Assessing functional recovery following total knee replacement surgery using objective classification of level gait data and patient-reported outcome measures.

BACKGROUND: Patient recovery can be quantified objectively, via gait analysis, or subjectively, using patient reported outcome measures. Association between these measures would explain the level of disability reported in patient reported outcome measures and could assist with therapeutic decisions. METHODS: Total knee replacement outcome was assessed using objective classification and patient-reported outcome measures (Knee Outcome Survey and Oxford Knee Scores). A classifier was trained to distinguish between healthy and osteoarthritic characteristics using knee kinematics, ground reaction force and temporal gait data, combined with anthropometric data from 32 healthy and 32 osteoarthritis knees. For the osteoarthritic cohort, classification of 20 subjects quantified changes at up to 3 timepoints post-surgery. FINDINGS: Osteoarthritic classification was reduced for 17 subjects when comparing pre- to post-operative assessments, however only 6 participants achieved non-pathological classification and only 4 of these were classified as non-pathological at 12 months. In 15 cases, the level of osteoarthritic classification did not decrease between every post-operative assessment. For an individual's recovery, classification outputs correlated (r > 0.5) with knee outcome survey for 75% of patients and oxford knee score for 78% of patients (based on 20 and 9 subjects respectively). Classifier outputs from all visits of the combined total knee replacement sample correlated moderately with knee outcome survey (r > 0.4) and strongly with oxford knee score (r > 0.6). INTERPRETATION: Biomechanical deficits existed in most subjects despite improvements in Patient Reported Outcome Measures, with larger changes reported subjectively as compared to measured objectively. Objective Classification provides additional insight alongside Patient Reported Outcomes when reporting recovered outcomes.

Correlations between patient-perceived outcome and objectively-measured biomechanical change following Total Knee Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Total Knee Replacement (TKR) surgery is being utilised in a younger, more active population with greater functional expectations. Understanding whether patient-perceived measures of function reflect objective biomechanical measures is critical in understanding whether functional limitations can be adequately captured within a clinical setting. RESEARCH QUESTION: Do changes in objective gait biomechanics measures reflect patient-reported outcome measures at approximately 12 months following TKR surgery? METHODS: Three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 41 patients with OA who were scheduled for TKR surgery, 22 of which have returned for a (9-24 month) follow-up assessment. Principal Component Analysis was used to define features of variation between OA subjects and an additional 31 non-pathological control subjects. These were used to train the Cardiff Classifier, an objective classification technique, and subsequently quantify changes following TKR surgery. Patient-perceived changes were also assessed using the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Knee Outcome Survey (KOS), and Pain Audit Collection System scores (PACS). Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to establish the relationship between changes in objectively-measured and perceived outcome. RESULTS: Objective measures of biomechanical change were strongly correlated to changes in OKS(r=-0.695, p < 0.001) and KOS(r=-.810, p < 0.001) assessed outcomes. Pain (PACS) was only related to biomechanical function post-operatively (r=-.623, p = 0.003). SIGNIFICANCE: In this biomechanics study, the relationship between changes in objective function and patient-reported measures pre to post TKR surgery is stronger than in studies which did not include biomechanics metrics. Quality of movement may hold more significance for a patient's perception of improvement than functional measures which consider only the time taken or distance travelled during functional activities.

Abnormal loading and functional deficits are present in both limbs before and after unilateral knee arthroplasty.

Unilateral knee replacement is often followed by a contralateral replacement in time and the biomechanics of the other knee before and after knee replacement remains poorly understood. The aim of this paper is to distinguish the features of arthritic gait in the affected and unaffected legs relative to a normal population and to assess the objective recovery of gait function post-operatively, with the aim of defining patients at risk of poor post-operative function. Twenty patients with severe knee OA but no pain or deformity in any other lower limb joint were compared to twenty healthy subjects of the same age. Gait analysis was performed and quadriceps and hamstrings co-contraction was measured. Fifteen subjects returned 1year following knee arthroplasty. Moments and impulses were calculated, principal component analysis was used to analyse the waveforms and a classification technique (the Cardiff Classifier) was used to select the most discriminant data and define functional performance. Comparing pre-operative function to healthy function, classification accuracies for the affected and unaffected knees were 95% and 92.5% respectively. Post-operatively, the affected limb returned to the normal half of the classifier in 8 patients, and 7 of those patients returned to normal function in the unaffected limb. Recovery of normal gait could be correctly predicted 13 out of 15 times at the affected knee, and 12 out of 15 times at the unaffected knee based on pre-operative gait function. Focused rehabilitation prior to surgery may be beneficial to optimise outcomes and protect the other joints following knee arthroplasty.

