Synthesis of [111]- and {010}-faceted anatase TiO2 nanocrystals from tri-titanate nanosheets and their photocatalytic and DSSC performances.

[111]- and {010}-faceted anatase nanocrystals with controllable crystal size and morphology were synthesized from tri-titanate H2Ti3O7 nanosheets by hydrothermal reaction. The nanostructures and the formation reaction mechanism of the obtained TiO2 nanocrystals were investigated using XRD, FE-SEM, and TEM. Furthermore, the photocatalytic and dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) performances of the synthesized anatase nanocrystals were also characterized. Two types of reactions occur in the formation process of the anatase nanocrystals. One is an in situ topochemical conversion reaction of the layered titanate structure to an anatase structure, and another is the dissolution-deposition reaction on the particle surface, which splits the formed nanosheet-like particles into small TiO2 nanocrystals. The surface photocatalytic activity and the DSSC performance of the anatase nanocrystals are dependent on the crystal facet exposed on the particle surface, which increases in the order of non-facet < [111]-facet < {010}-facet. The increasing order corresponds to the increasing order of the bandgap and energy level of the lowest valence band of the anatase nanocrystals. Furthermore, the facet of the anatase also affects the DSSC performance, which is enhanced in the order of non-facet < [111]-facet < {010}-facet.

Transformation of potassium Lindquist hexaniobate to various potassium niobates: solvothermal synthesis and structural evolution mechanism.

This paper introduces the formation reactions and reaction mechanisms of a series of potassium niobates from a potassium salt of the Lindquist hexaniobate [Nb6O19](8-) ion under solvothermal conditions. The structure and particle morphology of the potassium niobate product can be controlled easily with the reaction solution alkalinity using this solvothermal process. KNb3O8 with a plate-like morphology, K4Nb6O17·4.5H2O with a plate-like morphology, a new phase of K2Nb2O6·H2O with fibrous morphology, KNbO3 perovskites with cubic morphology are obtained at pH = 5.5, and in 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 mol L(-1) KOH solutions at 230 °C, respectively. The reaction conditions are much milder than those in the normal hydrothermal process. Furthermore, the K2Nb2O6·H2O fibers can be topotactically transformed into KNbO3 fibers, Nb2O5 fibers after H(+)-exchange-treatment, and LiNbO3 fibers after Li(+)-exchange-treatment by heat-treatments at 730, 560, and 520 °C, respectively. The formation reaction and structure of these potassium niobates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectra and TG-DTA. The formation mechanism of this series of potassium niobates from the [Nb6O19](8-) precursor is systematically explained via the correlation between the octahedrons [NbO6] sharing forms in the precursor structure and in the product structures.

Relationships between cell parameters of dye-sensitized solar cells and dye-adsorption parameters.

The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is affected strongly by sensitizer-dye adsorption behavior on TiO(2) nanocrystal electrode. This study reports quantitative relationships between DSC cell performance parameters and dye-adsorption parameters for the first time. We discovered a logarithmic relationship between short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) and dye-adsorption equilibrium constant on TiO(2) surface, and a linear relationship between open-circuit potential (V(oc)) and dye-adsorption density on TiO(2) surface for DSCs. These relationships provide a convenient method for forecasting the performance of TiO(2) nanoparticles for DSCs from the dye-adsorption parameters, and also indicate future directions for the development of high-performance TiO(2) nanoparticles for DSCs.

A new ion-exchange adsorbent with paramagnetic properties for the separation of genomic DNA.

A new ion-exchange adsorbent (IEA) derived from Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE with paramagnetic properties was prepared. Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were firstly prepared in water-in-oil microemulsion. The magnetic Fe(3)O(4) particles were modified in situ by hydrolysis and condensation reactions with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to form the core-shell Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2). The modified particles were further treated by 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to form Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS nanoparticles. Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE nanoparticles (IEA) were finally obtained through the condensation reaction between the Cl of diethylaminoethyl chloride-HCl (DEAE) and the epoxy groups of GPTMS in the Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS. The obtained IEA has features of paramagnetic and ion exchange properties because of the Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles and protonated organic amine in the sample. The intermediates and final product obtained in the synthesis process were characterized. The separation result of genomic DNA from blood indicated that Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)-GPTMS-DEAE nanoparticles have outstanding advantages in operation, selectivity, and capacity.

Single nanocrystals of anatase-type TiO2 prepared from layered titanate nanosheets: formation mechanism and characterization of surface properties.

Anatase-type TiO2 single nanocrystals with boatlike, comblike, sheetlike, leaflike, quadrate, rhombic, and wirelike particle morphologies were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of a layered titanate nanosheet colloidal solution. The formation reactions and surface properties of the TiO2 nanocrystals were investigated using XRD, TEM, TG-DTA analyses, and measurements of BET specific surface area, photocatalytic activity, and ruthenium dye (N719) adsorption. The crystal morphology can be controlled by reaction temperature, pH value of reaction solution, and exfoliating agent. The titanate nanosheets were transformed to the TiO2 nanocrystals by two types of reactions. One is an in situ topotactic structural transformation reaction, and the other is a dissolution-deposition reaction on the surface. The anatase nanocrystals formed by the in situ topotactic structural transformation reaction retain the sheetlike particle morphology of the precursor, and they preferentially expose the (010) plane of anatase structure. The crystal surface of anatase nanocrystals prepared in this study showed higher photocatalytic activity and higher ruthenium dye adsorption capacity than did the Ishihara ST-01 sample, a standard anatase nanocrystal sample. The results indicated the (010) plane of the anatase structure has high photocatalytic activity and high ruthenium dye adsorption ability.