RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) Program, canagliflozin reduced the rates of major adverse cardiovascular events and the results suggested a renal benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes who were at high risk for cardiovascular events, compared with those treated with placebo. Here we report the results of a prespecified exploratory analysis of the long-term effects of canagliflozin on a range of sustained and adjudicated renal outcomes. METHODS: The CANVAS Program consists of two double-blind, randomised trials that assessed canagliflozin versus placebo in participants with type 2 diabetes who were at high risk of cardiovascular events, done at 667 centres in 30 countries. People with type 2 diabetes and an HbA1c of 7·0-10·5% (53-91 mmol/mol) who were aged at least 30 years and had a history of symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease, or who were aged at least 50 years and had at least two cardiovascular risk factors were eligible to participate. Participants in CANVAS were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive 300 mg canagliflozin, 100 mg canagliflozin, or matching placebo once daily. Participants in CANVAS-R were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive canagliflozin or matching placebo, at an initial dose of 100 mg daily, with optional uptitration to 300 mg from week 13 or matching placebo. Participants and all study staff were masked to treatment allocations until study completion. Prespecified outcomes reported here include a composite of sustained and adjudicated doubling in serum creatinine, end-stage kidney disease, or death from renal causes; the individual components of this composite outcome; annual reductions in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); and changes in urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR). The trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, numbers NCT01032629 (CANVAS) and NCT01989754 (CANVAS-R). FINDINGS: Between Nov 17, 2009, and March 7, 2011 (CANVAS), and Jan 17, 2014, and May 29, 2015 (CANVAS-R), 15â494 people were screened, of whom 10â142 participants (with a baseline mean eGFR 76·5 mL/min per 1·73 m2, median UACR 12·3 mg/g, and 80% of whom were receiving renin-angiotensin system blockade) were randomly allocated to receive either canagliflozin or placebo. The composite outcome of sustained doubling of serum creatinine, end-stage kidney disease, and death from renal causes occurred less frequently in the canagliflozin group compared with the placebo group (1·5 per 1000 patient-years in the canagliflozin group vs 2·8 per 1000 patient-years in the placebo group; hazard ratio 0·53, 95% CI 0·33-0·84), with consistent findings across prespecified patient subgroups. Annual eGFR decline was slower (slope difference between groups 1·2 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year, 95% CI 1·0-1·4) and mean UACR was 18% lower (95% CI 16-20) in participants treated with canagliflozin than in those treated with placebo. Total serious renal-related adverse events were similar between the canagliflozin and placebo groups (2·5 vs 3·3 per 1000 patient-years; HR 0·76, 95% CI 0·49-1·19). INTERPRETATION: In a prespecified exploratory analysis, canagliflozin treatment was associated with a reduced risk of sustained loss of kidney function, attenuated eGFR decline, and a reduction in albuminuria, which supports a possible renoprotective effect of this drug in people with type 2 diabetes. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development.
Assuntos
Canagliflozina/uso terapêutico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Nefropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Albuminúria , Canagliflozina/efeitos adversos , Creatinina/sangue , Creatinina/urina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Feminino , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Nefropatias/etiologia , Nefropatias/patologia , Masculino , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A novel series of 5-membered heterocycle-containing phenylpropanoic acid derivatives was discovered as potent GPR120 agonists with low clearance, high oral bioavailability and in vivo antidiabetic activity in rodents.
Assuntos
Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Fenilpropionatos/química , Fenilpropionatos/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Glicemia/análise , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Células HEK293 , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacocinética , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fenilpropionatos/farmacocinética , Fenilpropionatos/uso terapêutico , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Novel antibacterial fluoroquinolone agents bearing a 4-alkylidenylpiperidine 7-position substituent are active against quinolone-susceptible and quinolone-resistant gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae and MRSA. Analogs 22b, 23c, and 24 demonstrated superior in vitro and in vivo efficacy to ciprofloxacin against these cocci.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Inibidores da Topoisomerase/farmacologia , HumanosRESUMO
A series of pyrrolopyridine-substituted oxazolidinones containing various C-5 acetamide isosteres was synthesized and the structure-antibacterial activity relationships determined against a representative panel of susceptible and resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/química , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Oxazolidinonas/química , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Piridinas/química , Antibacterianos/química , Enterococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Linezolida , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
At least 18 antibacterial agents are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible and resistant bacteria. The beta-lactam class includes new parenteral carbapenems and cephalosporins with varying spectra of activities. The glycopeptides are antibiotics with in vitro activity primarily against Gram-positive bacteria, including multi-resistant strains. Three quinolones are being investigated for use against a variety of Gram-positive and respiratory Gram-negative organisms. Several other classes of antibacterial agents currently in clinical trials are represented by a glycolipodepsipeptide, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, an oxazolidinone, two peptide antibiotics, a glycylcycline, and a peptide deformylase inhibitor, a member of a new antibacterial class.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/química , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Avaliação de Medicamentos , HumanosRESUMO
A novel series of 3,5-diarylisoxazole and 3,5-diaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole IL-8 inhibitors has been identified. These compounds exhibit activity in an IL-8 binding assay as well as in a functional assay of IL-8 induced elastase release from neutrophils. In addition, one of the compounds exhibits oral activity in a rat adjuvant arthritis model.
Assuntos
Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Oxidiazóis/química , Oxidiazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Isoxazóis/administração & dosagem , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Oxidiazóis/administração & dosagem , Oxidiazóis/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of oxazolidinone antibacterial agents containing a 5-substituted isoxazol-3-yl moiety were synthesized via a nitrile oxide [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction. These compounds were screened against a panel of susceptible and resistant Gram-positive organisms. Several analogs from this series were comparable to or more potent than linezolid in vitro.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Isoxazóis/síntese química , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Feminino , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologiaRESUMO
A novel series of oxazolidinones containing a pyrroloaryl substituent was synthesized and screened against a representative panel of susceptible and resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Several members of this series were found to have antibacterial activity comparable to or better than linezolid.
Assuntos
Acetamidas/síntese química , Acetamidas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Acetamidas/química , Antibacterianos/química , Linezolida , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Oxazolidinonas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents, where the morpholino group of linezolid was replaced with an N-substituted piperidinyloxy moiety, were synthesized and shown to be active against a variety of resistant and susceptible Gram-positive organisms. The functionality attached to the piperidine nitrogen was varied extensively to determine the SAR for this series. One of the most potent compounds, 11, showed in vivo efficacy upon subcutaneous administration in a Staphylococcus aureus Smith murine systemic infection.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Oxazolidinonas/química , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Animais , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Benzonitrile oxides undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with methyl cinnamate to produce the 5-phenyl and 4-phenyl regioisomers in approximately an 80:20 ratio. However, use of N,N-diethylcinnamide as the dipolarophile unexpectedly resulted in the formation of the 5-phenyl and 4-phenyl regioisomers in a 23:77 ratio. Studies have shown that this phenomena occurs only for tertiary cinnamides. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the phenyl group of tertiary cinnamides is not essential for the reversal of regioselectivity since crotonamides produce the same results and trends as the cinnamides. However, since acrylates and acrylamides both produce the 5-carbonyl regioisomers, it can be concluded that the beta-substituent is playing a key role for the unexpected results by possibly increasing steric interactions between the dipole and dipolarophile in the transition state. Transition state energies were calculated for the regioisomeric cycloadduct pairs derived from several crotonamides as well as methyl crotonate. These calculations indicate that steric factors are indeed responsible for the reversal of regioselectivity.