Combined effect of toe out gait and high tibial osteotomy on knee adduction moment in patients with varus knee deformity.

BACKGROUND: Gait adaptations, including toe out gait, have been proposed as treatments for knee osteoarthritis. The clinical application of toe out gait, however, is unclear. This study aims to identify the changes in Knee adduction moment in varus knee deformity assessing toe out gait as an alternative to high tibial osteotomy, and if any change in dynamic loading persists post operatively, when anatomical alignment is restored. METHODS: Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed on 17 patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and varus deformity prior to undergoing high tibial osteotomy, 13 patients were assessed post-operatively, and results compared to 13 healthy controls. FINDINGS: Pre-operatively, there was no significant difference between natural and toe out gait for measures of knee adduction moment. Post high tibial osteotomy, first (2.70 to 1.51% BW·h) and second peak (2.28 to 1.21% BW·h) knee adduction moment were significantly reduced, as was knee adduction angular impulse (1.00 to 0.52% BW·h·s), to a healthy level. Adopting toe out gait post-operatively reduced the second peak further to a level below that of healthy controls. INTERPRETATION: Increasing the foot progression angle from 20° (natural) to 30° in isolation did not significantly alter the knee adduction moment or angular impulse. This suggests that adopting a toe out gait, in isolation, in an already high natural foot progression angle, is not of benefit. Adopting toe out gait post-operatively, however, resulted in a further reduction in the second peak to below that of the healthy control cohort, however, this may increase lateral compartment load.

In-vivo confirmation of the use of the dart thrower's motion during activities of daily living.

The dart thrower's motion is a wrist rotation along an oblique plane from radial extension to ulnar flexion. We report an in-vivo study to confirm the use of the dart thrower's motion during activities of daily living. Global wrist motion in ten volunteers was recorded using a three-dimensional optoelectronic motion capture system, in which digital infra-red cameras track the movement of retro-reflective marker clusters. Global wrist motion has been approximated to the dart thrower's motion when hammering a nail, throwing a ball, drinking from a glass, pouring from a jug and twisting the lid of a jar, but not when combing hair or manipulating buttons. The dart thrower's motion is the plane of global wrist motion used during most activities of daily living. Arthrodesis of the radiocarpal joint instead of the midcarpal joint will allow better wrist function during most activities of daily living by preserving the dart thrower's motion.

A CaRBS analysis of hip replacement approaches and non-pathology.

This study investigates the differences in hip biomechanics for subjects following a total hip arthroplasty (THA), through the lateral approach (LA) and posterior approach (PA), to those with no pathology (NP). The principal component analysis was performed on two kinematic and two kinetic waveforms (subject-based characteristics) from level gait to identify salient portions of the waveforms for comparison between the subject cohorts. These were classified to identify the differences between post-THA and non-pathological cohorts. The primary technique exposited in the THA analysis is classification and ranking belief simplex (CaRBS). Within the analysis, from the configuration of a CaRBS model, there is discussion on the model fit and contribution of the subject-based characteristics. Where appropriate, comparisons to the CaRBS model are made with the results from a logistic regression (LR) analysis. In terms of model fit, using CaRBS, 24 out of 27 LA/PA subjects (88.89%) and 13 out of 16 NP subjects (81.25%) were correctly classified as exhibiting either post-THA or NP hip functional characteristics during level gait, combining to 86.05% classification accuracy, compared with 81.40% classification accuracy when using LR.

Does the choice of stair gait cycle affect resulting knee joint kinematics and moments?

