Regio- and stereoselective ring-opening reactions of epoxides with indoles and pyrroles in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol.

Aliphatic and aromatic epoxides react regio- and stereoselectively with indoles and pyrroles in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol without the use of a catalyst or any other additive. While aromatic epoxides are selectively attacked at the benzylic position, aliphatic epoxides react at the less-substituted position. Chiral epoxides react with >99 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess).

Nucleophilic reactivities of indoles.

The kinetics of the coupling of indole (1a), N-methylindole (1b), 5-methoxyindole (1c), and 5-cyanoindole (1d) with a set of reference benzhydryl cations have been investigated in acetonitrile and/or dichloromethane. The second-order rate constants for the reactions correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameter E of the benzhydryl cations. This allows the determination of the reactivity parameters, N and s, characterizing the nucleophilicity of 1a-d according to the linear free enthalpy relationship log k(20 degrees C) = s(N + E) (Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 66). The nucleophilicity parameters thus defined describe nicely the reactions of 1a-d with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (2), a neutral superelectrophilic heteroaromatic whose electrophilicity (E) has been recently determined. On this ground, the kinetics of the coupling of 2 with a large variety of indole structures have been studied in acetonitrile, leading to a ranking of this family of pi-excessive carbon nucleophiles over a large domain of the nucleophilicity scale N. Importantly, two linear and parallel correlations are obtained on plotting the measured N values versus the pK(a)(H(2)O) values for protonation at C-3 of 5-X-substituted indoles and 5-X-substituted 2-methylindoles, respectively. This splitting reveals that the presence of the 2-methyl group causes steric hindrance to the approach of 2 from the adjacent C-3 position of an indole structure. The N vs pK(a)(H(2)O) correlation for 5-X-substituted indoles is used for a rapid determination of the C-3 basicity of indoles whose acidity constants cannot be measured through equilibrium studies in strongly acidic aqueous media.

Electrophilic allylations and benzylations of indoles in neutral aqueous or alcoholic solutions.

[reaction: see text] Indoles are allylated and benzylated in moderate to quantitative yield when stirred with allyl and benzyl halides in 80% aqueous acetone in the presence of NH(4)HCO(3) at room temperature.