Feeding Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) or Exogenous Xylanase Improves the Blood Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens Fed Wheat-Based Diets.

This study aimed to determine the impact of dietary black peppercorn (BP) and xylanase (XYL) alone or in combination on growth performance, dietary energy, nutrient digestibility and blood lipid profile when fed to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from the ages of 7 to 21 d. A wheat-soy-based basal feed that was formulated to be 0.42 MJ lower in metabolizable energy (ME) was mixed. The basal feed was then split into four batches, with the first batch set aside as the basal control; the second batch was supplemented with freshly milled BP; the third batch was supplemented with XYL; the fourth batch was supplemented with both BP and XYL, as in the previous two batches. Each diet was fed to eight pens, with two birds in a pen, following randomization. Feeding BP reduced bird growth and most of the digestibility coefficients but increased blood high-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). Dietary XYL increased bird growth, dietary ME and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05). In addition, XYL increased hepatic carotenoids and coenzyme Q10, but reduced blood low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). There were no BP by XYL interactions (p > 0.05) observed. Further research is needed to identify the optimum level of BP in broiler diets.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Improves Carotenoid Content in Eggs When Fed to Laying Hens.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a shrub with leaves that have a high concentration of carotenoids such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Egg yolks are a bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin. The consumption of these carotenoids has been linked with improved human health. To investigate the impact of dried stevia leaves at 0%, 1% and 2% on the quality variables, the chemical composition and antioxidant content of eggs, the experiment involved 90 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, housed in 30 enriched layer cages, in groups of three from 22 to 26 weeks of age. The impact on the internal qualities of stored eggs was also examined. Yolks from hens fed stevia had an enriched color compared with the controls. At the end of the experiment, the whole egg, without shell, of birds fed 2% stevia had a higher total carotenoid content (p < 0.001) compared with birds fed 1% and 0% stevia, i.e., 5.16 (µg/g), 4.23 (µg/g) and 2.96 (µg/g), respectively. Storage reduced albumen height and increased albumen pH (p < 0.001). Stevia supplementation did not interact (p > 0.05) with storage time among the egg quality variables. Consuming eggs from hens fed stevia may increase carotenoids in human diet.

Antioxidant status and growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of supplementary dihydroquercetin.

Dihydroquercetin (DHQ), also known as taxifolin, is a natural antioxidant that can be commercially obtained by extraction from Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica). Four wheat-soy based diets, formulated to contain 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 4.5 g/kg of supplementary DHQ were prepared. Each diet was fed ad libitum to birds in seven pens (three birds in each pen) in a randomised block design from 7 to 21 days of age. The effect of DHQ on weight gain was not significant overall (P > 0.05), although there was an indication of a linear increase (L < 0.05). The blood glutathione peroxidase responded (P < 0.001) in a curvilinear manner (L < 0.001 and Q < 0.05) to increased dietary DHQ. The results from this study indicate that dietary DHQ supplementation may be beneficial at levels greater than 1.5 g/kg feed, due to improved bird antioxidant status. Further research to define an upper inclusion level and optimal timing for phase feeding programmes is warranted.

Feeding dry stevia leaf (Stevia rebaudiana) or xylanase improves the hepatic antioxidative status of broiler chickens.

Four diets, formulated with and without stevia and with and without exogenous xylanase, following a 2 × 2 factorial design, were prepared. Each diet was fed ad libitum to birds in eight pens (three birds in each pen) in a randomised block design. It was found that birds fed xylanase grew faster, used the feed more efficiently and had an increased concentration of hepatic α-tocopherol and vitamin E concentrations (P < 0.05). Feeding stevia did not affect growth performance (P > 0.05), but increased hepatic CoQ10 (P = 0.05), lutein, zeaxanthin and total carotenoids (P < 0.001) concentrations. There were no dietary stevia by xylanase interactions (P > 0.05) for any of the studied variables. The results showed that alone, dietary stevia and dietary xylanase can improve the antioxidative status of birds through enhancing dietary antioxidant availability.

Feeding dihydroquercetin and vitamin E to broiler chickens reared at standard and high ambient temperatures.

The use of natural antioxidants, in particular polyphenols such as dihydroquercetin (DHQ), in animal nutrition has recently increased in popularity. This may partly be due to the risk of increased incidences of heat stress associated with raising livestock in warmer ambient temperatures, facilitated by global warming, reducing antioxidant capacity. The current research demonstrates the effect of dietary DHQ, vitaminEand standard or high ambient temperatures on growth performance, energy and nutrient metabolism, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, jejunal villus morphometry and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. Each of the four experimental diets was fed to 16 pens of five birds, which were allocated to four rooms (four pens in each room). The temperature in two rooms was maintained at aconstant 35°C (high temperature; HT), and the temperature in the other two rooms was gradually reduced from 27°C at 7 dof age to 22°C at 20 dof age (standard temperature; ST). Rearing birds at HT reduced feed intake, weight gain, weight of small intestine, total GIT, liver, spleen, heart, villus height, villus surface area and lowered blood glutationperoxidase (GSH-Px). Dietary DHQ increased blood GSH-Px and total antioxidant status, increased heart weight and reduced caecal size. When fed separately, DHQ and vitamin E improved hepatic vitamin E concentration. Feeding vitamin Eincreased spleen and liver weights. When fed together, DHQ and vitamin Ereduced villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio and villus surface area. Temperature and antioxidants did not affect energy and nutrient metabolism. There were no effects of dietary antioxidants on growth performance of broiler chickens and there were no mortalities. At present, it is unclear if feeding antioxidants (in particular DHQ) at different levels, using different dietary formulations, and rearing birds under arange of environmental conditions may be effective at enhancing production performance and bird health in hot ambient climates.

Nutrient availability of different batches of wheat distiller's dried grains with solubles for turkeys.

Effects of five different batches of wheat distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were used to investigate bioavailability of energy and nutrients for turkeys. The laboratory analysis of the DDGS showed the largest variations for soluble non-starch polysaccharides, oil and ash. In total, 96 birds were fed one of six mash diets. The basal diet contained per kilogram 535 g wheat and 300 g soya bean meal, corresponding to 247 g crude protein and 12.6 MJ N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn). Another five diets contained per kilogram 200 g of each DDGS samples in replacement for basal diet. Each diet was fed to eight pens with two female Premium turkeys following randomisation. The AMEn and the nutrient retention coefficients of the pure DDGS samples were obtained using the substitution method. The AMEn of the DDGS from batch A was higher (p = 0.048) compared to those from batches B and C, but did not differ from DDGS samples D and E. There were no differences in dry matter retention, nitrogen retention and fat digestibility between the DDGS samples tested. The AMEn of the DDGS samples correlated positively (p < 0.05) to the starch (r = 0.895) and the non-soluble non-starch polysaccharides contents (r = 0.940), and the red index of lighting (a) (r = 0.916), respectively. In general, findings from this study indicate bioavailability of energy and most nutrients to be in the range of published data with turkeys, and to vary between batches.