DNA Damage Increases Secreted Aß40 and Aß42 in Neuronal Progenitor Cells: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest a strong association between neuronal DNA damage, elevated levels of amyloid-ß (Aß), and regions of the brain that degenerate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nature of this association, we tested the hypothesis that extensive DNA damage leads to an increase in Aß40 and Aß42 generation. METHODS: We utilized an immortalized human neuronal progenitor cell line (NPCs), ReN VM GA2. NPCs or 20 day differentiated neurons were treated with hydrogen peroxide or etoposide and allowed to recover for designated times. Sandwich ELISA was used to assess secreted Aß40 and Aß42. Western blotting, immunostaining, and neutral comet assay were used to evaluate the DNA damage response and processes indicative of AD pathology. RESULTS: We determined that global hydrogen peroxide damage results in increased cellular Aß40 and Aß42 secretion 24 h after treatment in ReN GA2 NPCs. Similarly, DNA double strand break (DSB)-specific etoposide damage leads to increased Aß40 and Aß42 secretion 2 h and 4 h after treatment in ReN GA2 NPCs. In contrast, etoposide damage does not increase Aß40 and Aß42 secretion in post-mitotic ReN GA2 neurons. CONCLUSION: These findings provide evidence that in our model, DNA damage is associated with an increase in Aß secretion in neuronal progenitors, which may contribute to the early stages of neuronal pathology in AD.

Cigarette smoke exposure enhances transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 turnover and thereby promotes emphysema.

Our integrative genomic and functional analysis identified transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2 (TACC2) as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) candidate gene. Here, we found that smokers with COPD exhibit a marked decrease in lung TACC2 protein levels relative to smokers without COPD. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals that TACC2 is expressed primarily in lung epithelial cells in normal human lungs. Furthermore, suppression of TACC2 expression impairs the efficiency of homologous recombination repair and augments spontaneous and cigarette smoke extract-induced (CSE-induced) DNA damage and cytotoxicity in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. By contrast, enforced expression of TACC2 attenuates the CSE effects. We also found that CSE enhances TACC2 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediated by the ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit, F box L7. Furthermore, cellularly expressed TACC2 proteins harboring naturally occurring mutations exhibited altered protein lifespan coupled with modified DNA damage repair and cytotoxic responses. CS triggers emphysematous changes accompanied by accumulated DNA damage, apoptosis of alveolar epithelia, and lung inflammation in Tacc2-/- compared with Tacc2+/+ mice. Our results suggest that CS destabilizes TACC2 protein in lung epithelia by the ubiquitin proteasome system, leading to subsequent DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and emphysema.

RAD52 is required for RNA-templated recombination repair in post-mitotic neurons.

It has been long assumed that post-mitotic neurons only utilize the error-prone non-homologous end-joining pathway to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) associated with oxidative damage to DNA, given the inability of non-replicating neuronal DNA to utilize a sister chromatid template in the less error-prone homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway. However, we and others have found recently that active transcription triggers a replication-independent recombinational repair mechanism in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here we observed that the HR repair protein RAD52 is recruited to sites of DNA DSBs in terminally differentiated, post-mitotic neurons. This recruitment is dependent on the presence of a nascent mRNA generated during active transcription, providing evidence that an RNA-templated HR repair mechanism exists in non-dividing, terminally differentiated neurons. This recruitment of RAD52 in neurons is decreased by transcription inhibition. Importantly, we found that high concentrations of amyloid ß, a toxic protein associated with Alzheimer's disease, inhibits the expression and DNA damage response of RAD52, potentially leading to a defect in the error-free, RNA-templated HR repair mechanism. This study shows a novel RNA-dependent repair mechanism of DSBs in post-mitotic neurons and demonstrates that defects in this pathway may contribute to neuronal genomic instability and consequent neurodegenerative phenotypes such as those seen in Alzheimer's disease.