Experimental realization of an optical second with strontium lattice clocks.

Progress in realizing the SI second had multiple technological impacts and enabled further constraint of theoretical models in fundamental physics. Caesium microwave fountains, realizing best the second according to its current definition with a relative uncertainty of 2-4 × 10(-16), have already been overtaken by atomic clocks referenced to an optical transition, which are both more stable and more accurate. Here we present an important step in the direction of a possible new definition of the second. Our system of five clocks connects with an unprecedented consistency the optical and the microwave worlds. For the first time, two state-of-the-art strontium optical lattice clocks are proven to agree within their accuracy budget, with a total uncertainty of 1.5 × 10(-16). Their comparison with three independent caesium fountains shows a degree of accuracy now only limited by the best realizations of the microwave-defined second, at the level of 3.1 × 10(-16).

Experimental determination of the ²4Mg I (3s3p)³P2 lifetime.

We present the first experimental determination of the electric-dipole forbidden (3s3p)³P2→(3s²)¹S0 (M2) transition rate in ²4Mg and compare to state-of-the-art theoretical predictions. Our measurement exploits a magnetic trap isolating the sample from perturbations and a magneto-optical trap as an amplifier converting each ³P2→¹S0 decay event into millions of photons readily detected. The transition rate is determined to be (4.87 ± 0.3)×10⁻4 s⁻¹ corresponding to a ³P2 lifetime of 2050(-110)(+140) sec. This value is in agreement with recent theoretical predictions, and to our knowledge the longest lifetime ever determined in a laboratory environment.

Lattice-induced frequency shifts in Sr optical lattice clocks at the 10(-17) level.

We present a comprehensive study of the frequency shifts associated with the lattice potential in a Sr lattice clock by comparing two such clocks with a frequency stability reaching 5×10(-17) after a 1 h integration time. We put the first experimental upper bound on the multipolar M1 and E2 interactions, significantly smaller than the recently predicted theoretical upper limit, and give a 30-fold improved upper limit on the effect of hyperpolarizability. Finally, we report on the first observation of the vector and tensor shifts in a Sr lattice clock. Combining these measurements, we show that all known lattice related perturbations will not affect the clock accuracy down to the 10(-17) level, even for lattices as deep as 150 recoil energies.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and pulmonary function.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment exposes the lungs to the potentially toxic effect of free oxygen radicals and may lead to impairment of pulmonary function. HBO2 significantly improves wound healing in patients with osteoradionecrosis of the mandible following radiation therapy for intraoral cancer. In 18 consecutive patients with osteoradionecrosis of the mandible, pulmonary function was assessed during 6 wk of HBO2 treatment, applied daily in a monoplace chamber for 90 min and at a partial oxygen pressure of 2.4 atm abs. Pretreatment forced vital capacity (FVC) was 104 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD) of a reference population, the 1 s forced expiratory volume (FEV1) 95 +/- 20%, total lung capacity (TLC) 100 +/- 13%, and the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DL(CO)) 81 +/- 17% (P < 0.05, compared to reference population). These parameters remained unchanged throughout the treatment period (after 6 wk and expressed relative to the percentage of the expected value at baseline): deltaFVC: +4 +/- 8%; deltaFEV1: -2 +/- 4%; deltaTLC: +2 +/- 5%; deltaDL(CO): 0 +/- 9%; deltaRV 0 +/- 11%. It is concluded that intermittent HBO2 treatment in a monoplace chamber has no persistent effect on pulmonary function and can be offered even to patients with a reduced diffusing capacity.

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on irradiated oral tissues: transmucosal oxygen tension measurements.

PURPOSE: This study measured the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on transmucosal oxygen tension in irradiated human oral mucosa. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients received 30 dives of HBO as part of their treatment for mandibular osteoradionecrosis. A noninvasive, nonheated oxygen electrode was used to measure the tissue surface transmucosal oxygen tension directly on the attached gingiva. Measurements were done before, during, and after HBO treatment. The normal level of gingival surface transmucosal oxygen tension was measured in five healthy volunteers. RESULTS: During HBO treatment, the transmucosal oxygen tension increased significantly after five dives of HBO (P < .05). After 30 dives, the increases were from a mean of 50% to a mean of 86% of the transmucosal oxygen tension of normal healthy gingiva. CONCLUSION: An increase in the transmucosal oxygen tension is based on neo-angiogenesis. Patients with subischemic tissues, such as the study population with postirradiation mucosal and osseous necrosis, therefore may benefit from treatment with HBO.