Stair gait is a useful activity for the assessment of knee function. The aim of this study was to determine whether knee joint kinematics and moments are affected by the choice of stair gait cycle (SGC) and the step used to measure ground reaction forces (GRFs). This was investigated through motion analysis of ten non-pathological subjects as they ascended and descended a four-step staircase. The SGCs compared for ascent were, first, step 1 (measuring GRFs) to step 3 and, second, step 2 (measuring GRFs) to step 4, and vice versa for stair descent. Knee joint kinematics were not significantly influenced by the choice of SGC. For ascent, significantly larger peak adduction moments were measured for SGCs beginning on step 1 (0.30 +/- 0.08 N m/kg) than for SGCs beginning on step 2 (0.23 +/- 0.09 N m/kg). For descent, the second flexion moment peak was found to be significantly larger for SGCs ending on step 2 (1.17 +/- 0.25 N m/kg) than for SGCs ending on step 1 (0.97 +/- 0.19 N m/kg), and the first adduction moment peak was found to be significantly larger for SGCs ending on step 2 (0.28 +/- 0.15 N m/kg) than for SGCs ending on step 1 (0.21 +/- 0.18 N m/kg). This study highlights important considerations when planning stair gait measurement protocols and comparing results from studies made by other laboratories.

Introducing a new staircase design to quantify healthy knee function during stair ascent and descent.

The design, manufacture and validation of a new free standing staircase for motion analysis measurements are described in this paper. The errors in vertical force measurements introduced when the stairs interface with a force plate (FP) are less than 0.6%. The centre of pressure error introduced is less than 0.7 mm compared to the error from the FP. The challenges of introducing stair gait into a clinical trial with a limited number of FPs and time limitations for assessment sessions are addressed by introducing this cost effective solution. The staircase was used in a study to measure non-pathological knee function of 10 subjects performing stair ascent and descent. The resulting knee kinematics and knee joint moments are in agreement with previous studies. The kinematic and joint moment profiles provide a normative range, which will be useful in future studies for identifying alterations in joint function associated with pathology and intervention.

Comparing different data collection and analysis techniques for quantifying healthy knee joint function during stair ascent and descent.

There is currently no standard data collection or analysis method for the assessment of stair gait using motion analysis. This makes the comparison of results from different studies difficult. It is important to gain an appreciation of the discrepancies in kinematic and kinetic information generated by employing different computational approaches, as these differences may be critical in cases where methodologies were to change over a long-term study. This study explores the effect of using different methodologies for the assessment of non-pathological knee function of ten subjects during stair ascent and descent. Two methods of computing knee kinematics were compared: (a) using in-house software and a pointer method of anatomical calibration and (b) using commercial software, Visual3D (C-motion, Inc.) and skin-mounted markers. Significant differences were found between the two methods when calculating a frontal plane range of motion (p < 0.05). Three methods of computing knee moments were compared. Knee moments computed using the inverse dynamic analysis (IDA) approach of Visual3D (C-motion, Inc.) were significantly different (p < 0.05) to those calculated using in-house IDA software that ignores the foot and ankle and to those computed using a vector cross-product approach. This study highlights the implications of comparing data generated from different collection and analysis methods.

Objective functional assessment of total hip arthroplasty following two common surgical approaches: the posterior and direct lateral approaches.

Despite the high number of total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures performed each year, there is no common consensus on the best surgical approach. Gait is known to improve following THA although it does not return to what is typically quantified as normal, and surgical approach is believed to be a contributing factor. The current study evaluates postoperative hip function and provides an objective assessment following two common surgical approaches: the McFarland-Osborne direct lateral and the southern posterior. Faced with the common problem of providing an objective comparison from the wealth of data collected using motion analysis techniques, the current study investigates the application of an objective classification tool to provide information on the effectiveness of each surgery and to differentiate between the characteristics of hip function following the two approaches. Seven inputs for the classifier were determined through statistical analysis of the biomechanical data. The posterior approach group exhibited greater characteristics of non-pathological gait and displayed a greater range of functional ability as compared with the lateral approach cohort. The classification tool has proved to be successful in characterizing non-pathological and THA function but was insufficient in distinguishing between the two surgical cohorts.

Literature review of current techniques for the insertion of distal screws into intramedullary locking nails.

The procedure for distal interlocking of intramedullary nails can be difficult and time consuming. Following nail insertion, the problems associated with the location of the distal holes and correct screw placements are well known. Numerous techniques and devices have been proposed to aid distal targeting, in attempts to overcome some of the associated problems. The development of the techniques and devices continues. A review of the literature is therefore timely, in order to provide awareness of the current situation. An overview is presented of the various distal targeting methods reported in the literature.