[Withdrawal of chronic mechanical ventilation at home: coordination, organisation and implementation]. / Beëindiging van chronische beademing in de thuissituatie.

In the Netherlands, an increasing number of patients are dependent on domiciliary ventilation. General practitioners and elderly care physicians caring for these patients are increasingly confronted with problems related to chronic ventilation. Most patients die due to progression of respiratory failure, however, patients may ask their physician to electively withdraw their assisted ventilation. According to the Dutch Medical Treatment Contracts Act, withdrawal of domiciliary ventilation at the request of a patient constitutes normal medical care and concerns neither the assessment of, nor the compliance with, a request for euthanasia. Currently, there is no Dutch guidance or guideline containing practical advice regarding the medical, ethical, organisational and supportive aspects of withdrawal of domiciliary ventilation. This paper addresses the planning necessary for the patient and between treating professionals, for the organisation and implementation of withdrawal of domiciliary ventilation at the patient's home, a nursing home or hospice.

Pneumothorax as a complication of lung volume recruitment.

Lung volume recruitment involves deep inflation techniques to achieve maximum insufflation capacity in patients with respiratory muscle weakness, in order to increase peak cough flow, thus helping to maintain airway patency and improve ventilation. One of these techniques is air stacking, in which a manual resuscitator is used in order to inflate the lungs. Although intrathoracic pressures can rise considerably, there have been no reports of respiratory complications due to air stacking. However, reaching maximum insufflation capacity is not recommended in patients with known structural abnormalities of the lungs or chronic obstructive airway disease. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who had poliomyelitis as a child, developed torsion scoliosis and post-polio syndrome, and had periodic but infrequent asthma attacks. After performing air stacking for 3 years, the patient suddenly developed a pneumothorax, indicating that this technique should be used with caution or not at all in patients with a known pulmonary pathology.

Pneumothorax as a complication of lung volume recruitment / Pneumotórax como complicação associada ao recrutamento do volume pulmonar

Lung volume recruitment involves deep inflation techniques to achieve maximum insufflation capacity in patients with respiratory muscle weakness, in order to increase peak cough flow, thus helping to maintain airway patency and improve ventilation. One of these techniques is air stacking, in which a manual resuscitator is used in order to inflate the lungs. Although intrathoracic pressures can rise considerably, there have been no reports of respiratory complications due to air stacking. However, reaching maximum insufflation capacity is not recommended in patients with known structural abnormalities of the lungs or chronic obstructive airway disease. We report the case of a 72-year-old woman who had poliomyelitis as a child, developed torsion scoliosis and post-polio syndrome, and had periodic but infrequent asthma attacks. After performing air stacking for 3 years, the patient suddenly developed a pneumothorax, indicating that this technique should be used with caution or not at all in patients with a known pulmonary pathology.

O recrutamento do volume pulmonar envolve técnicas de insuflações pulmonares profundas para se atingir a capacidade de insuflação máxima em pacientes com fraqueza da musculatura respiratória, a fim de aumentar o pico de fluxo da tosse e assim auxiliar a manutenção da patência de vias aéreas e melhorar a ventilação. Uma dessas técnicas é o empilhamento de ar, na qual se utiliza um ressuscitador manual para insuflar os pulmões. Embora as pressões intratorácicas possam aumentar consideravelmente, não há relatos de complicações por empilhamento de ar. Entretanto, atingir a capacidade de insuflação máxima não é recomendado em pacientes com anormalidades na estrutura pulmonar ou doença obstrutiva crônica das vias aéreas. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 72 anos que teve poliomielite quando criança, desenvolveu escoliose de torção e síndrome pós-pólio e tinha exacerbações de asma periódicas, mas infrequentes. Após realizar empilhamento de ar por 3 anos, a paciente subitamente desenvolveu pneumotórax, mostrando que essa técnica deve ser utilizada com cuidado ou não ser utilizada por pacientes com patologia pulmonar conhecida.

[Lung volume recruitment in impending respiratory failure]. / Longvolumerekrutering bij dreigend respiratoir falen.

Lung volume recruitment can improve peak cough flows and respiratory compliance in patients who either do or do not require mechanical ventilation. There are several lung volume recruitment techniques: air stacking, glossopharyngeal breathing and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation with cough assist devices. The principle of lung volume recruitment is based on the insufflation of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration. In air stacking, a manual resuscitation bag is used for insufflation. Glossopharyngeal breathing requires the use of oropharyngeal and laryngeal muscles by the patient. The mechanical cough assist device exsufflates the air after insufflation. These techniques may prevent pulmonary complications, hospital admission and tracheotomy in patients with a reduced ability to cough, a proclivity towards atelectasis and recurrent airway infections. The combination of long-term mechanical ventilation with lung volume recruitment has led to further improvement in the prognosis of chronic respiratory failure. More patients may potentially benefit from lung volume recruitment than only those being converted from short-term to long-term mechanical ventilation.

[Obesity hypoventilation syndrome--serious but reversible providing weight is lost]. / Obesitas-hypoventilatiesyndroom: ernstig, maar reversibel bij gewichtsreductie.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a condition in which obesity and chronic hypoventilation during waking hours are combined. Patients with OHS are more likely to be hospitalized and to require intensive-care monitoring compared with patients with similar degrees of obesity without hypoventilation. Treatment with chronic non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is associated with a lower morbidity and mortality. We present 2 cases of OHS; in the first case, a 56-year-old woman, we show that it is very important to diagnose and treat OHS at an early stage in order to avoid severe morbidity. In the second case, a 31-year-old man, we show that if a patient with OHS and chronic NPPV looses a significant amount of weight NPPV can be discontinued. Patients with OHS should be treated in a multidisciplinary team in order to achieve significant weight loss, so NPPV could be a temporary treatment or even be avoided.