 1.0 g/kg/d, and then the subjects were categorized into 4 groups: MRP+HPRO, MRP+LPRO, UC+HPRO, and UC+LPRO. RESULTS: A total of 32 subjects were enrolled. The MRP+HPRO group had greater weaning success (90% vs 38%, P = .045) and a higher rate of discharge home (70% vs 13%, P = .037) compared to UC+LPRO group. The MRP+HPRO group had a higher, nonsignificant rate of discharge home compared to the MRP+LPRO (70% vs 20%, P = .10). CONCLUSIONS: Combining high protein with mobility-based rehabilitation was associated with increased rates of discharge home and ventilator weaning success in survivors of critical illness. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of combined exercise and nutrition interventions in this population.

A multimodal rehabilitation program for patients with ICU acquired weakness improves ventilator weaning and discharge home.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of adding a progressive multimodal rehabilitation program to usual care (MRP + UC) versus UC alone on 1) functional mobility, strength, endurance and 2) ventilator weaning and discharge status of patients with ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV). METHODS: Randomized pilot trial of an individualized MRP + UC versus UC in middle-aged and older ICU survivors with ICUAW receiving PMV. Outcomes compare changes in strength, mobility, weaning success and discharge home from a long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) between the groups. RESULTS: Eighteen males and 14 females (age 60.3 ±â€¯11.9 years) who received PMV for ≥14 days were enrolled. Despite no significant differences between groups in the changes in handgrip, gait speed, short physical performance battery or 6-min walk distance after treatment, the MRP + UC group had greater weaning success (87% vs. 41%, p < 0.01), and more patients discharged home than UC (53 vs. 12%, p = 0.05). Post hoc analyses, combining patients based on successful weaning or discharge home, demonstrated significant improvements in strength, ambulation and mobility. CONCLUSION: The addition of an MRP that improves strength, physical function and mobility to usual physical therapy in LTACH patients with ICUAW is associated with greater weaning success and discharge home than UC alone.

Safety and Feasibility of Early Physical Therapy for Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator: University of Maryland Medical Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility and safety of mobilizing patients while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Medical and Surgical ICUs in a large tertiary care hospital in the United States. PATIENTS: Adults supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation from January 2014 to December 2015. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We reviewed the medical records from physical therapy, perfusion, and intensivists to obtain the number and type of physical therapy interventions and discharge status; extracorporeal membranous oxygenation type and description of support, cannulation sites; and risk management details of adverse effects, if any. Of 254 patients supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation, 167 patients (66.7%) received a total of 607 physical therapy sessions while on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support. In this cohort, 134 patients (80.2%) had at least one femoral cannula during physical therapy intervention. Sixty-six of the 167 patients (39.5%) were supported on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation with bifemoral cannulas, and 44 (26.3%) were on veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. A dual lumen catheter was only used in five cases. Twenty-five patients (15%) (13 bifemoral cases) participated in standing or ambulation activities. Seventy-five patients (68.8%) who were successfully weaned from extracorporeal membranous oxygenation were discharged to a rehabilitation facility; 26 patients (23.8%) went home. Three minor events (< 0.5%) involving two episodes of arrhythmias and a hypotension event interrupted the therapy sessions, but mobility activities and exercises resumed that day. No major events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: With a highly trained multidisciplinary team and a focus on restoring function, it is feasible and safe to deliver early rehabilitation including standing and ambulation to patients on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support even those with femoral cannulation sites with veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and veno-venous extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.

The Impact of Pain Management with Opioids among Older Adults Post Orthopedic Trauma.

Pain has a significant effect on physical and psychological outcomes for older adults post orthopedic trauma. The purpose of this study was to describe the management of pain among older trauma patients and consider differences between those who received 3 or more dosages daily of opioids versus those who did not. This was a secondary data analysis using data from an intervention study testing the effect of Function Focused Care among older orthopedic trauma patients (FFC-AC). The FFC-AC study was done on trauma units in two acute care settings designated as Level I or II trauma centers from September 2014 to September 2015. All participants from the parent FFC-AC study were included. Data collection for the parent study was done within 24 hours of admission and within 24 hours of discharge and included demographics, medications, assessment of function, physical activity, mood, physical resilience, and whether the patient had pain and their pain intensity. Patient records included all 89 individuals from the parent study, 59 (66%) of whom were female and 82 (92%) were white. Records indicated that those who received more than three dosages per day of opioids had a shorter length of stay, were younger, had more intense pain, and were more resilient compared with those who received less than three dosages per day. This secondary data analysis provides support for the importance of considering pain and pain management among older adults post trauma.

Optimizing physical activity among older adults post trauma: Overcoming system and patient challenges.

BACKGROUND: By 2050 it is anticipated that close to half (40%) of all trauma patients will be over the age of 65. Recovery for these individuals is more complicated than among younger individuals. Early mobilization has been shown to improve outcomes. Unfortunately, there are many challenges to early mobilization. The Function Focused Care Intervention was developed to overcome these challenges. PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to describe the initial recruitment of the first 25 participants and delineate the challenges and successes associated with implementation of this intervention. RESULTS: Overall recruitment rates were consistent with other studies and the intervention was implemented as intended. Most patients were female, white and on average 79 years of age. Optimizing physical activity of patients was a low priority for the nurses with patient safety taking precedence. Patients spent most of the time in bed. Age, depression and tethering were the only factors that were associated with physical activity and functional outcomes of patients. CONCLUSION: Ongoing work is needed to keep patients physically active in the immediate post trauma recovery period.

