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INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate the associations of comorbidities with knee symptoms and radiographic abnormalities of osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Participants were from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Comorbidities were identified at baseline using the modified Charlson Comorbidity Index. For both knees, symptoms were assessed annually from baseline to 48 months using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain and function scores (rescaled range 0-100), and radiographic abnormalities using the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL, 0-4) grades. The presence of significant pain and functional disability was defined as a WOMAC score of ≥ 25 and ≥ 22, respectively, and radiographic OA (ROA) as KL ≥ 2. An increase of ≥ 9 in WOMAC scores and ≥ 1 in KL grades were defined as symptomatic and radiographic progression, respectively. RESULTS: Of 3337 participants, 28% and 9% had one and ≥ 2 comorbidities, respectively. The number of comorbidities was associated with the presence of significant functional disability (odds ratios [ORs] 1.15; 1.46) and predicted the progression of both knee pain and functional disability (ORs 1.11; 1.51). For the type of comorbidities, non-OA musculoskeletal diseases were associated with the presence of ROA and significant functional disability (ORs 1.63; 1.82) and showed a trend to predict incident ROA (OR 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.00-3.38 p = 0.051). Diabetes and kidney diseases were associated with symptomatic progression of OA (ORs 1.38; 2.72). CONCLUSIONS: Having more comorbidities, especially diabetes and kidney diseases, is associated with symptomatic progression of knee OA. Moreover, non-OA musculoskeletal diseases may be associated with the presence and onset of ROA.
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Sample pretreatment is a vital step in the detection of mycotoxins, and traditional pretreatment methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive and generate much organic waste liquid. In this work, an automatic, high-throughput and environmentally friendly pretreatment method is proposed. Immunomagnetic beads technology and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technology are combined, and the zearalenone in corn oils is directly purified and concentrated under the solubilization effects of surfactant. The proposed pretreatment method allows for the batch pretreatment of samples without pre-extraction using organic reagents, and almost no organic waste liquid is produced. Coupled with UPLC-FLD, an effective and accurate quantitative detection method for zearalenone is established. The recovery of spiked zearalenone in corn oils at different concentrations ranges from 85.7 to 89.0%, and the relative standard deviation is below 2.9%. The proposed pretreatment method overcomes the shortcomings of traditional pretreatment methods and has broad application prospects.