Exposure to therapy of older patients with trauma and factors that influence provision of therapy.

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation as soon as possible after trauma decreases sedentary behavior, deconditioning, length of stay, and risk of rehospitalization. OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to describe exposure of older patients with trauma to rehabilitation and to explore factors associated with the number and initiation of therapy sessions. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of data from electronic medical records. METHODS: Randomly selected older patients with trauma were described with regard to demographics, trauma diagnoses, comorbidities, preadmission function, and exposure to therapy. Regression analyses explored factors associated with number of therapy sessions and days until therapy was ordered and completed. RESULTS: Records for 137 patients were randomly selected from records for 1,387 eligible patients who had trauma and were admitted over a 2-year period to a level I trauma center. The 137 patients received 303 therapy sessions. The sample included 63 men (46%) and 74 women (54%) who were 78 (SD=10) years of age; most patients were white (n=115 [84%]). All patients had orders for therapy, although 3 patients (2%) were never seen. An increase in comorbidities was associated with an increase in therapy sessions, a decrease in the number of days until an order was written, but an increase in the number of days from admission to evaluation. Injury severity was associated with a decrease in the number of days from admission to an order being written. A postponed or canceled therapy session was associated with increases in the number of days from admission to evaluation and in the number of days from an order being written to evaluation. LIMITATIONS: This study was a retrospective review of a small sample with subjective measures and several dichotomous variables. CONCLUSIONS: Increased injury severity, increased numbers of comorbidities, and postponed or canceled therapy sessions were associated with decreased time from admission to therapy orders, increased time from admission and orders to evaluation, and increased number of therapy sessions.

Physical therapist management of patients with ventricular assist devices: key considerations for the acute care physical therapist.

This article provides an overview of the utilization of ventricular assist devices (VADs), reviews the common features of VADs and management of VAD recipients, discusses clinical considerations in the rehabilitation process, and describes the role of the acute care physical therapist in the care of VAD recipients. With more than 5 million people in the United States with heart failure, and with a limited ability to manage the progressive and debilitating nature of heart failure, VADs are becoming more commonplace. In order to prescribe a comprehensive and effective plan of care, the physical therapist needs to understand the type and function of the VADs and the goals of the VAD program. The goals for the physical therapist are: (1) to deliver comprehensive rehabilitation services to patients on VAD support, (2) to develop an understanding of the role of functional mobility in recovery, and (3) to understand how preoperative physical function may contribute to the VAD selection process. The acute care physical therapist has an increasing role in providing a complex range of rehabilitation services, as well as serving as a well-educated resource to physical therapists across the health care spectrum, as more VAD recipients are living in the community.

Psychomotor performance in lung transplant recipients: simple reaction time.

BACKGROUND: Many transplant recipients report difficulty completing fine motor activities such as eating, writing and manipulating buttons. These impairments are thought to stem from the immunosuppressive medications being taken by these patients. The purpose of this study was to examine central and peripheral processes and the force regulation involved in producing appropriate and quality movement in lung transplant recipients. METHODS: Fifty-one right-handed subjects were recruited from 3 study groups (17 in each group): Group 1, lung transplant recipients (LTR); Group 2, subjects with advanced emphysema; and Group 3, healthy adult controls. Each subject completed a fine motor and gross motor simple reaction time task. Central processing was examined by measuring pre-motor time, peripheral processing was measured by motor time, and force regulation was measured using movement time. A 3 x 5 multivariate analysis of co-variance (MANCOVA) was utilized to examine group differences, with the performance on the 6-minute walk test serving as co-variant. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between medication and psychomotor performance. RESULTS: The lung transplant recipient group exhibited a longer movement time and a trend toward longer pre-motor times. There was also a significant relationship between medication and movement time. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that lung transplant recipients have deficits in psychomotor performance, which is consistent with the literature showing that immunosuppressive medications and hypoxia have adverse effects on skeletal muscle. This line of research is relevant to the restoration of function and improvement in quality of life of LTR.

Pattern and predictors of early rejection after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Most lung transplant recipients experience improvement in their underlying pulmonary condition but are faced with the threat of allograft rejection, the primary determinant of long-term survival. Several studies examined predictors of rejection, but few focused on the early period after transplantation. OBJECTIVES: To describe the pattern and predictors of early rejection during the first year after transplantation to guide the development of interventions to facilitate earlier detection and treatment of rejection. METHODS: Data for donor, recipient, and posttransplant variables were retrieved retrospectively for 250 recipients of single or double lung transplants. RESULTS: Most recipients (85%) had at least 1 episode of acute rejection; 33% had a single episode; 23% had recurrent rejection; 3% had persistent rejection; 13% had refractory rejection; and 14% had clinicopathological evidence of chronic rejection. Serious rejection (refractory acute rejection or chronic rejection) developed in 27% of recipients. Compared with other recipients, recipients who had serious rejection had more episodes of acute rejection (P = .004), and the first acute episodes occurred sooner after transplantation (P = .01) and were of a higher grade (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Recipients who experienced higher grades for their first episode of acute rejection (P = .03) and higher cumulative rejection scores (P = .004) were significantly more likely than other recipients to have serious rejection during the first year after transplantation.